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Objective: Optimal timing of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) cessation in preterm infants remains undetermined. We hypothesised that CPAP extension compared with weaning to low-flow nasal cannula (NC) reduces intermittent hypoxaemia (IH) and respiratory instability in preterm infants meeting criteria to discontinue CPAP., Design: Single-centre randomised clinical trial., Setting: Level 4 neonatal intensive care unit., Patients: 36 infants <34 weeks' gestation receiving CPAP≤5 cmH 2 O and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ) ≤0.30 and meeting respiratory stability criteria., Interventions: Extended CPAP was compared with weaning to low-flow NC (0.5 L/kg/min with a limit of 1.0 L/min) for 24 hours., Outcomes: The primary outcome was IH (number of episodes with SpO 2 <85% lasting ≥10 s). Secondary outcomes included: coefficient of variability of SpO 2 , proportion of time in various SpO 2 ranges, episodes (≥10 s) with SpO 2 <80%, median cerebral and renal oxygenation, median effective FiO 2 , median transcutaneous carbon dioxide and bradycardia (<100/min for≥10 s)., Results: The median (IQR) episodes of IH per 24-hour period was 20 (6-48) in the CPAP group and 76 (18-101) in the NC group (p=0.03). Infants continued on CPAP had less bradycardia, time with SpO 2 <91% and <85%, and lower FiO 2 (all p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in IH<80%, median transcutaneous carbon dioxide or median cerebral or renal oxygenation., Conclusion: In preterm infants meeting respiratory stability criteria for CPAP cessation, extended CPAP decreased IH, bradycardia and other hypoxaemia measures compared with weaning to low-flow NC during the 24-hour intervention., Trial Registration Number: NCT04792099., Competing Interests: Competing interests: NA is on the advisory board for Radiometer, Shire and Resbiotic. CPT has applied for a patent with the USPTO for a bradycardia predictor and interrupter unrelated to the current study., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: Determine if targeting higher transcutaneous carbon dioxide improves respiratory stability among very preterm infants on ventilatory support., Design: Single-centre pilot randomised clinical trial., Setting: The University of Alabama at Birmingham., Patients: Very preterm infants on ventilatory support after postnatal day 7., Interventions: Infants were randomised to two different transcutaneous carbon dioxide levels targeting 5 mm Hg (0.67 kPa) changes with four sessions each lasting 24 hours for 96 hours: baseline-increase-baseline-increase or baseline-decrease-baseline-decrease., Main Outcome Measures: We collected cardiorespiratory data evaluating episodes of intermittent hypoxaemia (oxygen saturations (SpO 2 )<85% for ≥10 s), bradycardia (<100 bpm for ≥10 s), and cerebral and abdominal hypoxaemia on near-infrared spectroscopy., Results: We enrolled 25 infants with a gestational age of 24 w 6 d±11 d (mean±SD) and birth weight 645±142 g on postnatal day 14±3. Continuous transcutaneous carbon dioxide values (56.8±6.9 in the higher group vs 54.5±7.8 in the lower group; p=0.36) did not differ significantly between groups during the intervention days. There were no differences in intermittent hypoxaemia (126±64 vs 105±61 per 24 hours; p=0.30) or bradycardia (11±16 vs 15±23 per hour; p=0.89) episodes between groups. The proportion of time with SpO 2 <85%, SpO 2 <80%, cerebral hypoxaemia or abdominal hypoxaemia did not differ (all p>0.05). There was moderate negative correlation between mean transcutaneous carbon dioxide and bradycardia episodes (r=-0.56; p<0.001)., Conclusion: Targeting 5 mm Hg (0.67 kPa) changes in transcutaneous carbon dioxide did not improve respiratory stability among very preterm infants on ventilatory support but the intended carbon dioxide separation was difficult to achieve and maintain., Trial Registration Number: NCT03333161., Competing Interests: Competing interests: WAC is on the board of MEDNAX, Inc; NA is on the advisory board for Radiometer, Shire and Resbiotic., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objectives: With soaring US health care costs, identifying areas for reducing cost is prudent. Our objective was to identify the burden of potentially unnecessary pediatric emergency department (ED) transfers and factors associated with these transfers., Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of Pediatric Hospital Information Systems data. We performed a secondary analysis of all patients ≤19 years transferred to 46 Pediatric Hospital Information Systems-participating hospital EDs (January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2014). The primary outcome was the proportion of potentially unnecessary transfers from any ED to a participating ED. Necessary ED-to-ED transfers were defined a priori as transfers with the disposition of death or admission >24 hours or for patients who received sedation, advanced imaging, operating room, or critical care charges., Results: Of 1 819 804 encounters, 1 698 882 were included. A total of 1 490 213 (87.7%) encounters met our definition for potentially unnecessary transfer. In multivariate analysis, age 1 to 4 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34-1.39), female sex (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.07-1.09), African American race (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.49-1.53), urban residence (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.71-1.78), and weekend transfer (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.05-1.07) were positively associated with potentially unnecessary transfer. Non-Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 0.756; 95% CI, 0.76-0.78), nonminor severity (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.23-0.24), and commercial insurance (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.84-0.87) were negatively associated., Conclusions: There are disparities among pediatric ED-to-ED transfers; further research is needed to investigate the cause. Additional research is needed to evaluate how this knowledge could mitigate potentially unnecessary transfers, decrease resource consumption, and limit the burden of these transfers on patients and families., Competing Interests: POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2020 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

Background: Viral loads (VLs) frequently are followed during treatment of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease, but their predictive value is unclear., Methods: Post hoc analysis of 2 antiviral studies was performed. Seventy-three subjects were treated for 6 weeks and 47 subjects were treated for 6 months. Whole blood VL was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction before and during therapy., Results: Higher baseline VL was associated with central nervous system involvement (3.82 log, range 1-5.65 vs 3.32 log, range 1-5.36; P = .001), thrombocytopenia (3.68 log, range 1-5.65 vs 3.43 log, range 1-5.36; P = .03), and transaminitis at presentation (3.73 log, range 1-5.60 vs 3.39 log, range 1-5.65; P = .009), but with overlap in the amount of virus detected between groups. In subjects treated for 6 months, lower VL at presentation correlated with better hearing outcomes at 12 months, but VL breakpoints predictive of hearing loss were not identified. Sustained viral suppression during 6 months of therapy correlated with better hearing outcomes at 6, 12, and 24 months (P = .01, P = .0007, P = .04), but a majority without viral suppression still had improved hearing., Conclusions: In infants with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease, higher whole blood VL before initiation of antiviral therapy has no clinically meaningful predictive value for long-term outcomes., (© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain common in the United States. One contributor to this persistent problem is pockets of infection among persons who may not have regular access to health care, a group that includes those who seek services at shelters., Objective: The goals of the study were to: 1) determine the acceptability of STI testing among individuals seeking services at shelters in 2 midsized southeastern cities; 2) evaluate the prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV among these individuals; and 3) assess the proportion that subsequently learned their test results and received timely and appropriate treatment if warranted., Study Design: Using a cross-sectional design, 430 individuals between the ages of 19 and 45 seen at 3 shelters in 2 cities were approached for participation. After completing a brief behavioral assessment, each participant provided a urine specimen for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) testing, blood for syphilis serologic testing, and an oral sample for HIV testing., Results: The overall recruitment rate was 97% (96% in city A and 98% in city B). Seventy-eight percent were black with a mean age of 35.1 years. STI prevalence among those reporting sexual activity in the past 2 months was 12.9% in city A and 19.9% in city B (P = 0.04). The rate of CT in city B was significantly higher than city A (15.0% vs. 6.4%, P = 0.02); however, similar rates were found for GC (5.0% vs. 3.2%), primary and secondary syphilis (0.08% vs. 1.4%), and HIV (0.07% vs. 0.06%). Overall, 91.5% of the positive cases (89.0% in city A and 94.0% in city B) learned their test results and were successfully treated., Conclusion: We found that shelter clients were receptive to STI testing, even for HIV, with most positive cases notified and successfully treated.