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Objectives: This article estimates the frequency of polyautoimmunity and associated factors in a large retrospective cohort of patients with SLE., Methods: RELESSER (Spanish Society of Rheumatology Lupus Registry) is a nationwide multicentre, hospital-based registry of SLE patients. This is a cross-sectional study. The main variable was polyautoimmunity, which was defined as the co-occurrence of SLE and another autoimmune disease, such as autoimmune thyroiditis, RA, scleroderma, inflammatory myopathy and MCTD. We also recorded the presence of multiple autoimmune syndrome, secondary SS, secondary APS and a family history of autoimmune disease. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate possible risk factors for polyautoimmunity., Results: Of the 3679 patients who fulfilled the criteria for SLE, 502 (13.6%) had polyautoimmunity. The most frequent types were autoimmune thyroiditis (7.9%), other systemic autoimmune diseases (6.2%), secondary SS (14.1%) and secondary APS (13.7%). Multiple autoimmune syndrome accounted for 10.2% of all cases of polyautoimmunity. A family history was recorded in 11.8%. According to the multivariate analysis, the factors associated with polyautoimmunity were female sex [odds ratio (95% CI), 1.72 (1.07, 2.72)], RP [1.63 (1.29, 2.05)], interstitial lung disease [3.35 (1.84, 6.01)], Jaccoud arthropathy [1.92 (1.40, 2.63)], anti-Ro/SSA and/or anti-La/SSB autoantibodies [2.03 (1.55, 2.67)], anti-RNP antibodies [1.48 (1.16, 1.90)], MTX [1.67 (1.26, 2.18)] and antimalarial drugs [0.50 (0.38, 0.67)]., Conclusion: Patients with SLE frequently present polyautoimmunity. We observed clinical and analytical characteristics associated with polyautoimmunity. Our finding that antimalarial drugs protected against polyautoimmunity should be verified in future studies., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology.)

Introduction: One of the missions of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology is to provide the necessary tools for excellence in health care. Currently, there is no reference point to quantify medical actions in this specialty, and this is imperative., Material and Method: A list of actions was drawn up and a hierarchical classification system was established by developing a complexity index, calculated based on the completion time and difficulty level of each action., Results: The results of the Delphi method tended to the consensus opinion within a group (mean σ2 - σ1=0.75-1.43=-0.68, mean IQR2 - IQR1=0.8-1.9=-1.1). The values of the complexity index ranged between 48 and 465 points. Among consultation actions, those reaching the highest scores were the first inpatient visit (366) and visits to the patient's home (369). Among diagnostic techniques, biopsies were prominent, those with the highest score were: bone biopsy (465), sural nerve biopsy (416) and synovial biopsy (380). Ultrasound scan scored 204, capillaroscopy 113 and densitometry 112. Among therapeutic techniques, infiltration/ arthrocentesis/articular injection in children reached the highest difficulty (388). The score for ultrasound-guided articular injection was 163. The score for clinical report on disability was 323 and expert report 370., Conclusions: A nomenclature of 54 actions in Rheumatology was compiled. Biopsies (bone, sural nerve, synovial), inpatient visits, visits to the patient's home, infiltrations in children, and the preparation of the expert report were identified as the most complex actions. Musculoskeletal ultrasound is twice as complex as subsequent visits, capillaroscopy or bone densitometry., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Reumatología y Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología. All rights reserved.)

Corticosteroids are a mainstay in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In recent years, a number of high-quality controlled clinical trials have shown their effect as a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) and a favourable safety profile in recent-onset RA. Despite this, they are more frequently used as bridge therapy while other DMARDs initiate their action than as true disease-modifying agents. Low-dose corticosteroid use during the first two years of disease slows radiologic damage and reduces the need of biologic therapy aimed at reaching a state of clinical remission in recent-onset RA. Thus, their systematic use in this clinical scenario should be considered., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.)

Anti-tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF) therapy has been associated with reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection. Case reports have suggested the concomitant need of lamivudine treatment in patients with HBV infection treated with antiTNFa agents. We describe a case of ankylosing spondylitis with positive HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) treated with infliximab and lamivudine. Clinical response was excellent but when lamivudine therapy was stopped, reactivation of replication viral occurred. After the reintroduction of lamivudine, viral replication was controlled and liver function tests were normalized. Preventive long-term lamivudine therapy is mandatory when anti-TNFa therapy is maintained in patients with chronic HBV infection., (Copyright © 2008 Elsevier España. Reumatología Clínica ® Sociedad Española de Reumatología and ® Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Glucocorticoids (GC) are a mainstay of the therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Currently, and despite their extensive use, the discussion about the benefits and adverse effects of low dose GC in the management of RA persists. In recent years, a number of clinical trials have attempted to establish the benefits of long-term GC use as a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug in RA, and to define their side effects. Results of these clinical trials provide solid evidence that low-dose GC can inhibit radiographic damage in early RA, and that side effects of GC, when used in that clinical framework, are limited to hyperglycaemia, cataracts, and transient weight gain., (Copyright © 2007 Elsevier España S.L Barcelona. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)