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The integration of whole genome sequencing (WGS) into all aspects of modern medicine represents the next step in the evolution of healthcare. Using this technology, scientists and physicians can observe the entire human genome comprehensively, generating a plethora of new sequencing data. Modern computational analysis entails advanced algorithms for variant detection, as well as complex models for classification. Data science and machine learning play a crucial role in the processing and interpretation of results, using enormous databases and statistics to discover new and support current genotype-phenotype correlations. In clinical practice, this technology has greatly enabled the development of personalized medicine, approaching each patient individually and in accordance with their genetic and biochemical profile. The most propulsive areas include rare disease genomics, oncogenomics, pharmacogenomics, neonatal screening, and infectious disease genomics. Another crucial application of WGS lies in the field of multi-omics, working towards the complete integration of human biomolecular data. Further technological development of sequencing technologies has led to the birth of third and fourth-generation sequencing, which include long-read sequencing, single-cell genomics, and nanopore sequencing. These technologies, alongside their continued implementation into medical research and practice, show great promise for the future of the field of medicine., Competing Interests: Author Vedrana Škaro was employed by the company Greyledge Europe Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Emotional states of animals influence their cognitive processes as well as their behavior. Assessing emotional states is important for animal welfare science as well as for many fields of neuroscience, behavior science, and biomedicine. This can be done in different ways, e.g. through assessing animals' physiological states or interpreting their behaviors. This paper focuses on the so-called cognitive judgment bias test, which has gained special attention in the last 2 decades and has become a highly important tool for measuring emotional states in non-human animals. However, less attention has been given to the epistemology of the cognitive judgment bias test and to disentangling the relevance of different steps in the underlying cognitive mechanisms. This paper sheds some light on both the epistemology of the methods and the architecture of the underlying cognitive abilities of the tested animals. Based on this reconstruction, we propose a scheme for classifying and assessing different cognitive abilities involved in cognitive judgment bias tests., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The motivation behind this research was to analyse the consequences of aircraft operations' delays on cumulative noise levels produced upon the neighbouring communities and to estimate the relative change in the number of people annoyed by aircraft noise. Many studies showed that residents' reactions to abrupt changes in noise exposure were more intense compared to the anticipated ones. Aircraft delays may cause such abrupt changes in noise exposure by increasing the traffic in some periods compared to the scheduled traffic. The methodology applied includes noise contour development for two different scenarios for intervals where aircraft delays occur. Only delays connected with the Total Airport Management (TAM) were analysed, since such delays can be influenced by airports. The first scenario considered the influence of aircraft operations on population noise exposure without TAM delays, whereas the second one included all delayed flights (actual traffic). The proposed method was tested through case studies of three southeast European airports. The results showed that the highest potential of decrease in the number of people annoyed by the noise was recorded at Niš Airport (59%), followed by Zadar Airport (49%) and Sarajevo Airport (25%). Similar results were obtained in the context of highly annoyed people.

Individuals differ in the way they judge ambiguous information: some individuals interpret ambiguous information in a more optimistic, and others in a more pessimistic way. Over the past two decades, such "optimistic" and "pessimistic" cognitive judgment biases (CJBs) have been utilized in animal welfare science as indicators of animals' emotional states. However, empirical studies on their ecological and evolutionary relevance are still lacking. We, therefore, aimed at transferring the concept of "optimism" and "pessimism" to behavioral ecology and investigated the role of genetic and environmental factors in modulating CJB in mice. In addition, we assessed the temporal stability of individual differences in CJB. We show that the chosen genotypes (C57BL/6J and B6D2F1N) and environments ("scarce" and "complex") did not have a statistically significant influence on the responses in the CJB test. By contrast, they influenced anxiety-like behavior with C57BL/6J mice and mice from the "complex" environment displaying less anxiety-like behavior than B6D2F1N mice and mice from the "scarce" environment. As the selected genotypes and environments did not explain the existing differences in CJB, future studies might investigate the impact of other genotypes and environmental conditions on CJB, and additionally, elucidate the role of other potential causes like endocrine profiles and epigenetic modifications. Furthermore, we show that individual differences in CJB were repeatable over a period of seven weeks, suggesting that CJB represents a temporally stable trait in laboratory mice. Therefore, we encourage the further study of CJB within an animal personality framework., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology.)

Objective: To determine the real-world effectiveness and safety of erenumab after 6 months of treatment in chronic migraine patients with therapeutic resistance to multiple classes of prophylactic medication., Methods: The patients were recruited from the Headache Outpatient Clinic of the University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Croatia between March 2019 and November 2019. All participants received erenumab 70 mg for 6 months. Interviews with participants were conducted at baseline and after the treatment period. The following parameters were analysed: reduction percentage of monthly migraine days, monthly migraine days (MMDs), monthly non-migraine headache days (MNDs), monthly headache days (MHDs), pain intensity measured by the visual-analogue scale (VAS), monthly acute migraine medication intake and reported side-effects. Additionally, we analysed the data for migraine with and without aura separately., Results: There was a significant decrease in the mean value of headache frequency and pain intensity parameters after 6 months of treatment with erenumab. Out of the 54 participants included in the analysis, 70.37% had a ≥ 50% reduction in MMDs, while 40.74% had a ≥ 75% reduction. The mean values of MMDs and MHDs were reduced from 10.37 ± 0.38 to 4.59 ± 0.43 days (P < 0.001) and from 22.24 ± 0.70 to 9.74 ± 0.91 days (P < 0.001), respectively. Furthermore, the mean migraine VAS score decreased from 10.00 ± 0 to 6.69 ± 0.24 (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in effectiveness between participants with migraine with and without aura. Nine participants reported side-effects., Conclusion: Our study indicates that erenumab is a safe and effective therapeutic option for chronic migraine patients., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)