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Cell migration assays, also known as chemotaxis assays, are widely used to measure the migratory capacities of cancer cells, leukocytes, macrophages, and other motile cell types. In these assays, fluorescently labeled cells are seeded onto cell culture inserts with microporous membranes that block light transmission from 490 to 700 nm. The migrated cells are then observed and quantified from the bottom of the microporous membrane using a fluorescence microscope. In this study, we conducted cell migration assays using macrophages as the motile cells. We discovered that the commonly employed fluorescent labeling method using calcein acetoxymethyl ester (calcein AM) can lead to the time-dependent attenuation of fluorescent signals in certain cell types during migration assays, potentially compromising assay stability. This study overcame this limitation by utilizing PKH26, which fluorescently labels cell surfaces through a mechanism distinct from that of calcein AM. With this modification, we observed a consistent increase in the number of migrating macrophages over time. We also demonstrated that the gradient of chemoattractants is key to the success of cell migration assays. Our improved protocol provided reliable and stable results for cell migration assays., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Related to the subject of this article, Yokohama City University has filed patent applications titled “CELL MASS FUSION METHOD” (WO2019/189,324) with inventors TT and HT., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

When cells of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum are starved of nutrients they start to synthesize and secrete the chemical messenger and chemoattractant cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). This signal is relayed by other cells, resulting in the establishment of periodic waves. The cells aggregate through chemotaxis toward the center of these waves. We investigated the chemotactic response of individual cells to repeated exposure to waves of cAMP generated by a microfluidic device. For fast-moving waves (short period), the chemotactic ability of the cells was found to increase upon exposure to more waves, suggesting the development of a memory over several cycles. This effect was not significant for slow-moving waves (large period). We show that the experimental results are consistent with a local excitation global inhibition-based model, extended by including a component that rises and decays slowly and that is activated by the temporal gradient of cAMP concentration. The observed enhancement in chemotaxis is relevant to populations in the wild: once sustained, periodic waves of the chemoattractant are established, it is beneficial to cells to improve their chemotactic ability in order to reach the aggregation center sooner.

Statins are used to treat hypercholesterolemia and function by inhibiting the production of the rate-limiting metabolite mevalonate. As such, statin treatment not only inhibits de novo synthesis of cholesterol but also isoprenoids that are involved in prenylation, the posttranslational lipid modification of proteins. The immunomodulatory effects of statins are broad and often conflicting. Previous work demonstrated that statins increased survival and inhibited myeloid cell trafficking in a murine model of sepsis, but the exact mechanisms underlying this phenomenon were unclear. Herein, we investigated the role of prenylation in chemoattractant responses. We found that simvastatin treatment abolished chemoattractant responses induced by stimulation by C5a and FMLP. The inhibitory effect of simvastatin treatment was unaffected by the addition of either farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) or squalene but was reversed by restoring geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). Treatment with prenyltransferase inhibitors showed that the chemoattractant response to both chemoattractants was dependent on geranylgeranylation. Proteomic analysis of C15AlkOPP-prenylated proteins identified several geranylgeranylated proteins involved in chemoattractant responses, including RHOA, RAC1, CDC42, and GNG2. Chemoattractant responses in THP-1 human macrophages were also geranylgeranylation dependent. These studies provide data that help clarify paradoxical findings on the immunomodulatory effects of statins. Furthermore, they establish the role of geranylgeranylation in mediating the morphological response to chemoattractant C5a. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The immunomodulatory effect of prenylation is ill-defined. We investigated the role of prenylation on the chemoattractant response to C5a. Simvastatin treatment inhibits the cytoskeletal remodeling associated with a chemotactic response. We showed that the chemoattractant response to C5a was dependent on geranylgeranylation, and proteomic analysis identified several geranylgeranylated proteins that are involved in C5a receptor signaling and cytoskeletal remodeling. Furthermore, they establish the role of geranylgeranylation in mediating the response to chemoattractant C5a.

Bacteria use various motility mechanisms to explore their environments. Chemotaxis is the ability of a motile bacterial cell to direct its movement in response to chemical gradients. A number of methods have been developed and widely used to study chemotactic responses to chemoeffectors including capillary, agar plug, microscopic slide, and microfluidic assays. While valuable, these assays are primarily designed to monitor rapid chemotactic responses to chemoeffectors on a small scale, which poses challenges in collecting large quantities of attracted bacteria. Consequently, these setups are not ideal for experiments like forward genetic screens. To overcome this limitation, we developed the Large Scale Bacterial Attraction assay (LSBA), which relies on the use of a Nalgene™ Reusable Filter Unit and other materials commonly found in laboratories. We validate the LSBA by investigating chemoeffector kinetics in the setup and by using chemoattractants to quantify the chemotactic response of wild-type, and motility impaired strains of the plant pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and the environmental bacterium Shewanella oneidensis. We show that the LSBA establishes a long lasting chemoeffector gradient, that the setup can be used to quantify bacterial migration over time and that the LSBA offers the possibility to collect high numbers of attracted bacteria, making it suitable for genetic screens., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Monnens, Boulanger. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Normal-sized cells of Dictyostelium build up a front-tail polarity when they respond to a gradient of chemoattractant. To challenge the polarity-generating system, cells are fused to study the chemotactic response of oversized cells that extend multiple fronts toward the source of attractant. An aspect that can be explored in these cells is the relationship of spontaneously generated actin waves to actin reorganization in response to chemoattractant., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The extracellular environment plays a crucial role in many physiological and pathological processes involving cell motility, such as metastatic invasion in cancer development, by heavily impacting the migration strategies adopted by the cells. The study of how mechanical constraints affect the dynamics of cell migration may be relevant to gain more insight into such processes, and it may prove to be a powerful tool in the hands of biologists. In this chapter, we describe the methods used to investigate the ability of neoplastic cells to migrate through narrowing, rigid microstructures upon chemoattractant stimulation., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Human neutrophils respond to multiple chemoattractants to guide their migration from the vasculature to sites of infection and injury, where they clear pathogens and amplify inflammation. To properly focus their responses during this complex navigation, neutrophils prioritize pathogen- and injury-derived signals over long-range inflammatory signals, such as the leukotriene LTB4, secreted by host cells. Different chemoattractants can also drive qualitatively different modes of migration even though their receptors couple to the same Gα i family of G proteins. Here, we used live-cell imaging to demonstrate that the responses differed in their signaling dynamics. Low-priority chemoattractants caused transient responses, whereas responses to high-priority chemoattractants were sustained. We observed this difference in both primary neutrophils and differentiated HL-60 cells, for downstream signaling mediated by Ca 2+ , a major regulator of secretion, and Cdc42, a primary regulator of polarity and cell steering. The rapid attenuation of Cdc42 activation in response to LTB4 depended on the phosphorylation sites Thr 308 and Ser 310 in the carboxyl-terminal tail of its receptor LTB4R in a manner independent of endocytosis. Mutation of these residues to alanine impaired chemoattractant prioritization, although it did not affect chemoattractant-dependent differences in migration persistence. Our results indicate that distinct temporal regulation of shared signaling pathways distinguishes between receptors and contributes to chemoattractant prioritization.

Negative chemotaxis, where eukaryotic cells migrate away from repellents, is important throughout biology, for example, in nervous system patterning and resolution of inflammation. However, the mechanisms by which molecules repel migrating cells are unknown. Here, we use predictive modeling and experiments with Dictyostelium cells to show that competition between different ligands that bind to the same receptor leads to effective chemorepulsion. 8-CPT-cAMP, widely described as a simple chemorepellent, is inactive on its own and only repels cells when it acts in combination with the attractant cAMP. If cells degrade either competing ligand, the pattern of migration becomes more complex; cells may be repelled in one part of a gradient but attracted elsewhere, leading to populations moving in different directions in the same assay or converging in an arbitrary place. More counterintuitively still, two chemicals that normally attract cells can become repellent when combined. Computational models of chemotaxis are now accurate enough to predict phenomena that have not been anticipated by experiments. We have used them to identify new mechanisms that drive reverse chemotaxis, which we have confirmed through experiments with real cells. These findings are important whenever multiple ligands compete for the same receptors., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Late vein graft failure is caused by intimal thickening resulting from endothelial cell (EC) damage and inflammation which promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dedifferentiation, migration, and proliferation. Nonphosphorylatable PRH (proline-rich homeodomain) S163C:S177C offers enhanced stability and sustained antimitotic effect. Therefore, we investigated whether adenovirus-delivered PRH S163C:S177C protein attenuates intimal thickening via VSMC phenotype modification without detrimental effects on ECs., Methods: PRH S163C:S177C was expressed in vitro (human saphenous vein-VSMCs and human saphenous vein-ECs) and in vivo (ligated mouse carotid arteries) by adenoviruses. Proliferation, migration, and apoptosis were quantified and phenotype was assessed using Western blotting for contractile filament proteins and collagen gel contraction. EC inflammation was quantified using VCAM (vascular cell adhesion protein)-1, ICAM (intercellular adhesion molecule)-1, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemotactic factor-1 measurement and monocyte adhesion. Next Generation Sequencing was utilized to identify novel downstream mediators of PRH action and these and intimal thickening were investigated in vivo., Results: PRH S163C:S177C inhibited proliferation, migration, and apoptosis and promoted contractile phenotype (enhanced contractile filament proteins and collagen gel contraction) compared with virus control in human saphenous vein-VSMCs. PRH S163C:S177C expression in human saphenous vein-ECs significantly reduced apoptosis, without affecting cell proliferation and migration, while reducing TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and monocyte adhesion and suppressing interleukin-6 and monocyte chemotactic factor-1 protein levels. PRH S163C:S177C expression in ligated murine carotid arteries significantly impaired carotid artery ligation-induced neointimal proliferation and thickening without reducing endothelial coverage. Next Generation Sequencing revealed STAT-1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) and HDAC-9 (histone deacetylase 9) as mediators of PRH action and was supported by in vitro and in vivo analyses., Conclusions: We observed PRH S163C:S177C attenuated VSMC proliferation, and migration and enhanced VSMC differentiation at least in part via STAT-1 and HDAC-9 signaling while promoting endothelial repair and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings highlight the potential for PRH S163C:S177C to preserve endothelial function whilst suppressing intimal thickening, and reducing late vein graft failure.

NFIC is a potent transcriptional factor involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including tumorigenesis. However, the role of NFIC1, the longest isoform of NFIC, in the progression of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains elusive. Our study demonstrates that overexpression of NFIC1 inhibits the migration and invasion of TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells. NFIC1 regulates the expression of S100A2, and knockdown of S100A2 reverses the inhibitive effects of NFIC1 on the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, knockdown of S100A2 activates the MEK/ERK signaling transduction pathway that is inhibited by NFIC1 overexperssion. Treatment with MEK/ERK pathway inhibitor, U0126, abolishes the effects of S100A2 knockdown. In addition, overexpression of NFIC1 in MDA-MB-231 cells increases the expression of epithelial markers and decreases the expression of mesenchymal markers, and these effects could also be reversed by knockdown of S100A2. Collectively, these results demonstrate that NFIC1 inhibits the Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of MDA-MB-231 cells by regulating S100A2 expression, which suppress the activation of MEK/ERK pathway. Therefore, our study confirms the role of NFIC1 as a tumor repressor in TNBC, and reveals the molecular mechanism through which NFIC1 inhibits the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Chemotaxis plays an essential role in recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. Eukaryotic cells sense chemoattractant with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and chemotax toward gradients with an enormous concentration range through adaptation. Cells in adaptation no longer respond to the present stimulus but remain sensitive to stronger stimuli. Thus, adaptation provides a fundamental strategy for eukaryotic cells to chemotax through a gradient. Ras activation is the first step in the chemosensing GPCR signaling pathways that displays a transient activation behavior in both model organism Dictyostelium discoideum and mammalian neutrophils. Recently, it has been revealed that C2GAP1 and CAPRI control the GPCR-mediated adaptation in D. discoideum and human neutrophils, respectively. More importantly, both Ras inhibitors regulate the sensitivity of the cells. These findings suggest an evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanism by which eukaryotic cells gate concentration range of chemoattractants for chemotaxis., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Xu and Jin.)

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is still a challenging problem in the case of infection treatment. The immunomodulatory effect of Nanocurcumin was investigated in the present study in an attempt to counterbalance the immune response and improve the patients' clinical symptoms. 60 confirmed COVID-19 patients and 60 healthy controls enrolled in the study. COVID-19 patients were divided into Nanocurcumin and placebo received groups. Due to the importance of the role of NK cells in this disease, the frequency, cytotoxicity, receptor gene expression of NK cells, and serum secretion levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, as well as circulating C5a as a chemotactic factor an inflammatory mediator was evaluated by flow cytometry, real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in both experimental groups before and after the intervention. Given the role of measured factors in the progression and pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease, the results can help find appropriate treatments. The results of this study indicated that the Nanocurcumin could significantly increase the frequency and function of NK cells compared to the placebo-treated group. As an immunomodulatory agent, Nanocurcumin may be a helpful choice to improve NK cell function in COVID-19 patients and improve the clinical outcome of patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be considered as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: We conducted intratracheal instillations of different molecular weights of polyacrylic acid (PAA) into rats in order to examine what kinds of physicochemical characteristics of acrylic acid-based polymer affect responses in the lung., Methods: F344 rats were intratracheally exposed to a high molecular weight (HMW) of 598 thousand g/mol or a low molecular weight (LMW) of 30.9 thousand g/mol PAA at low and high doses. Rats were sacrificed at 3 days, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months post exposure., Results: HMW PAA caused persistent increases in neutrophil influx, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractants (CINC) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the lung tissue from 3 days to 3 months and 6 months following instillation. On the other hand, LMW PAA caused only transient increases in neutrophil influx, CINC in BALF, and HO-1 in the lung tissue from 3 days to up to 1 week or 1 month following instillation. Histopathological findings of the lungs demonstrated that the extensive inflammation and fibrotic changes caused by the HMW PAA was greater than that in exposure to the LMW PAA during the observation period., Conclusion: HMW PAA induced persistence of lung disorder, suggesting that molecular weight is a physicochemical characteristic of PAA-induced lung disorder.

Interplay between models and experimental data advances discovery and understanding in biology, particularly when models generate predictions that allow well-designed experiments to distinguish between alternative mechanisms. To illustrate how this feedback between models and experiments can lead to key insights into biological mechanisms, we explore three examples from cellular slime mold chemotaxis. These examples include studies that identified chemotaxis as the primary mechanism behind slime mold aggregation, discovered that cells likely measure chemoattractant gradients by sensing concentration differences across cell length, and tested the role of cell-associated chemoattractant degradation in shaping chemotactic fields. Although each study used a different model class appropriate to their hypotheses - qualitative, mathematical, or simulation-based - these examples all highlight the utility of modeling to formalize assumptions and generate testable predictions. A central element of this framework is the iterative use of models and experiments, specifically: matching experimental designs to the models, revising models based on mismatches with experimental data, and validating critical model assumptions and predictions with experiments. We advocate for continued use of this interplay between models and experiments to advance biological discovery., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The Dictyostelium atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Erk2 is required for chemotactic responses to cAMP as amoeba undergo multicellular development. In this study, Erk2 was found to be essential for the cAMP-stimulated translocation of the GATA transcription factor GtaC as indicated by the distribution of a GFP-GtaC reporter. Erk2 was also found to be essential for the translocation of GtaC in response to external folate, a foraging signal that directs the chemotaxis of amoeba to bacteria. Erk1, the only other Dictyostelium MAPK, was not required for the GtaC translocation to either chemoattractant, indicating that GFP-GtaC is a kinase translocation reporter specific for atypical MAPKs. The translocation of GFP-GtaC in response to folate was absent in mutants lacking the folate receptor Far1 or the coupled G-protein subunit Gα4. Loss of GtaC function resulted in enhanced chemotactic movement to folate, suggesting that GtaC suppresses responses to folate. The alteration of four Erk2-preferred phosphorylation sites in GtaC impacted the translocation of GFP-GtaC in response to folate and the GFP-GtaC-mediated rescue of aggregation and development of gtaC- cells. The ability of different chemoattractants to stimulate Erk2-regulated GtaC translocation suggests that atypical MAPK-mediated regulation of transcription factors can contribute to different cell fates., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests., (© 2022. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)

Cell migration on an adhesive substrate surface comprises actin-based protrusion at the front and retraction of the tail in combination with coordinated adhesion to, and detachment from, the substrate. To study the effect of cell-to-substrate adhesion on the chemotactic response of Dictyostelium discoideum cells, we exposed the cells to patterned substrate surfaces consisting of adhesive and inert areas, and forced them by a gradient of chemoattractant to enter the border between the two areas. Wild-type as well as myosin II-deficient cells stop at the border of an adhesive area. They do not detach with their rear part, while on the nonadhesive area they protrude pseudopods at their front toward the source of chemoattractant. Avoidance of the nonadhesive area may cause a cell to move in tangential direction relative to the attractant gradient, keeping its tail at the border of the adhesive surface., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Chemotaxis, where cell movement is steered by chemical gradients, is a widespread and essential way of organising cell behaviour. But where do the instructions come from - who makes gradients, and how are they controlled? We discuss the emerging concept that chemotactic cells often create attractant gradients at the same time as responding to them. This self-guidance is more robust, works across greater distances, and is more informative about the local environment than passive responses. Several mechanisms can establish autonomous gradients. Best known are self-generated gradients, in which the cells degrade a widespread attractant, but cells also produce repellents and 'relay' by secreting fresh attractant after stimulation. Understanding how cells make and interpret their own chemoattractant gradients is fundamental to understanding the spatial patterns seen in all organisms., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The crawling behavior of leukocytes is driven by the cell morphology transition, which is a direct manifestation of molecular motor machinery. The topographical anisotropy and mechanical stiffness of the substrates are the main physical cues that affect leukocytes' shape generation and migratory responses. However, their combined effects on the cell morphology and motility have been poorly understood, particularly for neutrophils, which are the fastest reacting leukocytes against infections and wounds. Here, spatiotemporally correlated physical parameters are shown, which determine the neutrophil shape change during migratory processes, in response to surface topography and elasticity. Guided crawling and shape generation of individual neutrophils, activated by a uniform concentration of a chemoattractant, are analyzed by adopting elasticity-tunable micropatterning and live cell imaging techniques. Whole cell-level image analysis is performed based on a planar geometric quantification of cell shape and motility. The findings show that the pattern anisotropy and elastic modulus of the substrate induce synergic effects on the shape anisotropy, deformability, and polarization/alignment of crawling neutrophils. How the morphology-motility relationship is affected by different surface microstructures and stiffness is demonstrated. These results imply that the neutrophil shape-motility correlations can be utilized for controlling the immune cell functions with predefined physical microenvironments., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Following injury and infection, neutrophils are guided to the affected site by chemoattractants released from injured tissues and invading microbes. During this process (chemotaxis), neutrophils must integrate multiple chemical signals, while also responding to physical constraints and prioritizing their directional decisions to generate an efficient immune response. In some clinical conditions, human neutrophils appear to lose the ability to chemotax efficiently, which may contribute both directly and indirectly to disease pathology. Here, a range of microfluidic designs is utilized to test the sensitivity of chemotaxing neutrophils to various perturbations, including binary decision-making in the context of channels with different chemoattractant gradients, hydraulic resistance, and angle of approach. Neutrophil migration in long narrow channels and planar environments is measured. Conditions in which neutrophils are significantly more likely to choose paths with the steepest chemoattractant gradient and the most direct approach angle, and find that migration efficiency across planar chambers is inversely correlated with chamber diameter. By sequential measurement of neutrophil binary decision-making to different chemoattractant gradients, or chemotactic index in sequential planar environments, data supporting a model of biased random walk for neutrophil chemotaxis are presented., (©2022 Society for Leukocyte Biology.)

5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) is the only product of the proinflammatory 5-lipoxygenase pathway with potent chemoattractant effects for human eosinophils, suggesting an important role in eosinophilic diseases such as asthma. 5-Oxo-ETE, acting through its selective OXE receptor, induces dermal eosinophilia in both humans and monkeys. To block its effects, we designed selective indole-based OXE antagonists containing hexyl (S-230) or phenylhexyl (S-C025 and S-Y048) side chains, which inhibit allergen-induced dermal and pulmonary inflammation in monkeys, suggesting that they may be useful therapeutic agents in humans. In this study we identified two metabolic pathways for the phenylhexyl-containing antagonists in liver microsomes: benzylic and N-methyl hydroxylation, resulting in ω-hydroxy, ω-oxo, and NH-containing products with reduced potencies that were identified by mass spectrometry and comparison with synthetic standards. Products of both pathways were also identified in monkey plasma following oral administration of S-C025 and S-Y025, but were less abundant than the α-hydroxy metabolites that we previously identified. Interestingly, the α-hydroxy compounds were not detected in microsomal incubations, suggesting a different origin. The relative rates of metabolism of these antagonists were S-230 >> S-C025 > S-Y048, which may help to explain the differences in their plasma half-lives (S-230 < S-C025 < S-Y048). In conclusion, S-C025 and S-Y048 are metabolized by liver microsomes by benzylic and N-methyl hydroxylation but not by α-hydroxylation, whereas all three pathways exist in vivo. Addition of a phenyl group to the hexyl side chain of these antagonists dramatically reduced their rates of metabolism, which would explain their prolonged in vivo half-lives., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Chemotaxis identification is very important for the research and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. We established a straightforward method to quickly identify the chemoattractants that could induce the chemotactic movement of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria on sterile glass slides via simple steps. Bacteria solution (OD600 = 0.5) and sterile chemoattractant aqueous solution were added dropwise on the glass slide at an interval of 1 cm. An inoculating loop was used to connect the chemoattractant aqueous solution to the bacterial solution. The slide was kept at room temperature for 20 min on the clean bench. Finally, the chemoattractant aqueous solution was collected for bacterial counting and microscopic observation. In this study, through multiple comparisons of experimental results, the method overcame multiple shortcomings of traditional bacterial chemotaxis methods. The method reduced the error of plate counting and shortened the experimental cycle. For the identification of chemoattractant substances, this new method can save 2-3 days compared to the traditional method. Additionally, this method allows any researcher to systematically complete a bacterial chemotaxis experiment within 1-2 days. The protocol can be considered a valuable resource for understanding plant-microbe interactions.

A GPCR-mediated signaling network enables a chemotactic cell to generate adaptative Ras signaling in response to a large range of concentrations of a chemoattractant. To explore potential regulatory mechanisms of GPCR-controlled Ras signaling in chemosensing, we applied a software package, Simmune, to construct detailed spatiotemporal models simulating responses of the cAR1-mediated Ras signaling network. We first determined the dynamics of G-protein activation and Ras signaling in Dictyostelium cells in response to cAMP stimulations using live-cell imaging and then constructed computation models by incorporating potential mechanisms. Using simulations, we validated the dynamics of signaling events and predicted the dynamic profiles of those events in the cAR1-mediated Ras signaling networks with defective Ras inhibitory mechanisms, such as without RasGAP, with RasGAP overexpression, or with RasGAP hyperactivation. We describe a method of using Simmune to construct spatiotemporal models of a signaling network and run computational simulations without writing mathematical equations. This approach will help biologists to develop and analyze computational models that parallel live-cell experiments.

Netrins belong to the family of laminin-like secreted proteins, which guide axonal migration and neuronal growth in the developing central nervous system. Over the last 20 years, it has been established that netrin-1 acts as a chemoattractive or chemorepulsive cue in diverse biological processes far beyond neuronal development. Netrin-1 has been shown to play a central role in cell adhesion, cell migration, proliferation, and cell survival in neuronal and non-neuronal tissue. In this context, netrin-1 was found to orchestrate organogenesis, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and inflammation. In inflammation, as in neuronal development, netrin-1 plays a dichotomous role directing the migration of leukocytes, especially monocytes in the inflamed tissue. Monocyte-derived macrophages have long been known for a similar dual role in inflammation. In response to pathogen-induced acute injury, monocytes are rapidly recruited to damaged tissue as the first line of immune defense to phagocyte pathogens, present antigens to initiate the adaptive immune response, and promote wound healing in the resolution phase. On the other hand, dysregulated macrophages with impaired phagocytosis and egress capacity accumulate in chronic inflammation sites and foster the maintenance-and even the progression-of chronic inflammation. In this review article, we will highlight the dichotomous roles of netrin-1 and its impact on acute and chronic inflammation.

The lamellipodia and pseudopodia of migrating cells are produced and maintained by the Scar/WAVE complex. Thus, actin-based cell migration is largely controlled through regulation of Scar/WAVE. Here, we report that the Abi subunit-but not Scar-is phosphorylated in response to extracellular signalling in Dictyostelium cells. Like Scar, Abi is phosphorylated after the complex has been activated, implying that Abi phosphorylation modulates pseudopodia, rather than causing new ones to be made. Consistent with this, Scar complex mutants that cannot bind Rac are also not phosphorylated. Several environmental cues also affect Abi phosphorylation-cell-substrate adhesion promotes it and increased extracellular osmolarity diminishes it. Both unphosphorylatable and phosphomimetic Abi efficiently rescue the chemotaxis of Abi KO cells and pseudopodia formation, confirming that Abi phosphorylation is not required for activation or inactivation of the Scar/WAVE complex. However, pseudopodia and Scar patches in the cells with unphosphorylatable Abi protrude for longer, altering pseudopod dynamics and cell speed. Dictyostelium , in which Scar and Abi are both unphosphorylatable, can still form pseudopods, but migrate substantially faster. We conclude that extracellular signals and environmental responses modulate cell migration by tuning the behaviour of the Scar/WAVE complex after it has been activated.

The pathogen Staphylococcus aureus can readily develop antibiotic resistance and evade the human immune system, which is associated with reduced levels of neutrophil recruitment. Here, we present a class of antibacterial peptides with potential to act both as antibiotics and as neutrophil chemoattractants. The compounds, which we term 'antibiotic-chemoattractants', consist of a formylated peptide (known to act as chemoattractant for neutrophil recruitment) that is covalently linked to the antibiotic vancomycin (known to bind to the bacterial cell wall). We use a combination of in vitro assays, cellular assays, infection-on-a-chip and in vivo mouse models to show that the compounds improve the recruitment, engulfment and killing of S. aureus by neutrophils. Furthermore, optimizing the formyl peptide sequence can enhance neutrophil activity through differential activation of formyl peptide receptors. Thus, we propose antibiotic-chemoattractants as an alternate approach for antibiotic development., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd), a HER2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate with a topoisomerase I inhibitor deruxtecan (DXd), exhibits an excellent anti-tumor effect in previously treated HER2-positive tumors. A recent study demonstrated that T-DXd not only suppressed tumor growth but also enhanced anti-tumor immunity through increasing the number of tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells and enhancement of major-histocompatibility-complex class I expression on tumor cells in a mouse model. However, the effect of T-DXd on anti-tumor immune responses in human cancers is largely unknown. We investigated the effect of T-DXd on the expression of HLA class I and CXCL9/10/11, T-cell chemoattractants, in HER2-positive human gastric cancer (GC) cells. We found that T-DXd significantly inhibited GC cell proliferation in a HER2-dependent manner, while it slightly increased the expression of HLA class I in HER2-positive GC cells. Moreover, we revealed that T-DXd significantly induced mRNA expression of CXCL9/10/11 in HER2-positive GC cells. T-DXd-triggered up-regulation of these chemokines was mediated through the activation of DNA damage signaling pathways. These results suggest that T-DXd triggers anti-tumor immune responses at least in part through induction of the expression of HLA class I and CXCL9/10/11 on HER2-positive GC cells, resulting in the enhancement of anti-tumor immunity in human GC., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Currently, clinical treatment for temozolomide (TMZ)-resistant glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is still a difficult problem. The aim of this paper is to set up a new GBM-targeted drug delivery system to treat TMZ-resistant GBM. Zoledronate (ZOL) not only induces apoptosis of TMZ-resistant GBM cells by down-regulation of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase (FPPS) but also increases the proportion of M1-type GBM associated macrophages (GAM). Based on chemoattractants secreted by GBM cells, a ZOL loaded nanoparticle coated with microglia cell membrane (ZOL@CNPs) was prepared to deliver ZOL to central nervous system to treat TMZ-resistant GBM. ZOL@CNPs was actively recruited to TMZ-resistant GBM region by CX3CL1/CX3CR1 and CSF-1/CSF-1R signal axis, and the release of ZOL from ZOL@CNPs was triggered by glutathione in GBM cells. ZOL@CNPs inhibited the growth of TMZ-resistant GBM through inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the migration and invasion of TMZ-resistant GBM cells. Besides, the immunosuppressive and hypoxic microenvironment, playing an important role in the growth of TMZ-resistant GBM, was significantly improved by ZOL@CNPs through increasing the proportion of M1-type GAM and blocking the expression of HIF-1α. ZOL@CNPs has a great potential application in the treatment for TMZ-resistant GBM., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

During the last decade, a consensus has emerged that the stochastic triggering of an excitable system drives pseudopod formation and subsequent migration of amoeboid cells. The presence of chemoattractant stimuli alters the threshold for triggering this activity and can bias the direction of migration. Though noise plays an important role in these behaviors, mathematical models have typically ignored its origin and merely introduced it as an external signal into a series of reaction-diffusion equations. Here we consider a more realistic description based on a reaction-diffusion master equation formalism to implement these networks. In this scheme, noise arises naturally from a stochastic description of the various reaction and diffusion terms. Working on a three-dimensional geometry in which separate compartments are divided into a tetrahedral mesh, we implement a modular description of the system, consisting of G-protein coupled receptor signaling (GPCR), a local excitation-global inhibition mechanism (LEGI), and signal transduction excitable network (STEN). Our models implement detailed biochemical descriptions whenever this information is available, such as in the GPCR and G-protein interactions. In contrast, where the biochemical entities are less certain, such as the LEGI mechanism, we consider various possible schemes and highlight the differences between them. Our simulations show that even when the LEGI mechanism displays perfect adaptation in terms of the mean level of proteins, the variance shows a dose-dependence. This differs between the various models considered, suggesting a possible means for determining experimentally among the various potential networks. Overall, our simulations recreate temporal and spatial patterns observed experimentally in both wild-type and perturbed cells, providing further evidence for the excitable system paradigm. Moreover, because of the overall importance and ubiquity of the modules we consider, including GPCR signaling and adaptation, our results will be of interest beyond the field of directed migration., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The neutrophil, a short-lived effector leukocyte of the innate immune system best known for its proteases and other degradative cargo, has unique, reciprocal physiological interactions with the lung. During health, large numbers of 'marginated' neutrophils reside within the pulmonary vasculature, where they patrol the endothelial surface for pathogens and complete their life cycle. Upon respiratory infection, rapid and sustained recruitment of neutrophils through the endothelial barrier, across the extravascular pulmonary interstitium, and again through the respiratory epithelium into the airspace lumen, is required for pathogen killing. Overexuberant neutrophil trafficking to the lung, however, causes bystander tissue injury and underlies several acute and chronic lung diseases. Due in part to the unique architecture of the lung's capillary network, the neutrophil follows a microanatomic passage into the distal airspace unlike that observed in other end-organs that it infiltrates. Several of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the stepwise recruitment of circulating neutrophils to the infected lung have been defined over the past few decades; however, fundamental questions remain. In this article, we provide an updated review and perspective on emerging roles for the neutrophil in lung biology, on the molecular mechanisms that control the trafficking of neutrophils to the lung, and on past and ongoing efforts to design therapeutics to intervene upon pulmonary neutrophilia in lung disease.

Proline-glycine-proline (PGP) and its acetylated form (Ac-PGP) are neutrophil chemoattractants generated by collagen degradation, and they have been shown to play a role in chronic inflammatory disease. However, the mechanism for matrikine regulation in acute inflammation has not been well established. Here, we show that these peptides are actively transported from the lung by the oligopeptide transporter, PEPT2. Following intratracheal instillation of Ac-PGP in a mouse model, there was a rapid decline in concentration of the labeled peptide in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) over time and redistribution to extrapulmonary sites. In vitro knockdown of the PEPT2 transporter in airway epithelia or use of a competitive inhibitor of PEPT2, cefadroxil, significantly reduced uptake of Ac-PGP. Animals that received intratracheal Ac-PGP plus cefadroxil had higher levels of Ac-PGP in BAL and lung tissue. Utilizing an acute LPS-induced lung injury model, we demonstrate that PEPT2 blockade enhanced pulmonary Ac-PGP levels and lung inflammation. We further validated this effect using clinical samples from patients with acute lung injury in coculture with airway epithelia. This is the first study to our knowledge to determine the in vitro and in vivo significance of active matrikine transport as a mechanism of modulating acute inflammation and to demonstrate that it may serve as a potential therapeutic target.

The incidence of cancers in atopic dermatitis (AD) is not increased, although the Th2-dominant environment is known to downregulate tumor immunity. To gain mechanistic insights regarding tumor immunity in AD, we utilized CCL17 transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing CCL17, which is a key chemokine in AD. Tumor formation and lung metastasis were accelerated in CCL17 TG mice when melanoma cells were injected subcutaneously or intravenously. Flow cytometric analysis showed increases in regulatory T cells (Tregs) in lymph nodes in CCL17 TG mice with high mRNA levels of IL-10 and Foxp3 in tumors, suggesting that Tregs attenuated tumor immunity. The frequency of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), however, was significantly decreased in tumors of CCL17 TG mice, suggesting that decreased MDSCs might promote tumor immunity. Expression of CXCL17 , a chemoattractant of MDSCs, was decreased in tumors of CCL17 TG mice. Depletion of Tregs by the anti-CD25 antibody markedly reduced tumor volumes in CCL17 TG mice, suggesting that tumor immunity was accelerated by the decrease in MDSCs in the absence of Tregs. Thus, CCL17 attenuates tumor immunity by increasing Tregs and Th2 cells, while it decreases MDSCs through reductions in CXCL17, which may work as a "safety-net" to reduce the risk of malignant tumors in the Th2-dominant environment.

In recent years, the concept of distinct subpopulations of human neutrophils has attracted much attention. One bona fide subset marker, exclusively expressed by a proportion of circulating neutrophils in a given individual, and therefore dividing neutrophils in two distinct subpopulations, is the glycoprotein CD177. CD177 is expressed on the plasma and granule membranes of 0-100% of circulating neutrophils depending on the donor. Several in vitro studies have linked CD177 to neutrophil transmigration, yet very few have looked at the role of CD177 for tissue recruitment in vivo. We investigate whether the CD177 + and CD177 - neutrophil subsets differ in their propensity to migrate to both aseptic- and microbe-triggered inflamed human tissues. Microbe-triggered neutrophil migration was evaluated in samples of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with periodontitis, whereas neutrophil migration to aseptic inflammation was evaluated in synovial fluid from patients with inflammatory arthritis, as well as in exudate from experimental skin chambers applied on healthy donors. We found that the proportion of CD177 + neutrophils was significantly higher in GCF from patients with periodontitis, as compared to blood from the same individuals. Such accumulation of CD177 + neutrophils was not seen in the two models of aseptic inflammation. Moreover, the proportion of CD177 + neutrophils in circulation was significantly higher in the periodontitis patient group, as compared to healthy donors. Our data indicate that the CD177 + neutrophil subset is preferentially recruited to the gingival crevice of periodontitis patients, and may imply that this subtype is of particular importance for situations of microbe-driven inflammation., (© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Leukocyte Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society for Leukocyte Biology.)

Anti-cancer T-cell responses are often halted due to the immune-suppressive micro-environment, in part related to tumor-associated macrophages. In the current study, we assessed indigestible β-glucans (oatβG, curdlan, grifolan, schizophyllan, lentinan, yeast whole glucan particles (yWGP), zymosan and two additional yeast-derived β-glucans a and b) for their physicochemical properties as well as their effects on the plasticity of human monocyte-derived macrophages that were polarized with IL-4 to immune-suppressive macrophages. Beta-glucans were LPS/LTA free, and tested for solubility, molecular masses, protein and monosaccharide contents. Curdlan, yeast-b and zymosan re-polarized M(IL-4) macrophages towards an M1-like phenotype, in particular showing enhanced gene expression of CCR7, ICAM1 and CD80, and secretion of TNF-α and IL-6. Notably, differential gene expression, pathway analysis as well as protein expressions demonstrated that M(IL-4) macrophages treated with curdlan, yeast-b or zymosan demonstrated enhanced production of chemo-attractants, such as CCL3, CCL4, and CXCL8, which contribute to recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils. The secretion of chemo-attractants was confirmed when using patient-derived melanoma-infiltrating immune cells. Taken together, the bacterial-derived curdlan as well as the yeast-derived β-glucans yeast-b and zymosan have the unique ability to preferentially skew macrophages towards a chemo-attractant-producing phenotype that may aid in anti-cancer immune responses.

The human leukemia cell line (HL-60) is an alternative to primary neutrophils in research studies. However, because HL-60 cells proliferate in an incompletely differentiated state, they must undergo differentiation before they acquire the functional properties of neutrophils. Here we provide evidence of swarming and chemotaxis in differentiated HL-60 neutrophil-like cells (dHL-60) using precise microfluidic assays. We found that dimethyl sulfoxide differentiated HL-60 cells (DdHL-60) have a larger size, increased length, and lower ability to squeeze through narrow channels compared to primary neutrophils. They migrate through tapered microfluidic channels slower than primary neutrophils, but faster than HL-60s differentiated by other protocols, e.g., using all-trans retinoic acid. We found that dHL-60 can swarm toward zymosan particle clusters, though they display disorganized migratory patterns and produce swarms of smaller size compared to primary neutrophils.

Pemphigoid diseases refer to a group of severe autoimmune skin blistering diseases characterized by subepidermal blistering and loss of dermal-epidermal adhesion induced by autoantibody and immune cell infiltrate at the dermal-epidermal junction and upper dermis. Here, we explore the role of the immune cell-secreted serine protease, granzyme B, in pemphigoid disease pathogenesis using three independent murine models. In all models, granzyme B knockout or topical pharmacological inhibition significantly reduces total blistering area compared to controls. In vivo and in vitro studies show that granzyme B contributes to blistering by degrading key anchoring proteins in the dermal-epidermal junction that are necessary for dermal-epidermal adhesion. Further, granzyme B mediates IL-8/macrophage inflammatory protein-2 secretion, lesional neutrophil infiltration, and lesional neutrophil elastase activity. Clinically, granzyme B is elevated and abundant in human pemphigoid disease blister fluids and lesional skin. Collectively, granzyme B is a potential therapeutic target in pemphigoid diseases.

Cells of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum migrate to a source of periodic traveling waves of chemoattractant as part of a self-organized aggregation process. An important part of this process is cellular memory, which enables cells to respond to the front of the wave and ignore the downward gradient in the back of the wave. During this aggregation, the background concentration of the chemoattractant gradually rises. In our microfluidic experiments, we exogenously applied periodic waves of chemoattractant with various background levels. We find that increasing background does not make detection of the wave more difficult, as would be naively expected. Instead, we see that the chemotactic efficiency significantly increases for intermediate values of the background concentration but decreases to almost zero for large values in a switch-like manner. These results are consistent with a computational model that contains a bistable memory module, along with a nonadaptive component. Within this model, an intermediate background level helps preserve directed migration by keeping the memory activated, but when the background level is higher, the directional stimulus from the wave is no longer sufficient to activate the bistable memory, suppressing directed migration. These results suggest that raising levels of chemoattractant background may facilitate the self-organized aggregation in Dictyostelium colonies.

GPCR signaling is the most prevailing molecular mechanism for detecting ambient signals in eukaryotes. Chemotactic cells use GPCR signaling to process chemical cues for directional migration over a broad concentration range and with high sensitivity. Dictyostelium discoideum is a classical model, in which the molecular mechanism underlying eukaryotic chemotaxis has been well studied. Here, we describe protocols to evaluate the spatiotemporal chemotactic responses of Dictyostelium discoideum by different microscopic observations combined with biochemical assays. First, two different chemotaxis assays are presented to measure the dynamic concentration ranges for different cell strains or chemotactic parameters. Next, live-cell imaging and biochemical assays are provided to detect the activities of GPCR and its partner heterotrimeric G proteins upon chemoattractant stimulation. Finally, a method for detecting how a cell deciphers chemical gradients is described.

Fast and efficient homing and engraftment of hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) is crucial for positive clinical outcomes from transplantation. We found that this process depends on activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome, both in the HSPCs to be transplanted and in the cells in the recipient bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. For the first time we provide evidence that functional deficiency in the Nlrp3 inflammasome in transplanted cells or in the host microenvironment leads to defective homing and engraftment. At the molecular level, functional deficiency of the Nlrp3 inflammasome in HSPCs leads to their defective migration in response to the major BM homing chemoattractant stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and to other supportive chemoattractants, including sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP). We report that activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome increases autocrine release of eATP, which promotes incorporation of the CXCR4 receptor into membrane lipid rafts at the leading surface of migrating cells. On the other hand, a lack of Nlrp3 inflammasome expression in BM conditioned for transplantation leads to a decrease in expression of SDF-1 and danger-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), which are responsible for activation of the complement cascade (ComC), which in turn facilitates the homing and engraftment of HSPCs.

Rhus potaninii Maxim, a type of sumac, is an economically important tree widely cultivated in mountainous areas of western and central China. A gall, called the bellied gallnut, induced by the aphid, Kaburagia rhusicola Takagi, is important in the food, medical, and chemical industries in China. Volatiles from R. potaninii were found to attract K. rhusicola , but little is known about them. The chemical composition of these volatiles was investigated using GC-MS analysis and Y-tube olfactometer methods. Twenty-five compounds accounting for 55.3% of the volatiles were identified, with the highest proportion of 1-(4-ethylphenyl)ethanone (11.8%), followed by 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)ethanone (11.2%) and p -cymen-7-ol (7.1%). These findings provide a theoretical basis for the preparation of attractants and could eventually lead to increased bellied gallnut yield.

Soft tissue is composed of cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix that is made up of a diverse array of intricately organized proteins. These distinct components work in concert to maintain homeostasis and respond to tissue damage. During tissue repair, extracellular matrix proteins and their degradation products are known to influence physiological processes such as angiogenesis and inflammation. In this study we developed a discovery platform using a decellularized extracellular matrix biomaterial to identify new chemotrophic factors derived from the extracellular matrix. An in vitro culture of RAW.264 macrophage cells with the biomaterial ovine forestomach matrix led to the identification of a novel ~12 kDa chemotactic factor, termed 'MayDay', derived from the N-terminal 31-188 sequence of decorin. The recombinant MayDay protein was shown to be a chemotactic agent for mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesize that the macrophage-induced cleavage of decorin, via MMP-12, leads to the release of the chemotactic molecule MayDay, that in turn recruits cells to the site of damaged tissue., Competing Interests: BCHM, RWFV and SGD are paid employees of Aroa Biosurgery Limited (Auckland, New Zealand). JS is a paid employee of Charles River (Freiburg, Germany). DGD and CHM are paid employees of Victoria University (Wellington, New Zealand). BCHM, SGD and CHM are shareholders of Aroa Biosurgery Limited. BCHM, SGD and DJD are listed as inventors on provisional patent U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/857,900, owned by Aroa Biosurgery Limited. BCHM is listed as inventor on patent US8415159B2, owned by Aroa Biosurgery Limited. Ovine forestomach matrix is manufactured by Aroa Biosurgery Limited and is available as commercial medical devices under the tradenames Endoform® Natural, Endoform® Antimicrobial, Myriad™, and Ovitex® distributed international by Aroa Biosurgery Limited This does not alter the authors adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Neutrophils are frontline cells of the innate immune system. These effector leukocytes are equipped with intriguing antimicrobial machinery and consequently display high cytotoxic potential. Accurate neutrophil recruitment is essential to combat microbes and to restore homeostasis, for inflammation modulation and resolution, wound healing and tissue repair. After fulfilling the appropriate effector functions, however, dampening neutrophil activation and infiltration is crucial to prevent damage to the host. In humans, chemoattractant molecules can be categorized into four biochemical families, i.e., chemotactic lipids, formyl peptides, complement anaphylatoxins and chemokines. They are critically involved in the tight regulation of neutrophil bone marrow storage and egress and in spatial and temporal neutrophil trafficking between organs. Chemoattractants function by activating dedicated heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In addition, emerging evidence suggests an important role for atypical chemoattractant receptors (ACKRs) that do not couple to G proteins in fine-tuning neutrophil migratory and functional responses. The expression levels of chemoattractant receptors are dependent on the level of neutrophil maturation and state of activation, with a pivotal modulatory role for the (inflammatory) environment. Here, we provide an overview of chemoattractant receptors expressed by neutrophils in health and disease. Depending on the (patho)physiological context, specific chemoattractant receptors may be up- or downregulated on distinct neutrophil subsets with beneficial or detrimental consequences, thus opening new windows for the identification of disease biomarkers and potential drug targets.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is considered the main cause of kidney disease in which myofibroblasts lead to renal fibrosis. Macrophages were recently identified as the major source of myofibroblasts in a process known as macrophage-myofibroblast transition (MMT). Adenosine levels increase during DN and in vivo administration of MRS1754, an antagonist of the A 2B adenosine receptor (A 2B AR), attenuated glomerular fibrosis (glomerulosclerosis). We aimed to investigate the association between A 2B AR and MMT in glomerulosclerosis during DN. Kidneys/glomeruli of non-diabetic, diabetic, and MRS1754-treated diabetic (DM+MRS1754) rats were processed for histopathologic, transcriptomic, flow cytometry, and cellular in vitro analyses. Macrophages were used for in vitro cell migration/transmigration assays and MMT studies. In vivo MRS1754 treatment attenuated the clinical and histopathological signs of glomerulosclerosis in DN rats. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated a decrease in chemokine-chemoattractants/cell-adhesion genes of monocytes/macrophages in DM+MRS1754 glomeruli. The number of intraglomerular infiltrated macrophages and MMT cells increased in diabetic rats. This was reverted by MRS1754 treatment. In vitro cell migration/transmigration decreased in macrophages treated with MRS1754. Human macrophages cultured with adenosine and/or TGF-β induced MMT, a process which was reduced by MRS1754. We concluded that pharmacologic blockade of A 2B AR attenuated some clinical signs of renal dysfunction and glomerulosclerosis, and decreased intraglomerular macrophage infiltration and MMT in DN rats.

A multifunctional motile microtrap is developed that is capable of autonomously attracting, trapping, and destroying pathogens by controlled chemoattractant and therapeutic agent release. The onion-inspired multi-layer structure contains a magnesium engine core and inner chemoattractant and therapeutic layers. Upon chemical propulsion, the magnesium core is depleted, resulting in a hollow structure that exposes the inner layers and serves as structural trap. The sequential dissolution and autonomous release of the chemoattractant and killing agents result in long-range chemotactic attraction, trapping, and destruction of motile pathogens. The dissolved chemoattractant (l-serine) significantly increases the accumulation and capture of motile pathogens (E. coli) within the microtrap structure, while the internal release of silver ions (Ag + ) leads to lysis of the pathogen accumulated within the microtrap cavity., (© 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Mosquito-borne diseases like malaria are a major public health problem in tropical countries, such as Madagascar. Female Anopheles mosquito vectors the human malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) and is important indicator in malaria surveillance activities. Among the various means of vector control in Madagascar, the use of attractants for mass trapping of target species could be an alternative to insecticides. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether 4-hydroxycoumarin can be used as an attractant for anthropophilic Anopheles spp. vectors of malaria. For this, a field study was conducted using CDC light traps in the village of Ambohidray, Madagascar. 16 days of trapping was conducted and four replicates nights were performed for each product tested. 4-hydroxycoumarin, octenol and two types of blend of these products were tested. The results showed that 4-hydroxycoumarin (2 mg) have a significant attractive effect on Anopheles spp. and significant selectivity towards Anopheles gambiae s.l, and Anopheles mascarensis which are both significant malaria vectors in Madagascar. A synergy of 4-hydroxycoumarin with octenol was found to attract these mosquito vectors. A significant decrease in vector populations was observed during this experiment. These results suggest that 4-hydroxycoumarin could be useful for malaria surveillance and the control of vector populations.

The use of nanomaterials to regulate cell surface receptors is considered a novel strategy to manipulate cell behaviors. However, recognition is important to drive nanoparticle-cell complex formation. Here, we report a novel approach that uses graphene oxide (GO) as a chemoattractant to lure bacteria to nanosurface, facilitating complex formation. The amount of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) cells attracted into capillaries containing 20 mg/L GO was more than 8.6-fold higher than that attracted into capillaries containing 20 mg/L glucose. The inherent mechanism involved interference with transmembrane chemoreceptors and activation of the chemotactic system via GO attachment and a subsequent increase in cell aggregation and migration via self-secreted quorum sensing molecules. The key feature of this strategy is the potential to improve the efficiency of the nanoparticle-cell recognition pattern and to expedite the development of surface-contact-related nanotechnology.

Blood vessel formation or angiogenesis is a key process for successful tooth regeneration. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) possess paracrine proangiogenic properties, which are, at least partially, induced by their extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, the isolation of BM-MSCs is associated with several drawbacks, which could be overcome by MSC-like cells of the teeth, called dental pulp stromal cells (DPSCs). This study aims to compare the angiogenic content and functions of DPSC and BM-MSC EVs and conditioned medium (CM). The angiogenic protein profile of DPSC- and BM-MSC-derived EVs, CM and EV-depleted CM was screened by an antibody array and confirmed by ELISA. Functional angiogenic effects were tested in transwell migration and chicken chorioallantoic membrane assays. All secretion fractions contained several pro- and anti-angiogenic proteins and induced in vitro endothelial cell motility. This chemotactic potential was higher for (EV-depleted) CM, compared to EVs with a stronger effect for BM-MSCs. Finally, BM-MSC CM, but not DPSC CM, nor EVs, increased in ovo angiogenesis. In conclusion, we showed that DPSCs are less potent in relation to endothelial cell chemotaxis and in ovo neovascularization, compared to BM-MSCs, which emphasizes the importance of choice of cell type and secretion fraction for stem cell-based regenerative therapies in inducing angiogenesis., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Here, a 3D printed multiplexed competitive migration assay is reported for characterizing a chemotactic response in the presence of multiple spatially distributed chemoattractants. The utility of the assay is demonstrated by examining the chemotactic response of human glioblastoma cells to spatially opposing chemotactic gradients of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and bradykinin (BK). Competitive migration assays involving spatially opposing gradients of EGF and BK that are optimized in the absence of the second chemoattractant show that 46% more glioblastoma cells migrate toward EGF sources. The migration velocities of human glioblastoma cells toward EGF and BK sources are reduced by 7.6 ± 2.2% and 11.6 ± 6.3% relative to those found in the absence of the spatially opposing chemoattractant. This work provides new insight to the chemotactic response associated with glioblastoma-vasculature interactions and a versatile, user-friendly platform for characterizing the chemotactic response of cells in the presence of multiple spatially distributed chemoattractants., (© 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Tephritid fruit flies are amongst the most significant horticultural pests globally and male chemical lures are important for monitoring and control. Zingerone has emerged as a unique male fruit fly lure that can attract dacine fruit flies that are weakly or non-responsive to methyl eugenol and cuelure. However, the key features of zingerone that mediate this attraction are unknown. As Jarvis's fruit fly, Bactrocera jarvisi (Tryon), is strongly attracted to zingerone, we evaluated the response of B. jarvisi to 37 zingerone analogues in a series of field trials to elucidate the functional groups involved in attraction. The most attractive analogues were alkoxy derivatives, with isopropoxy being the most attractive, followed by ethoxy and trifluoromethoxy analogues. All of the phenolic esters tested were also attractive with the response typically decreasing with increasing size of the ester. Results indicate that the carbonyl group, methoxy group, and phenol of zingerone are key sites for the attraction of B. jarvisi and identify some constraints on the range of structural modifications that can be made to zingerone without compromising attraction. These findings are important for future work in developing and optimising novel male chemical lures for fruit flies.

Alveolar bone defects can arise as a consequence of trauma, infection, periodontal disease, or congenital alveolar fenestration. Many approaches have been employed in an effort to treat or overcome such defects, but the ability to effectively achieve alveolar regeneration remains elusive. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) has been shown to serve as a key factor capable of orchestrating cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and chemoattraction in the context of osteogenic processes. Exactly how PDGF-BB affects human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs), however, requires further exploration. In this report, we utilized a lentiviral construct to achieve PDGF-BB overexpression in hPDLSCs, allowing us to establish that this gene was able to enhance the proliferation of these cells and to mediate osteogenic gene upregulation therein. In addition, we established a rat model of alveolar defects that were implanted using different complexes, and then monitored through histological and micro-CT analyses 4 and 8 weeks postsurgery to assess bone repair outcomes. These analyses revealed that a thermosensitive hydrogel was an effective 3D cell culture scaffold, while PDLSCs overexpressing PDGF-BB enhanced bone growth in the context of alveolar bone defects. Together, these results thus indicate that PDGF-BB represents a potent means of promoting stem cell-based alveolar bone tissue regeneration.

Formation of new blood vessels from preexisting ones, a process known as angiogenesis, is one of the limiting steps for success in treatment of ischemic disorders. Therefore, efforts to understanding and characterize new agents capable to stimulate neovascularization are a worldwide need. Crataeva tapia bark lectin (CrataBL) has been shown to have chemoattractant properties for endothelial cells through the stimulation of migration and invasiveness of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) because it is a positively charged protein with high affinity to glycosaminoglycan. In addition, CrataBL increased the production of chondroitin and heparan sulfate in endothelial cells. These findings orchestrated specific adhesion on collagen I and phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase receptors, represented by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), whose downstream pathways trigger the angiogenic cascade increasing cell viability, cytoskeleton rearrangement, cell motility, and tube formation. Moreover, CrataBL inhibited the activity of matrix metalloproteases type 2 (MMP-2), a protein related to tissue remodeling. Likewise, CrataBL improved wound healing and increased the number of follicular structures in lesioned areas produced in the dorsum-cervical region of C57BL/6 mice. These outcomes altogether indicate that CrataBL is a pro-angiogenic and healing agent., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. and Société Française de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire (SFBBM). All rights reserved.)