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Introduction: There is an unclear association between type 2 diabetes and mild cognitive impairment in the elderly. Both diseases are more prevalent in the older adults compared to the younger counterpart. Some anti-diabetic drugs seem to influence positively the evolution of mild cognitive impairment. This retrospective study investigated the effect of vildagliptin, an inhibitor of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), on the cognitive functioning of elderly diabetic patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) documented at mini mental state examination (MMSE)., Methods: We included 60 diabetic elderly people which were divided in 2 groups: Group A, 30 patients with HbA 1 c (glycated hemoglobin) ≤7.5% and treated with metformin, and Group B, 30 patients with HbA 1 c >7.5%, and treated with metformin plus vildagliptin. We collected data on MMSE, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA 1 c at baseline and after 180 ± 10 days from the beginning of treatment., Results: The two groups exhibited significantly different values in FPG (P < 0.05) and HbA 1 c (P < 0.01) at baseline, and in MMSE score (P < 0.001) after treatment. The intragroup comparison showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in MMSE score in group A, and in HbA1c (P = 0.01) in group B., Conclusion: Vildagliptin in addition to metformin resulted in the maintenance of MMSE score, showing a protecting role on cognitive functioning compared to the metformin only group., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Single photon detection is one of the most challenging goals of photonics. In recent years, the study of ultra-fast and/or low-intensity phenomena has received renewed attention from the academic and industrial communities. Intense research activity has been focused on bio-imaging applications, bio-luminescence, bio-scattering methods, and, more in general, on several applications requiring high speed operation and high timing resolution. In this paper we present design and characterization of bi-dimensional arrays of a next generation of single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). Single photon sensitivity, dark noise, afterpulsing and timing resolution of the single SPAD have been examined in several experimental conditions. Moreover, the effects arising from their integration and the readout mode have also been deeply investigated.