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Objectives: Postoperative complications are an important problem that all surgeons face. Among all possible complications, local and systemic infections are one of the most prevalent postprocedural adverse events. It is difficult to assess whether or not a patient will develop a surgical site infection (SSI), but there are certain basic investigations that can suggest the probability of such an event. We also investigated some clinically assessable signs to help us better predict the occurrence of SSIs. Every bit of information brings us closer to an ideal where we can bring postoperative complications to a minimum. Close examination and attention to detail is crucial in the prediction and prevention of SSIs. Methods: A multicenter, retrospective and prospective observational study was carried out between 01.01.2019 â?" 01.09.2021. All adult patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) who had disabling intermittent claudication or rest pain, were included in this study. We excluded minor or vascular surgery emergencies (ruptured aneurysms, acute ischemia or vascular trauma). We followed the postoperative complications as well as their management with an emphasis on surgical site infections (SSIs). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine key values of statistical relevance by calculating the Area Under the Curve (AUC). Multivariate analysis was used to assess the statistical relevance of our data. Results: The study evaluates 128 patients diagnosed with PAD, aged between 47 and 97, with a mean age of 71.26 Ã+- 10.8 years. There were significantly more male than female patients 71.09% vs. 28.91% (p 0.01). All patients were treated using hybrid vascular techniques. All complication rates were recorded but we focused on SSIs, which was the most prevalent complication (25%). C-Reactive Protein with values higher than 5 mg/dl, was confirmed as a positive predictive factor for postoperative surgical site infections (AUC = 0.80). Another positive predictive factor for SSIs is hyperglycemia. Glycemic values higher than 140mg/dl are more frequently associated with postoperative infections (p = 0.02), a predictability curve of statistical significance was also obtained (AUC = 0.71). Postoperative SSIs were more prevalent in patients with preoperative distal trophic lesions (p 0.01). The presence of other complications such as edema and lymphoceles were also linked to SSIs (p 0.01). Nevertheless, patients who underwent surgery over negative wound pressure therapy (NWPT) for infection management had significantly shorter hospital stays (p 0.01). Conclusions: There are multiple clinical or paraclinical predictors of SSIs. The coexistence of several such factors can carry an additional risk of developing a SSI and should be evaluated and controlled separately in the preoperative phase as much as possible. Admission to a diabetes center and regulation of glycemic values prior to elective vascular surgery, for patients who can be surgically postponed is an effective method of preventing infections. Surgical management remains the most reliable form of treatment of SSIs, being the most efficient therapy and offering immediate results, while simultaneously shortening hospital stays., (Celsius.)

Background/objectives: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a severe disease that usually involves hospitalization and a customized therapy. To date, remarkable progress has been made in establishing the etiology, diagnosis and therapy of this condition. For example, it is well documented that the AP course consists of two distinct pathophysiological phases. The first phase lasts about 1-2 weeks, involving only local inflammatory changes and possibly a transient SIRS syndrome, which require conservative therapy. The second phase is represented either by disease remission in patients with mild forms of AP, or by the persistence of SIRS syndrome and the occurrence of local complications in patients with moderate forms. Local complications therefore often occur in the second phase, when therapy must be customized according to the complications of the pancreatic area, as well as to provide adequate systemic support. Methods/ Results: Severe forms are less common and generally associate MSOF, which can develop at any time in the evolution of AP. MSOF worsens preexisting SIRS syndrome and local complications, making treatment more difficult and significantly increasing morbidity and mortality. This study presents the evolution of a group of patients with acalculous AP, who did not present in the first phase any systemic determinant of SIRS syndrome. Consequently, our initial prognosis was favorable, but the evolution of some patients was unexpectedly severe. Conclusions: Such surprising cases in terms of the evolution may suggest that increased caution is required in all AP patients, even if preliminary data suggest a mild form of the disease. Additional studies are necessary in the near future on this topic, both to improve therapy and to establish a better prognostic score by using new diagnostic tools., (Celsius.)

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a marked decrease in surgical procedures performed worldwide and to numerous other changes in medical practice. We investigated the effect of these changes on surgical trainees. Method: We searched medical records and asked a total of 67 surgical residents from different specialities (general surgery, obstetrics-gynecology, orthopedics-traumatology, neurosurgery) to answer a questionnaire investigating how the total number of surgical procedures and operative role varied for each respondent during the pandemic, the number of medical congresses and handson courses they attended during this time, how much study time was available to them and how the changes in their training modules affected them. Results: Most respondents reported a marked decrease in the number of surgical procedures performed, performing key operative steps with a lower frequency. Most of them believed that their training stagnated or suffered a setback. However, most residents consider the changes in their training during the pandemic a useful experience. Conclusion: The real effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical training should be further studied. Future prospective studies should identify threshold values for each surgical procedure and the most effective compensatory strategies., (Celsius.)

Introduction: The large bowel is the second most commonly injured hollow viscus in penetrating abdominal trauma following the small bowel. Injuries to the colon are fairly common in times of war and the lessons learned in these instances have historically guided management. The objective of our research is to highlight current management principles as they are applied in a single trauma centre during the last two decades. Material and Method: retrospective review of our clinical experience was performed. Electronic health records from our institution were searched for injuries caused by external forces from January 2003 - October 2021. All patients that were identified with colon injuries were included in the review. Results: We identified 11 male patients with colon injuries during the study period. Repair options used were primary suture or colostomy formation with no anastomoses and no damage control procedures. Mortality was 27.2%, relatively high when compared with contemporaneous studies. Conclusions: The main take home message of our research is that the epidemiology of colon trauma is very different in a civilian environment that has a low caseload of penetrating injury compared to wartime injuries. There is a clear need of prospective multicentre data in this type of trauma cohorts to better define management options and not base our approach on wartime data or data from communities where the rate of penetrating injuries is high., (Celsius.)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common malignant mesenchymal lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. They originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal and are characterized by overexpression of the tyrosine kinase receptor, protein product of c-KIT gene (KIT). In this retrospective study, conducted over a period of 10 years, we retrieved from our database, a total number of 57 patients, admitted and operated in the surgical department of 'Sf. Pantelimon' Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, for digestive tumors, histopathologically confirmed as GISTs. More than half of the cases presented as surgical emergencies and the tumors found during the surgical procedures, which proved to be GISTs, were sometimes difficult to differentiate from other mesenchymal tumors, both for the clinician and the pathologist. The diagnosis of GIST relies mostly on pathology and immunohistochemistry, but also on clinical and imagistic data. The most common emergencies were digestive hemorrhage (associated with gastric location), followed by intestinal obstruction (especially for the ileal localization). The largest dimensions corresponded to gastric location. For selected indications (upper digestive sites), upper digestive endoscopy approaches 100% sensitivity. This study focuses on diagnosis of GISTs sustained by both clinical and imagistic methods, along with histopathology and immunohistochemistry techniques, according to the World Health Organization 2019 criteria. Even though the differential diagnosis of these tumors is challenging, an interdisciplinary cooperation with a multiple approach increases the odds of a correct positive diagnosis., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict or competing interests., (Copyright: © Ceausu et al.)

Gastric cancer is a widely geographically distributed malignancy with high prevalence, therefore being a serious health problem that needs standardized methods for early diagnosis and treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation of some epidemiological and clinical data with the histological features. The study group was made up of 66 patients that underwent surgical removal of the gastric neoplasm, and the pathological exam showed the morphological features of the tumor, as well as the ones of the unaffected mucosal tissue. Topographically, the highest incidence of the tumor was registered in the gastric antrum, but in recent years, an increased incidence of the superior gastric pole localization was recorded. The macroscopic aspects reveal that the ulcerated type 2 Borrmann is the most frequent, and alongside type 3 Borrmann, the ulcer-infiltrative type represents most of the gastric antrum cancers. The analysis of the tumor invasion showed that most carcinomas underwent surgery when the tumor invaded the serosa (pT3) or even the perigastric tissues (pT4). In our research, we chose Goseki's microscopic classification because of its best coverage of the histological heterogeneity of the gastric carcinomas, providing information about the percentage of the cellular and secretory differentiation with direct impact on the invasion of the tumor. In more than 70% of the cases, the patients showed lesions of severe chronic atrophic gastritis of the non-tumor mucosa. Lately, the incidence of Helicobacter pylori has been 5.5%, lower than indicated by mainstream literature. We observed that the incidence of type 3 incomplete intestinal metaplasia, as the most commonly involved factor in the etiopathogenesis of gastric neoplasms, was encountered in 36.3% of the cases, this percentage rising proportionally with age and being frequently associated with antrum tumors. In conclusion, the permanent analysis of the relation between epidemiological data and some histological features might be relevant for the characterization of the tumoral process or the non-tumor gastric mucosa, leading to an evaluation of the prognosis.

Introduction: Ogilvie syndrome, or acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACPO), represents a pathological entity, potentially with a severe outcome, due to the acute important dilation of the large bowel, in the absence of a mechanical luminal obstruction. Usually, it occurs in patients admitted in intensive care unit, that associate severe surgical or medical pathologies. The mechanism of the ACPO has not been completely explained, but it is assumed that the motor function of the colon may be affected, as a result of autonomic regulation disturbance. Early diagnosis and treatment help reduce the risk of severe outcome, such as ischemia or perforation. Material and Method: In addition to our experience, a literature search was elaborated in order to evaluate the incidence, the etiology, the clinical presentation and the diagnosis of the ACPO. Results and Conclusions: The present study may be of help in the process of guiding the optimal management of a critically ill patient is at high risk of developing colonic pseudo-obstruction., (Celsius.)

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the digestive system are composed of cells with a neuroendocrine phenotype. These tumors produce and secrete peptide hormones and biogenic amines and they are called neuroendocrine neoplasms because of the marker proteins that they share with the neural cell system. The classification and nomenclature used to designate NENs have undergone changes over the past decades due to the accumulation of evidence related to the biological characteristics and their evolution. The European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) proposed a classification system based on the tumor grading and staging according to their localization. The latest internationally recognized NEN classification was published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2010. In accordance with the 2010 WHO criteria, the determination of the NEN malignancy potential is based on grading, depending on the mitotic activity and the Ki67 proliferation index, as well as on the tumor TNM stage. It is worth emphasizing that the terms neuroendocrine tumor (NET) and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), without reference to grading or differentiation, are inadequate for prognostic assessment or the therapy determination, being inappropriate in pathology reports. The functional status of the tumor is based on the clinical findings but not on the pathological data or immunohistochemically profile. Despite the inability to establish a single system of sites, these are common features to establish the basis of most systems, documentation of these features allowing for greater reliability in the pathology reporting of these neoplasms.

Endometrial stromal tumors are very rare, representing approximately 0.2% of uterine malignancies, having an incidence of one to two from a million of women. The diagnosis cannot be established by imaging, it is histopathological only, often necessitate supplementary immunohistochemistry tests. We report the case of a 27-year-old woman who had an initial diagnosis, in another hospital, of uterine adenomyoma, established by dilatation and uterine curettage and then by subsequently histopathological exam. This diagnosis led to an initial non-oncological surgery, with interannexial total hysterectomy. The establishment of the final histopathological diagnosis of stromal endometrial sarcoma has led to a serious reassessment of the case. Making a review of the literature, we found very few cases of endometrial stromal sarcoma in young women less than 30 years old and we have not identified any clear strategy of treatment. However, from precautionary and considering that may be at risk, even with very few cases reported, the distance metastases can be present, sometimes at large intervals of time, we decided, for oncological safety, reintervention after one month. At the second surgery, it was practiced bilateral salpingo-ovarectomy, cardinal ligaments excision, partial omentectomy, bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy extended lumbo-aortic and interaortico-cava, sampling biopsy from the inguinal femoral adenopathy and re-excision of the vaginal vault. The evolution was favorable, the patient being follow-up together with the oncologist specialist.

Primary neuroendocrine tumors of the extrahepatic bile ducts are extremely rare - up to date, only 77 cases have been reported in the literature, which represents between 0.2-2% of all gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. The paper focuses on the case of a woman patient, aged 37 years, admitted to the Clinic with the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice, unaccompanied by pain and where imaging indicates a tumor in the third average of the common bile duct (CBD). The surgery involved the excision of CBD, lymphadenectomy and restoring the biliodigestive continuity of Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. The histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations revealed the presence of a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor of CBD. Based on the case report and literature, we attempted to accurately identify and relate this type of tumor to other varieties encountered in the extrahepatic bile ducts, pointing out elements of a positive diagnosis, differential diagnosis, histopathology and immunohistochemistry, and referring to the therapeutic attitude, evolutionary methods and prognosis.

Appendiceal diverticulitis is a very rare cause for pain in the right iliac fossa. Whether it is simptomatic or discovered randomly during an appendectomy or barium enema, understanding its clinical evolution is important for having a good management. In this report we present the case of a 50 year old female who underwent an open appendectomy during which we discovered appendiceal diverticulitis., (Celsius.)

In this study, we focus our interest on some peculiar infrastructural abnormalities detected in a pancreatic cancer case. Our electron microscopic observations underline the high plasticity of the pancreatic parenchyma cells. Tumor pancreatic exocrine lesions are represented by putative ductal and acinar cells, which proliferate and grow in a haphazard pattern, detrimental to endocrine counterpart. The tumor cells do not exhibit neither a pure ductular or ductal nor a pure acinar phenotype, but tumor lesions represented by neoplastic ductal cells with invasive growth are by far prevalently. In our pancreatic cancer case, electron microscopic investigation clearly shows that a plethora of the epithelial cells from the tumor lesions contain large areas of autophagy leading to the pleomorphic inclusions represented by fibrillary÷filamentous inclusions frequently associated with hyaline-amorphous material, and secondary lysosomes. One of the mostly striking and important finding in this report for a case of pancreatic cancer is the high fragility (extensive dissolutions) of plasma membrane of tumor cells leading to pseudo-syncytia formation. Desmosomal junctions are severely altered, almost missing. Plasma membranes showed shedding membrane vesicles. Extravasated inflammatory cells contribute to the dramatic and extensive destructive areas of epithelial cells as well as tumor-stroma counterpart, including the basement membrane. All above severe infrastructural abnormalities, especially down regulation of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesions might result in aberrant cell behavior and, consequently, much care should be taken for the postoperatory patient evolution.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) originate in the neuroendocrine cells of the neural crest (Kulchitsky cells). If neuroendocrine tumors arising in the digestive tract or lung may occasionally result in skin metastases, primary soft tissue or skin NETs are infrequent. The current paper presents the case of an elderly woman patient with neuroendocrine tumors arising de novo in the left upper thigh, accompanied by lymph nodes metastases in the left groin and in the left pelvic sidewall, in close vicinity of the iliac vessels. The diagnosis of NET was performed based on immunohistochemical tests. Such tumors show a slow growth and, generally, have a good prognosis. It is emphasized that complete surgical excision, in some cases associated with adjuvant external radiotherapy is the optimal therapeutic modality in dealing with such lesions.

Vulvar neoplasia represents 5% of malignancies in female genital tract and 0.6% of all cancers in women. Although it is known to be a rare type of cancer, which occurs especially in elderly women, its incidence is increasing in young females because of its association with the human papillomavirus (HPV). In this paper, we report the case of a 46-year-old woman, gravidity 4, parity 3, with a medical history of multiple vulvar excisions for recurrent ulcerative vulvar lesions during a period of 11 years. The first lesion appeared in 2003, it was excised and the histopathological result showed squamous cell carcinoma with undifferentiated areas and chronic ulcerative inflammation. The patient underwent radiation therapy remaining at the end of it a small-ulcerated lesion at the superior vulvar commissure, which was biopsied in 2004 showing chronic ulcerative inflammation with reparatory areas of squamous immature benign metaplasia In April 2014, a dermatological consult described vulvar scleroatrophic lichen confirmed by a biopsy. In November 2014, the patient presented to our clinic when a vicious vulvar scar was detected, with a transformed tegument with aspect of atrophic lichen. A perineal reconstruction including anal sphincter plasty was performed. Due to the important remaining skin defect, a Surgisis graft vulvoplasty was performed. The histopathological result of the excised suspect areas was vulvar intraepithelial high-grade neoplasia (VIN III). A retrospective histopathological review of the case established that is more accurate to consider that the vulvar lesions were, all along, a very well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (verrucous carcinoma), which lacks cytopathic effect of HPV infection, has a low p53 expression but a high Ki67. Case evolution was favorable with the acceptance and integration of the biologic grafts at two months after surgery and normal healing.

The tailored approach to gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) has led to better prognosis for these types of tumors. Also, finding out GIST's pathology has led to a better understanding of oncogenesis and cancer therapy in general. The rapid expansion of molecular and pathological knowledge of GISTs has given this disease a promising future. We analyze 30 cases of GISTs operated on in our clinic with confirmed diagnosis by immunohistochemistry. Most of the cases were acute cases that required urgent surgical therapy. An extended analysis of these cases is performed in order to underline their special features. We recorded 17 GISTs of the stomach, 12 GISTs of the small bowel and one esophageal GIST. Of the 30 cases, 15 cases required urgent surgery presenting with GI bleeding or shock following intraperitoneal rupture and bleeding or intestinal obstruction. Of the 15 cases that required urgent surgery 12 cases presented with serosal involvement. Twenty-four cases presented spindle cell histology, four cases were epithelioid and two cases presented mixed cellularity. Although acute presentation of GISTs is not the rule, 15 of 30 of our cases required immediate surgery and a high proportion of them (12/15) presented with serosal involvement. Serosal involvement may warrant the need for a macroscopic classification of GISTs and correlation to therapy. While overall mortality was not high in our series, morbidity is affected by acute presentation, though not specifically pertaining to the diagnosis of GIST. Acute presentations were more frequent, in our series, for small bowel GISTs, compared to gastric GISTs. Serosal involvement was more frequent in the group with acute presentation compared with non-acute GISTs and was present at the most cases of small bowel GISTs with acute onset. The Ki-67 index showed no difference between acute and non-acute onset of GISTs.

Background: The 1999 ASHP (American Society of Health-System Pharmacists) recommendation regarding the prevention of stress-related mucosal disease and bleeding in critical care patients by using PPI and H2RA still holds. We tried to compare the results obtained by our group with the international data available and determine the benefits of this prophylactic therapy., Methods: The present paper presents a retrospective single center report of 36 patients with upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding caused by stress gastritis. Despite prophylaxis, the patients included in this study who were admitted in the ICU during a five year period (2003-2008) with various underlying conditions, had clinical and endoscopic diagnoses of bleeding from stress-related gastric mucosal disease. The initial treatment focused on patient stabilization first by medical intervention aimed at maintaining an elevated intragastric pH, in association with haemostatic drugs and blood transfusions; complementary endoscopic or surgical haemostatic therapy was employed for patients unresponsive to the initial management., Results: Despite prophylactic acid suppressive therapy, upper GI bleeding findings were consistently present in high risk patients, 69.4% presenting hematemesis and 55.6% presenting coffee-ground gastric content., Conclusions: Each institution needs to have guidelines in place to establish the patients that actually have sufficient risk factors to justify stress gastritis prophylaxis.