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The data included in this article specify the characteristics of the Upper Miocene fill of the Turiec Basin and served for reconstruction of temporal evolution of depositional systems in this intermontane basin located within the Western Carpathians (Central Europe). The borehole lithological log data were used to describe the stratigraphy of the Turiec Basin in geological sections and were gained in the Geofond archive of the State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr. The sedimentological data were acquired by field research applying facies analysis to nine outcrop sites. The outcrops served for grain size analyzes performed by sieving and laser diffraction, for geochemical analyzes using ICP-ES, ICP-MS and XRF, and for mineralogical analyzes of whole rock and clay fraction by XRD. Moreover, the muddy layers on outcrops served for collection of 31 samples for the authigenic 10 Be/ 9 Be dating. The geochronological data are presented by using five different initial ratios for calculation, determined within the Turiec Basin at the Late Pleistocene alluvial fan and river terrace sites as well as at two Holocene muddy floodplain sites. Another initial ratio data are gained from an Upper Miocene lacustrine succession dated independently by magnetostratigraphy in previous research. Finally, a summary of previously published strontium isotope data from the Turiec Basin is included. The interpretations of the data are provided in Šujan et al., (2023) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 628, 111746., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

Discovered in 1988 by R. Oslisly and B. Peyrot, Elarmékora is a high terrace that, today, is situated 175 m above the Ogooué River in the historical complex of Elarmékora, attached to the Lopé National Park in Gabon, a World Heritage site since 2007. The site yielded a small lithic assemblage, including mainly cobble artefacts embedded within the 1 m thick alluvial material. Based on geomorphological and palaeoclimatological criteria, the preliminary dating suggested an age of 400 ka. However, Elarmékora could be a key site for Atlantic Central Africa if this lithic industry can be dated absolutely. In 2018 and 2019, two field trips were organized to collect surface samples as well as samples in vertical depth profiles with the aim of measuring their in situ -produced cosmogenic nuclide ( 10 Be and 26 Al) content. Results suggest a surface abandonment between 730 and 620 ka ago representing a minimum age for the cobble artefacts. Concurrently, technological reappraisal of the artefacts suggests an atypical lithic industry that should, for the moment, be considered as 'undiagnostic' Earlier Stone Age. This age bracketing may be compared with a similar age range obtained for prehistoric occupations in Angola using the same approach. This age will place Elarmékora among the oldest evidence for the presence of hominins in western Central Africa and raises the question of a 'West Side Story' to early human dispersals in Africa. This article is part of the theme issue 'Tropical forests in the deep human past'.

Understanding of the pre-development, baseline denudation rates that deliver sediment to the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) has been elusive. Cosmogenic 10 Be in sediment is a useful integrator of denudation rates and sediment yields averaged over large spatial and temporal scales. This study presents 10 Be data from 71 sites across 11 catchments draining to the GBR: representing 80% of the GBR catchment area and provide background sediment yields for the region. Modern, short-term, sediment yields derived from suspended load concentrations are compared to the 10 Be data to calculate an Accelerated Erosion Factor (AEF) that highlights denudation "hot-spots" where sediment yields have increased over the long-term background values. The AEF results show that 58% basins have higher modern sediment yields than long-term yields. The AEF is considered a useful approach to help prioritise on-ground investments in remediation and the additional measured empirical data in this paper will help support future predictive models., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Cosmogenic 7 Be was used to evaluate soil loss in a mountainous micro-watershed near Belo Horizonte, Southwest Brazil. Two nearby sites were selected, a reference site in a flat area and an eroded site in a hill slope. At the reference site, soil samples were collected monthly throughout the year in order to evaluate seasonal variations of 7 Be inventory in soil and its relation with the precipitation regime. Additionally, rainwater was collected and the expected 7 Be soil content was predicted. At the reference site, the 7 Be inventory shows seasonal variations, in accordance with the rainy season, and its distribution in the soil profile shows an exponential decrease in depth ( h 0  = 6.9 ± 0.6 kg m -2 ; r 2  = 0.97). At the eroded site, two soil sampling campaigns were performed in order to measure soil erosion in the watershed. The estimated net erosion was 42.2 ± 3.7 t ha -1 , indicating the loss of upper 5mm of soil per year. This corresponds to soil losses in the area in the range from moderate to severe erosion.

Measurements of the long-lived 81 Kr and 36 Cl radioisotopes in groundwater from the Negev Desert (Israel) were used to assess the 36 Cl/Cl input ratios and Cl - contents for paleorecharge into the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer (NSA). The reconstructed Cl - content of the recharge flux was on the order of 300-400 mg/L. An initial 36 Cl/Cl ratio of 50 × 10 -15 was assessed for the groundwater replenishment in the Negev Desert since the late Pleistocene, in agreement with the 36 Cl/Cl ratios in recent local rainwater. This is despite possible changes in the climatic conditions and the 36 Cl production rates in the atmosphere over this timeframe. This similarity in values is explained by the major role played by the erosion and weathering of near-surface materials in the desert environment that dominate the hydrochemistry of rains, floods, and the consequent groundwater recharge. Spatial variation in the reconstructed initial 36 Cl/Cl ratio is accounted for by the differences in the mineral aerosol sources for specific recharge areas of the NSA. Accordingly, regional variations in the 36 Cl/Cl input in groundwater reservoirs surrounding the Mediterranean Sea indicate various processes that govern the 36 Cl/Cl system. Finally, the results of this study highlight the great advantage of integrating 81 Kr age information in evaluating the initial 36 Cl/Cl and Cl - input, which is essential for the calibration of 36 Cl radioisotope as an available long-term dating tool for a given basin., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

To understand the rates at which soils form from bedrock, it is important to know the rates at which the bedrock surface lowers (the apparent erosion rate, which is assumed to be constant). Previous models that calculate apparent erosion rates using measured concentrations of cosmogenic radionuclides rely on the assumption that the bulk density of the soil which forms as a product of bedrock erosion either equals that of the bedrock itself or is constant with depth down the soil profile. This assumption fails to recognise that soils have significantly lower densities that might not be constant with depth. The model presented here allows for the calculation of isotopically-derived soil production rates, considering the bulk density profile of the soil overlying the bedrock surface. This calculator, which can be run both in MATLAB® and GNU Octave©, represents a novel and significant contribution to the derivation of soil production rates., (© 2019 The Authors.)

A comprehensive analysis of the variable temporal and spatial responses of tropical-subtropical high-altitude glaciers to climate change is critical for successful model predictions and environmental risk assessment in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. High-frequency Holocene glacier chronostratigraphies are therefore reconstructed in 79 glaciated valleys across the orogen using 519 published and 16 new terrestrial cosmogenic 10 Be exposure age dataset. Published 10 Be ages are compiled only for moraine boulders (excluding bedrock ages). These ages are recalculated using the latest ICE-D production rate calibration database and the scaling scheme models. Outliers for the individual moraine are detected using the Chauvenet's criterion. In addition, past equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) are determined using the area-altitude (AA), area accumulation ratio (AAR), and toe-headwall accumulation ratio (THAR) methods for each glacier advance. The modern maximum elevations of lateral moraines (MELM) are also used to estimate modern ELAs and as an independent check on mean ELAs derived using the above three methods. These data may serve as an essential archive for future studies focusing on the cryospheric and environmental changes in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. A more comprehensive analysis of the published and new 10 Be ages and ELA results and a list of references are presented in Saha et al. (2019, High-frequency Holocene glacier fluctuations in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Quaternary Science Reviews, 220, 372-400).

Methods based on cosmic-ray produced nuclides are key to improve our understanding of the Earth surface dynamic. Measuring multiple cosmogenic nuclides in the same rock sample has a great potential, but data interpretation requires rigorous and often complex mathematical treatments. In order to make progress on this topic, this paper presents two easy-to-use MATLAB © programs permitting to derive information from pairs of cosmogenic nuclides ( 26 Al- 10 Be or 10 Be- 21 Ne) measured in rock samples that have been exposed to cosmic rays in the past: "Paleoaltitude.m" and "Burial.m". •"Paleoaltitude.m" computes paleoelevations from a sample whose burial age is known. This new paleoaltimetry method is presented in detail in Blard et al. [1]. The present article also develops the mathematical approach.•Since the elevation of exposure may affect the accuracy of a burial age [1], the second MATLAB© script "Burial.m" is designed to compute burial ages from 26 Al- 10 Be or 10 Be- 21 Ne pairs, taking into account the position of a sample (elevation and latitude) during its preburial exposure history.

205 Tl in the lorandite (TiAsS 2 ) mine of Allchar (Majdan, FYR Macedonia) is transformed to 205 Pb by cosmic ray reactions with muons and neutrinos. At depths of more than 300 m, muogenic production would be sufficiently low for the 4.3 Ma old lorandite deposit to be used as a natural neutrino detector. Unfortunately, the Allchar deposit currently sits at a depth of only 120 m below the surface, apparently making the lorandite experiment technically infeasible. We here present 25 erosion rate estimates for the Allchar area using in situ produced cosmogenic 36 Cl in carbonates and 10 Be in alluvial quartz. The new measurements suggest long-term erosion rates of 100-120 m Ma -1 in the silicate lithologies that are found at the higher elevations of the Majdanksa River valley, and 200-280 m Ma -1 in the underlying marbles and dolomites. These values indicate that the lorandite deposit has spent most of its existence at depths of more than 400 m, sufficient for the neutrinogenic 205 Pb component to dominate the muon contribution. Our results suggest that this unique particle physics experiment is theoretically feasible and merits further development., Competing Interests: We have no competing interests.

The onset of Quaternary glaciations is a critical event in the climate and tectonic history of the Tibetan Plateau. The Shishapangma Glaciation, defined based on the till deposit from the northern slopes of Mt. Shishapangma, has been identified as the oldest glaciation on the Tibetan Plateau. However, the timing of this glaciation has not been constrained. We measured 10 Be and 26 Al concentrations of a set of boulders on top of this till and simulated their complex exposure-burial histories. The simulated results indicate that the formation age of this till is likely around 835.2 ± 241.0 ka, representing the minimum timing of glacial onset on the Tibetan Plateau. The Shishapangma Glaciation is apparently much younger than the glacial onset in many other areas of the world, such as Europe and North America, and was likely driven by the coupled effect between tectonic uplift and climate cooling during the early-middle Pleistocene transition., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2018 Science China Press. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This paper focuses on constraining the erosion rate in the area of the Allchar Sb-As-Tl-Au deposit (Macedonia). It contains the largest known reserves of lorandite (TlAsS 2 ), which is essential for the LORanditeEXperiment (LOREX), aimed at determining the long-term solar neutrino flux. Because the erosion history of the Allchar area is crucial for the success of LOREX, we applied terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides including both radioactive ( 26 Al and 36 Cl) and stable ( 3 He and 21 Ne) nuclides in quartz, dolomite/calcite, sanidine, and diopside. The obtained results suggest that there is accordance in the values obtained by applying 26 Al, 36 Cl, and 21 Ne for around 85% of the entire sample collection, with resulting erosion rates varying from several tens of m/Ma to ∼165 m/Ma. The samples from four locations (L-8 CD, L1b/R, L1c/R, and L-4/ADR) give erosion rates between 300 and 400 m/Ma. Although these localities reveal remarkably higher values, which may be explained by burial events that occurred in part of Allchar, the erosion rate estimates mostly in the range between 50 and 100 m/Ma. This range further enables us to estimate the vertical erosion rate values for the two main ore bodies Crven Dol and Centralni Deo. We also estimate that the lower and upper limits of average paleo-depths for the ore body Centralni Deo from 4.3 Ma to the present are 250-290 and 750-790 m, respectively, whereas the upper limit of paleo-depth for the ore body Crven Dol over the same geological age is 860 m. The estimated paleo-depth values allow estimating the relative contributions of 205 Pb derived from pp-neutrino and fast cosmic-ray muons, respectively, which is an important prerequisite for the LOREX experiment.