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Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous and aggressive form of blood cancer characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid precursor cells in the bone marrow. It affects individuals of all ages, with incidence increasing notably in those over 65 years old. Despite advancements in treatment, overall survival rates remain unsatisfactory, underscoring the need for a deeper understanding of the disease. Among the various genetic alterations implicated in AML pathogenesis, mutations in the FLT3 (Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3) gene have emerged as significant contributors to leukemogenesis. The FLT3 ​​​​​gene encodes a type III receptor tyrosine kinase crucial in regulating normal hematopoiesis. Approximately one-third of AML patients carry FLT3 mutations, making it one of the most frequently mutated genes in the disease. FLT3  mutations can be classified into internal tandem duplications (ITDs) and point mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD).  FLT3 mutations are associated with adverse clinical features and are independent prognostic factors for poor overall survival and decreased remission rates in AML patients. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying FLT3 mutations in AML is critical for improving risk stratification, prognosis assessment, and the development of targeted therapies. By reviewing the current literature, this study aims to elucidate the functional consequences of FLT3 mutations in AML pathogenesis, explore the interaction of FLT3 signaling with other oncogenic pathways, and assess the prognostic significance of FLT3 mutations in clinical practice, providing information that can guide future research directions and facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic strategies., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Jalte et al.)

Background Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder caused by a deficit in gene expression on the paternal inherited chromosome 15q11.2-q13. It affects various aspects of growth and development, including feeding, cognitive function, and behavior. Early diagnosis and management of PWS can significantly improve outcomes for patients and their families. Methods In this study, we analyzed a group of 29 clinically diagnosed patients suspected of PWS. All patients were referred to the medical genetics and onco-genetics service for genetic consultation and molecular analysis. We used DNA methylation analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to confirm the diagnosis and identify the underlying genetic mechanisms. Results Our analysis showed that five out of seven patients (71.43%) with a positive methylation-specific PCR (MSP) had chromosomal deletion by FISH and presented major clinical signs summarized by morbid obesity in 65.21% of cases and neonatal hypotonia in 42.85% of cases. This finding indicates that paternal 15q11-q13 deletion is the most common genetic mechanism involved in PWS. Conclusion The results of this study highlight the importance of early diagnosis and molecular analysis in the management of Prader-Willi syndrome. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the genotype-phenotype correlation in the Moroccan population and provide families with a rigorous molecular diagnosis, relevant genetic counseling, and multidisciplinary support. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms of PWS and develop effective interventions to improve outcomes for affected individuals., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Ahakoud et al.)