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Background: Antibiotic choice for complicated appendicitis should be based on both microbiological effectiveness as well as ease of administration and cost especially in lower resourced settings. Data is limited on comparative morbidity outcomes for antibiotics with similar microbiological spectrum of activity. Incidence and morbidity of surgical site infection after appendectomy for complicated appendicitis was assessed after protocol change from triple antibiotic (ampicillin, gentamycin, and metronidazole) regimen to single agent (amoxycillin/clavulanic acid)., Methods: Surgical site infection (SSI) rate, relook surgery rate and length of hospital stay were retrospectively compared in patients treated for acute appendicitis preceding (2014, 2015; "triple-therapy, TT") and following (2017, 2018; "single agent, SA") antibiotic protocol change., Results: The rate of complicated appendicitis was similar between groups; 72.6% in TT and 66% in SA (p = 0.239). Significantly, SSI occurred in 22.7% of the SA group compared to 13.3% in TT group (OR 1.920, 95% CI 1.000-3.689, p = 0.048). Use of laparoscopy increased from 31% in TT to 89% in SA, but with subgroup analysis this was not associated with increased SSI (17.3% in open and 20.6% in laparoscopic; OR 0.841, 95% CI 0.409-1.728, p = 0.637). Relook rate (OR 1.444, 95% CI 0.595-3.507, p = 0.093) length of hospital stay (U = 6859, z = -1.163, p = 0.245), and ICU admission (U = 7683, z = 0.634 p = 0.522) were equivocal. Neither group had mortalities., Conclusions: Despite increased SSI with SA, overall morbidity relating to ICU admission, relook rate and length of hospital stay was similar in both groups. More prospective research is required to confirm equivalent overall morbidity and that single agent therapy is more cost-effective with acceptable clinical outcomes., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of this study is a head-to-head comparison of the instrument performance and responsiveness of the EQ-5D-Y-3L and the expanded English version of the EQ-5D-Y-5L in children/adolescents receiving acute orthopaedic management in South Africa., Methods: Children/adolescents aged 8-15 years completed the EQ-5D-Y-5L, EQ-5D-Y-3L, self-rated health (SRH) question and PedsQL at baseline. The EQ-5D-Y-5L, EQ-5D-Y-3L and SRH question were repeated after 24 and 48 h. Performance of the EQ-5D-Y-5L and EQ-5D-Y-3L was determined by comparing feasibility (missing responses), redistribution of dimensions responses, discriminatory power, concurrent validity, and responsiveness., Results: Eighty-three children/adolescents completed baseline measures and seventy-one at all three time-points. Reporting of 11111 decreased by 20% from the EQ-5D-Y-3L to the EQ-5D-Y-5L. Informativity of dimensions improved on average by 0.267 on the EQ-5D-Y-5L with similar evenness. There was a range of 11-27% inconsistent responses when moving from the EQ-5D-Y-3L to the EQ-5D-Y-5L. There was a low to moderate and significant association on the EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L to similar items on the PedsQL and SRH scores. Percentage change over time was greater for the EQ-5D-Y-5L (range 0-182%) than EQ-5D-Y-3L (range 0-100%) with the largest reduction for both measures between 0 and 48 h. For those who respondents who showed an improved SRH the EQ-5D-Y-5L and EQ-5D-Y-3L showed significant paired differences., Conclusion: The English version of the EQ-5D-Y-5L appears to be a valid and responsive extension of the EQ-5D-Y-3L for children receiving acute orthopaedic management. The expanded levels notably reduce the ceiling effect and has greater discriminatory power. Concurrent validity of the EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L was low to moderate with similar PedsQL items and SRH. The EQ-5D-Y-5L generally showed greater change than the EQ-5D-Y-3L across all dimensions with the greatest change observed for 0-48 h. Responsiveness was comparable across the EQ-5D-Y-3L and EQ-5D-Y-5L for those with improved SRH. Greater sensitivity to change may be observed on comparison of utility scores, once preference-based value sets are available for the EQ-5D-Y-5L., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: In settings with limited access to specialist services, differentiating septic arthritis-a surgical emergency-from non-infectious atraumatic arthropathy in paediatric patients is challenging, especially in a setting with a high burden of tuberculosis (TB). We aimed to investigate the aetiologies of swollen, painful joints in an urban setting in South Africa and determine how clinical and laboratory findings varied with diagnosis., Patients and Methods: A retrospective review of patients aged 12 or younger presenting to a paediatric hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, with atraumatic swollen, painful joints was conducted over a two year period from 2013 to 2015. Children were excluded if they did not have tissue culture or analysis conducted at our facility. Aetiology was classified as non-infectious, TB septic arthritis, or pyogenic arthritis from other bacterial causes., Results: One hundred and four children met inclusion criteria. Arthritis was classified as non-infectious in 43 (41%), TB in 15 (14%), and pyogenic in 40 (38%), with six (6%) patients never receiving a final diagnosis. Mean C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and white blood cell count (WCC) were all significantly higher in pyogenic infectious arthritis compared with TB and non-infectious arthritis. There were no significant differences in these parameters between non-infectious and TB arthritis. Using cut-point analysis, thresholds were identified predictive of the presence of pyogenic arthritis versus TB or non-infectious arthritis; these included the presence of fever, CRP > 50 mg/L, ESR > 65 mm/h and WCC > 12x10 9 /L. The absence of all of these criteria resulted in a negative predictive value of 100% for pyogenic infection; the presence of three to four criteria resulted in a positive predictive value of 71%., Conclusions: Despite insignificant differences in their clinical presentation compared with non-infectious arthidities, 15% of children were diagnosed with tissue-confirmed TB infection. Predictive values of clinical criteria are reduced in our population due to elevated levels of inflammatory markers in all patients. Synovial biopsy to rule out TB is recommended in all patients in a high-burden setting given clinical similarity to non-infectious aetiologies.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of spinal deformities in ambulant adults with cerebral palsy (CP) and spastic diplegia, more than 15 years after orthopaedic interval surgery approach (ISA) treatment, and its relationship to contextual factors, level of pain and physical status., Methods: Spinal X-rays, pain (Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and location/frequency) questionnaires and physical examination assessing lower extremity muscle strength (Medical Research Council scale), motor control (selectivity scale) and muscle tone (Ashworth score) were conducted in 30 adults with spastic diplegic CP., Results: Mild scoliosis (curve 12-22°) was determined in eight (28%) participants. Hyperkyphosis (> 50°) was reported in two (7%) and lumbar hyperlordosis (> 60°) in five (17%) participants. Pain was most commonly reported at cervical (n = 19, 63%) and lumbosacral (n = 18, 60%) area, resulting in 'moderate disability' for six (20%) and 'severe disability' for one (3%) participant. Most apparent physical abnormalities determined were hip abduction weakness and increased rectus femoris muscle tone. Regarding correlations, no relations were found for scoliosis curvature, but kyphosis curvature was related to females, ODI scores (lifting and sitting) and increased muscle tone of ankle plantar flexor muscles, lordosis curvature to passive hip extension mobility, and hip flexors and ankle plantar flexors muscle tone., Conclusion: Adults with spastic diplegic CP who received their first orthopaedic intervention more than 15 years ago (based on ISA) showed similar incidence of spinal deformities as reported in the younger CP population, suggesting stability of spinal curvature into adulthood. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

Study Design: Retrospective observational study., Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of age and site of infection in patients with musculoskeletal tuberculosis (TB) and determine the number of TB/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfections as well as the incidence of multidrugresistant (MDR) TB., Overview of Literature: Of all TB cases, 1%-3% show skeletal system involvement and 30% are HIV coinfected. Although the reported distribution of skeletal TB is majorly in the spine, followed by the hip, knee, and foot/ankle, the epidemiology of extrapulmonary TB and especially musculoskeletal TB remains largely unknown, particularly in areas with a high prevalence of the disease., Methods: This is a retrospective study of a consecutive series of patients admitted to a tertiary care facility in an area with the highest prevalence of TB worldwide. TB was confirmed on tissue biopsy with polymerase chain reaction testing (Xpert for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance), culturing, or histological analysis. Data were analyzed regarding demographic information, location of the disease, HIV coinfections, and drug resistance., Results: In all, 125 patients (44 children; 35%) with a mean age of 27 years (range, 1-78 years) were included. Age peaks were observed at 5, 25, and 65 years. Spinal disease was evident in 98 patients (78%). There were 66 HIV-negative (53%) and 29 (23%) HIVpositive patients, and in 30 (24%), the HIV status was unknown. Five patients (4%) showed MDR TB., Conclusions: The age distribution was trimodal, spinal disease was predominant, MDR TB rate in our cohort was high, and a large portion of TB patients in our hospital were HIV coinfected. Hence, spinal services with sufficient access to operating facilities are required for tertiary care facilities in areas with a high TB prevalence., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Background: Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) is useful for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in adults, but there is limited evidence on its usefulness in children. We aimed to investigate the accuracy of Xpert for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary TB in children with musculoskeletal infections., Methods: The diagnostic accuracy of Xpert was compared with a reference standard of culture or histopathology in children hospitalized with suspected osteoarticular TB in Cape Town, South Africa from June 2013 to May 2015., Results: One hundred and nine samples of 102 patients (60 male; 58.8%) with a median age of 5.6 years (interquartile range: 2.2-8.7) were included. There were 23 samples with confirmed TB by culture or histology (21.1%); histology was positive in all of these, while culture was positive in 14 samples (12.8%). Xpert was positive in 17 samples (15.6%), providing a sensitivity of 73.9% (95% confidence interval: 51.6-89.8) and specificity of 100% (95% confidence interval: 95.7-100). Xpert was positive at a mean of 0.8 days (0.46-1.4) compared with 21 days (19-30) for culture, P < 0.001. Multidrug-resistant TB was detected on culture in a single sample that was negative on Xpert testing., Conclusions: Xpert confirmed extrapulmonary TB of bone and joints more accurately and faster than culture and should be used as a first-line test. Histology remains a useful test for musculoskeletal TB in children., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflict of interests. This work is original, previously unpublished, and not under consideration for publication elsewhere.

Background: Cubitus varus is a cosmetically unacceptable complication of supracondylar fractures of the elbow in children. We have performed the lateral closing wedge (French) osteotomy to correct the varus for 27 years. More complex osteotomies have been described to correct the associated hyperextension and internal rotation deformities and to prevent a prominent lateral condyle., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 90 consecutive patients (1986 to 2012). The mean age of the patients at surgery was 8.2 years (3 to 14 y). The varus angle (mean, 21.4 degrees; range, 8 to 40 degrees) was assessed preoperatively with the humero-elbow-wrist angle. The postoperative carrying angle (mean, 10.4 degrees) and the preoperative and postoperative range of movement were assessed clinically. The lateral condylar prominence index (LCPI) was retrospectively measured at union., Results: Eighty-four (93.3%) of the patients had a good or excellent result. Six (6.7%) had a poor result (residual varus, loss of >20 degrees of preoperative range of flexion or extension or a complication necessitating resurgery). There were no neurovascular complications. The mean LCPI was +0.14., Conclusions: The results of the French osteotomy are comparable with the more technically demanding dome, step-cut translation, and multiplanar osteotomies, with a lower complication rate. The literature reports adequate remodeling of the hyperextension deformity (≤10 y) and the LCPI (≤12 y), and that the internal rotation deformity is well tolerated by the patient., Level of Evidence: Level IV-case series.

Study Design:  Retrospective diagnostic feasibility study and clinical review., Objectives:  To evaluate the feasibility of making an initial atlanto-occipital dissociation (AOD) diagnosis from four radiological measurements of the craniocervical relationship on lateral cervical spine x-rays and to assess the AOD patients' clinical outcomes relative to their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings., Methods:  The Powers ratio, Wackenheim line, basion-dens distance (BDD), and the C1/2:C2/3 interspinous ratio were measured in 58 pediatric controls and ten MRI-confirmed patients with AOD. The ability to identify the required anatomical landmarks and make the measurements was noted and sensitivity and specificity calculated. The correspondence between the clinical presentation and outcomes for patients with AOD and their MRI features was investigated., Results:  Clear landmarks for measuring interspinous ratio and Wackenheim line were confirmed by all x-rays. The BDD was measureable in 90% and the Powers ratio could be calculated in only possible in 59%. The interspinous ratio and BDD offered high sensitivities and specificity. Although the Wackenheim line was consistantly measured, it conferred a low sensitivity but reasonable specificity. The Powers ratio offered high specificity with low sensitivity. On MRI, all patients with AOD had apical ligament disruption, with a high rate of interspinous ligamentous injury (8/9); prevertebral swelling (7/9); retroclival hematoma (6/9); and tectorial membrane injury (4/9). The only MRI feature associated with poor outcome was that of altered cord signal. Both patients who died had cord signal changes on T1- and T2-weighted images. The third patient with cord signal change was limited to T2 changes with a normal T1. He had a C5-L3 sensory deficit that resolved. The degree of tectorial membrane injury did not appear to influence outcome., Conclusions:  The BDD and interspinous ratio offer the best measures for initial x-ray diagnosis of AOD. This will alert the surgeon to the need for MRI. These patients often have a reduced level of consciousness, thus making clinical evaluation difficult. The MRI findings, although apparently indicative of severe abnormality, did not actually correspond to outcomes except for the presence of T1 cord signal changes that matched with severe neurological impairment and subsequent death.

Ten children with tuberculosis of the elbow treated over a 21-year period from 1979 to 1999 were reviewed retrospectively. At presentation, they had pain and swelling of the joint mainly due to synovitis, and the median symptom duration was 10 weeks. All had a decreased range of movement. All were treated with 9 months of antituberculous chemotherapy without synovectomy. The radiologic stage at presentation, rather than duration of symptoms, predicted outcome. Of the 9 patients with stage 1 or 2 disease (synovitis), 8 had an excellent or good outcome. One stage 2 patient had a posterior dislocation of the radial head and had a fair outcome. The one stage 3 (arthritic) patient had a poor outcome.