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Self-injurious behaviors (SIB) encompass a heterogeneous set of self-inflicted aggressive behaviors that are highly prevalent in autistic youth. Existing research on SIB in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been limited by significant methodological and conceptual inconsistencies. Thus, the current study leveraged item-level data capturing the severity of unique SIB topographies to further understanding of factors associated with distinct SIB in a sample of 582 autistic youth (M age  = 12.12, SD age  = 3.68; range: 3-19 years; 13% females). Results suggest variation in severity endorsements for specific SIB topographies amongst autistic youth, such that 30%-50% of caregivers endorsed slight to very serious concern regarding the SIB topographies of bites nails/skin/fingers, scratches self, hits head/face/neck, bangs head against things, and picks skin. Generalized additive models demonstrated distinct patterns of associations between each SIB topography and dysregulation, sensory hypersensitivity, age, sex, IQ, and language level. Findings underscore the importance of exploring SIB as a multifaceted construct to capture unique correlates of distinct SIB that vary in severity and functional impact, which is critical for the development of effective interventions. This study represents an important step towards more individualized characterization of SIB and support for diverse presentations of these behaviors in autistic youth., (© 2024 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Moral bioenhancement presents the possibility of enhancing morally desirable emotions and dispositions. While some scholars have proposed that moral bioenhancement can produce virtue, we argue that within a virtue ethics framework moral bioenhancement cannot reliably produce virtue. Moreover, on a virtue ethics framework, the pursuit of moral bioenhancement carries moral risks. To make this argument, we consider three aspects of virtue-its motivational, rational, and behavioral components. In order to be virtuous, we argue, a person must (i) take pleasure in doing the right thing and have the correct motivational attitudes; (ii) reason correctly about what is called for in a particular ethical dilemma; and (iii) intentionally and continuously practice and cultivate virtues. These dimensions of morality-in short: precisely those emphasized in a virtue ethics framework-cannot be consistently or reliably met using existing moral bioenhancement technology., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Journal of Medicine and Philosophy Inc. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Autistic individuals often have difficulty flexibly adjusting their behavior. However, laboratory experiments have yielded inconsistent results, potentially due to various influencing factors, which need to be examined in detail. This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that the social content of stimuli could play a specific role in some of the flexibility challenges faced by autistic individuals. The second aim was to explore sex differences in this context., Methods: We analyzed data from 256 adult participants (124 with autism), matched on age, gender, and sex, who performed an emotional shifting task involving unpredictable shifts between positive and negative stimuli. Additionally, the task included both social and non-social conditions., Results: Our results revealed a larger switch cost in the social than in the non-social condition, and this was more pronounced in autistic than in non-autistic individuals. Furthermore, we observed that autistic females differed from autistic males in the non-social condition and from non-autistic females in the social condition., Limitations: The online nature of the study reduced the control over participant conditions. In addition, further studies are needed to investigate whether these results apply to the broader autism spectrum., Conclusions: Building on previous research demonstrating a greater switch cost in autistic than non-autistic individuals for socio-emotional stimuli, our study further extends these findings by highlighting that the social context, rather than the emotional nature of the stimuli alone, may play a significant role in the flexibility challenges faced by autistic individuals. Our findings also contribute to the literature on sex differences in autism., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: At the beginning of the study, participants were presented with an informed consent form, which they had to approve before proceeding. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki) and the study was approved by the local ethics committee (CER-Grenoble Alpes, COMUE University Grenoble Alpes, IRB00010290). Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Nations of considerable wealth and sophisticated health care infrastructures have experienced high rates of illness and death from COVID-19. Others with limited economic means and less developed health systems have achieved much lower burdens. To build a full understanding, an appraisal of the contribution of social relationships is necessary. Social cohesion represents a promising conceptual tool., Objective: This study aimed to examine scholarship on social cohesion during the COVID-19 pandemic: specifically, the constructions of social cohesion being deployed, the variables chosen for representation, and the effects of and on social cohesion being reported., Methods: The PubMed, Scopus, and JSTOR databases were searched for relevant journal articles and gray literature. A total of 100 studies met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted and analyzed from these using spreadsheet software., Results: Several constructions of social cohesion were found. These concerned interpersonal relationships, sameness and difference, collective action, perceptions or emotions of group members, structures and institutions of governance, locally or culturally specific versions, and hybrid or multidimensional models. Social cohesion was reported to be influential on health outcomes, health behaviors, resilience, and emotional well-being, but there was some potential for it to drive undesirable outcomes. Scholarship reported increases or decreases in quantitative measures of social cohesion, a temporary "rally round the flag" effect early in the pandemic, the variable impacts of policy on social cohesion, and changing interpersonal relationships due to the pandemic conditions. There are numerous issues with the literature that reflect the well-documented limitations of popular versions of the concept., Conclusions: Social cohesion has been used to express a range of different aspects of relationships during the pandemic. It is claimed to promote better health outcomes, more engagement with positive health behaviors, and greater resilience and emotional well-being. The literature presents a range of ways in which it has been altered by the pandemic conditions. There are significant weaknesses to this body of knowledge that greatly impede its overall quality., (©Paul Ware. Originally published in the Interactive Journal of Medical Research (https://www.i-jmr.org/), 21.11.2024.)

Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic brings critical health problems to workers in many occupations, particularly healthcare providers. The aim of the study was to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of the mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program on relieving burnout of healthcare providers during the pandemic. The roles of positive and negative emotion as well as emotion regulation strategy in the intervention effects were also investigated., Methods: A sample of 112 healthcare providers in China were recruited and randomly assigned to the MBSR (n = 56) or the control condition (n = 56). Measures were collected at pre-intervention, mid-intervention, and post-intervention, assessing mindfulness level, emotion regulation strategy, positive and negative emotion, and burnout., Results: The MBSR program showed acceptable feasibility. Compared to the control group, healthcare providers in the MBSR group showed significant increase in personal accomplishment and decrease in emotional exhaustion after the intervention. No significant difference was detected on the dimension of depersonalization. Results of mediation analyses implied that cognitive reappraisal and positive affect partially mediated the intervention effects on personal accomplishment., Conclusions: The study provided preliminary evidence that the MBSR programs might be effective in reducing healthcare providers' burnout, even during the pandemic. Cognitive reappraisal and positive emotion might be important mechanisms of how the training took effect., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was reviewed and approved by the Academic Review Board of Zhejiang University Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (register number: 1806). All participants provided written informed consent to participate. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: No conflict of interest has been declared by the authors., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Given the widespread use of emotional and distance framing in climate change communication, this study investigated how these strategies interact to influence perceptions and behaviors related to climate change. Guided by the Situational Theory of Problem Solving and through an experimental survey, the research revealed that fear-inducing messages led to greater recognition of problems and involvement when combined with short-term temporal frames, compared to hope-inducing messages. These findings suggest that the effects of emotional appeals are conditioned on the temporal distance of the issue highlighted in climate change communication, offering a more nuanced understanding of the differentiated effects of fear and hope appeals and practical insights for crafting persuasive messages., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This research has been performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and has been approved by the internal review boards at the Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China, Reference Number: H20230261I.All participants have provided their consent to participate in this research. The consent obtained from all participants was informed. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Facial expression is among the most natural methods for human beings to convey their emotional information in daily life. Although the neural mechanisms of facial expression have been extensively studied employing lab-controlled images and a small number of lab-controlled video stimuli, how the human brain processes natural dynamic facial expression videos still needs to be investigated. To our knowledge, this type of data specifically on large-scale natural facial expression videos is currently missing. We describe here the natural Facial Expressions Dataset (NFED), an fMRI dataset including responses to 1,320 short (3-second) natural facial expression video clips. These video clips are annotated with three types of labels: emotion, gender, and ethnicity, along with accompanying metadata. We validate that the dataset has good quality within and across participants and, notably, can capture temporal and spatial stimuli features. NFED provides researchers with fMRI data for understanding of the visual processing of large number of natural facial expression videos., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: There is no relevant research on the symptoms and emotions of patients with advanced thyroid cancer in mainland China., Aim: To investigate the symptoms and negative emotions of patients with advanced thyroid cancer and to analyze the correlation between the two preliminarily., Methods: Using a convenience sampling method, 180 patients who visited a multidisciplinary outpatient service for advanced thyroid cancer at West China Hospital of Sichuan University from January 2023 to December 2023 were selected as the research subjects. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory-Thyroid Cancer module (MDASI-THY) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The correlation between symptom severity and negative emotions was determined by Spearman correlation analysis., Results: Disturbed sleep was the symptom with the highest incidence (74.4%) and the greatest severity (3.0 points), while mood distress was the symptom with the highest incidence (63.3%) and the greatest severity (2.0 points). 71 patients (39.4%) had anxiety, and 62 patients (34.4%) had depression. All symptoms and symptom interference were positively correlated with anxiety and depression (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Patients with advanced thyroid cancer have multiple symptoms that seriously affect their daily lives and emotions. Medical staff should conduct targeted observation and preventive treatment to reduce the burden of symptoms and improve the negative emotions of patients., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Biomedical Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University [Ethics Approval Number 2022(1781)]. Each participant had a face-to-face meeting with the researchers during which the researchers ensured that the patients met the study criteria and explained the study in detail. The researchers provided enough time for the patients to ask questions. Each participant signed the written consent to the study. All methods were ensured by following the relevant guidelines and regulations. Consent for publication Informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this article. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Current studies at the intersection between architecture and disability focus on addressing the immediate needs of disabled individuals and often overlook the potential of built environments to create positive experiences. Additionally, conventional approaches for investigating disabled people's spatial experiences often fail to capture the inherent nuanced sensory and emotional aspects. This paper describes the process of filmmaking and the use of film to explore its contributions and limitations in the understanding on how personal and contextual factors influence individuals' positive spatial experiences. The film Places and Small Pleasures, produced by the Cluster for Spatial Inclusion at the Royal Danish Academy in collaboration with Nossell & Co, serves as a case study for a reflective inquiry. The filmmaking process involved participant interviews, transcript analysis, storyboarding, shooting, editing, and final screening. The analysis of the interviews with four selected participants revealed key spatial attributes and contextual phenomena contributing to their described positive experiences. Four distinct narratives emerged, highlighting the participants' diverse bodily conditions, emotions and feelings in their favorite places. Representations of their experiences through the film incorporated verbal and non-verbal cues, their bodily reactions, and contextual phenomena, offering an immersive sensory richness for the viewers. By capturing the embodied experiences of the four participants within their personal and spatial contexts, the filmmaking process enhanced understanding and empathy, enriching disability studies and fostering academic discourse in this domain through positive stories.

The present study adopted a meta-analysis design that incorporated structural equation modeling to explore the relationships between emotional labor (EL), job burnout (JB), and emotional intelligence (EI), and enable model validation. The results revealed that EL and JB were significantly and positively correlated, that EI was significantly and positively correlated with EL, and that EI was significantly and negatively correlated with JB. The SEM parameter estimation values were all positive, reaching the level of significance and meeting the basic fit criteria. The total effect size of EL on JB was 0.289, which was equal to the sum of the direct and indirect effect sizes (0.371-0.082). This result indicated that EL affected JB through EI, validating the presence of a moderating effect. Finally, the results were discussed, and practical suggestions were proposed., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This noninterventional study did not require ethical approval due to its design, nor did it take place within any private or protected space. Therefore, no specific permissions were required to conduct the study in the geographical regions specific to this study. Additionally, participants’ data were deidentified and only analyzed for the purposes of this study. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Investigating social context effects and emotional modulation of attention in a laboratory setting is challenging. Electroencephalography (EEG) requires a controlled setting to avoid confounds, which goes against the nature of social interaction and emotional processing in real life. To bridge this gap, we developed a new paradigm to investigate the effects of social context and emotional expressions on attention in a laboratory setting. We co-registered eye-tracking and EEG to assess gaze behavior and brain activity while participants performed a discrimination task followed by feedback. Video clips of one second in which a confederate displayed either positive, neutral or negative expressions were presented as feedback to the discrimination task. Participants' belief was manipulated by telling them that the videos were selected either by the computer (non-social condition) or by the experimenter in the adjacent room that observed them via videochat (social condition). We found that emotional expressions modulated late attention processing in the brain (EPN and LPC), but neither early processing (P1) nor saccade latency. Social context did not influence any of the variables studied. We conclude this new paradigm serves as a stepping stone to the development of new paradigms to study social interaction within EEG experiments.

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) have an impact on patient quality of life at some point. Alternatives such as pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen supplementation, yoga, and mindfulness practices can help in the care of patients with ILD. The current study was designed to explore the perceptions of gratitude by patients with various ILDs during an MBI. This was a qualitative study involving 50 patients with ILDs. Data were collected through transcription of expressions of gratitude during weekly sessions. A six-phase thematic analysis was used to evaluate the data qualitatively. The results obtained allowed the construction of five thematic categories of gratitude: Religious belief: recognition of the existence of a God being evident in the statements of several patients, who relied on it as a strategy for coping with the disease; the possibility of autonomy: perceived in the importance placed upon being able to perform simple, routine tasks; the presence of family and friends, the assurance of treatment by the health care team and the treatment itself; and the changes achieved through the mindfulness training. Despite the severity and limitations imposed by the disease, the participants were able to perceive the importance and meaning of the presence of family and friends, spirituality, the medical team, and mindfulness in their lives., Competing Interests: Declarations Conflict of interest The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. The authors have not declared a specific grants or contracts from any entity, royalties or licenses and Consulting fees. A preprint has previously been published/ (Miranda et al., 2023). Ethics Approval Ethics approval was obtained by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Reference no. 33842520.1.0000.5149); and all participating patients gave written informed consent. Consent to Participate All participating patients gave written informed consent. The participants were free to withdraw at any time before the start of data analysis and no incentives were offered for participation. Consent for Publication The authors provide our consent for publication of this data, text, and images., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

This article explores the use of online negative emotions to predict public risk-coping behaviors during urban relocation. Through a literature review, the paper proposes hypotheses that anticipate advanced prediction of public risk-coping behaviors based on online negative emotions. The study's empirical focus is on the relocation of the Beijing municipal government, using time series data for Granger causality analysis in EViews 10.0 software. Data on online negative emotions is sourced from Sina Weibo. After data cleaning, 1420 pieces of data related to the relocation policy of the Beijing Municipal Government within the period from June 9, 2015 to April 28, 2019 are retained. while risk-coping behaviors are measured through public information search behaviors and the incidence of violent crimes, the data coverage is also from June 9, 2015 to April 28, 2019. The results indicated that: (1) Online negative emotions regarding the relocation policy predict public risk-coping behaviors in advance. (2) Negative comments are more effective predictors than negative feelings; (3) Negative emotions about relocation policy formulation predict risk-coping behaviors better than those related to policy effectiveness and implementation; (4) Negative emotions from individuals better predict public risk-coping behaviors than those from institutions; (5) Negative emotions from key stakeholders better predict public risk-coping behaviors than those from non-key or marginal stakeholders. It is recommended that relevant departments establish a real-time monitoring system to track negative public opinions and emotions expressed online, adopt a stakeholder-centric approach to facilitate communication, and promote transparency and educational campaigns to address the challenges of urban relocation. In future studies, methods such as expanding the sample size and adding indicators will be used to address the limitations of potential bias in sample data., Competing Interests: Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Anthropomorphism describes the tendency to endow objects with human characteristics, with some individuals being more inclined to do this than others. In an ambiguous environment, this phenomenon can offer guidance. This study investigates the relationship between self-reported attribution and evoked anthropomorphism when viewing house facades. Data was collected from three countries (Germany, Denmark, Canada; N = 305). Implicit house anthropomorphism was measured using the Global Vectors for Word Representation method. Explicit anthropomorphism was assessed using the Individual Differences in Anthropomorphism Questionnaire (IDAQ) and a specific House Anthropomorphism Score (EHAS). No significant relationship was found between implicit and explicit house anthropomorphism. Individual IDAQ scores were significantly associated with EHAS across all participants, regardless of country. Additionally, a high degree of agreement in explicit ratings between countries suggests that cultural differences are rather negligible. When objects are given human personality traits and people interact with them because emotions are triggered, it is important to understand which aspects elicit positive and reactive behaviors. In particular, houses, which have high psychological significance as objects of self-expression, might contribute to well-being, so research in this area can provide important knowledge for urban design and architecture., Competing Interests: Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of technology addiction (TA) in adolescents, as well as investigate the association of TA with food addiction and emotional eating by body weight status., Methods: Adolescents (n = 1388) completed a questionnaire that featured socio-demographic characteristics, the Game Addiction Scale (GAS), the Social Media Disorder Scale (SMD), the dimensional Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children 2.0 (dYFAS-C 2.0), and the Emotional Eating Scale Adapted for Use in Children and Adolescents (EES-C). The body mass index (BMI) Z-score was classified according to the World Health Organization., Results: TA was present in one-fifth of adolescents, and boys were four times more likely to develop a digital game addiction (p < 0.001). A 1-point increase in the GAS score is associated with a 1.08-point increase in the dYFAS-C-2.0 score and a 0.5-point increase in the total EES-C score (p < 0.001). A 1-point increase in the SMD score was also related to an increased of 1.21 and 1.26, respectively (p < 0.001). All of these positive associations were significant in adolescents with overweight (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Given the rapidly increasing prevalence of TA among adolescents, its association with food addiction, emotional eating, and body weight status is worrisome, and our findings shed light on the relevance of developing strategies to reduce the prevalence of TA in this population., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and this study has been approved by the Erciyes University Social and Humanities Science Ethics Committee (approval number: 113). We informed administrators, school teachers, and parents about the research. We obtained written informed consent forms from the adolescents and their parents, in addition to verbal consent. Consent for publication All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests, (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The rapid change in information technology has made online or blended learning a new norm in higher education. However, the problem of low student engagement in online learning is becoming more prominent. This study explores how college students' proactive personality affects their online learning engagement through the mediating effects of positive emotions and learning motivation. A survey was conducted on college students (N = 1049), and the interrelationships among these variables were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The findings unveiled that: proactive personality positively predicts online learning engagement, positive emotions and learning motivation. Positive emotions and learning motivation significantly positively influence online learning engagement. Moreover, Positive emotions also exert a significant positive impact on learning motivation. In addition, the mediation of positive emotions and learning motivation further strengthened a significant positive correlation between proactive personality and online learning engagement. Implications for theory and practice, including the limitations, were discussed accordingly., Competing Interests: Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Super Skills for Life is a structured intervention rooted in cognitive-behavioral therapy and a transdiagnostic approach, aimed at preventing childhood emotional problems. Over the past decade, it has demonstrated positive outcomes in various formats and countries. This study evaluated the comparative effectiveness of two individual modalities: the computerized and the traditional version enriched with multimedia content, through a comparative randomized effectiveness trial., Method: 109 children (55.24 % female) aged 8-12 years participated, randomly assigned to either the traditional (n = 54) or computerized (n = 51) groups. Pre- and post-intervention assessments involved emotional problem measures completed by children and parents., Results: Both groups exhibited significant reductions in all outcomes according to parent reports, including depression, anxiety, and anxiety-related life interference. Children's self-reports indicated improvements across all general measures. Generalized Estimating Equations indicated marginally better improvements in the traditional group., Limitations: Limitations included the absence of follow-up assessment, variability in participant regions across Spain, and input from other informants like teachers., Conclusions: This study pioneers the examination of short-term effects of the program in both a fully computerized format supervised by a specialized therapist and an enriched traditional individual format, and the promising results suggest their potential for indicated prevention of childhood emotional problems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: A diagnosis of breast cancer has a significant impact on a patient's physical and emotional health. Breast reconstruction improves quality of life and self-esteem following mastectomy. However, many patients undergo additional elective revision procedures after reconstruction., Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between perioperative emotional well-being and elective revisions in breast reconstruction., Methods: A retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent breast reconstruction with a single surgeon between January 2007 and December 2017. Revision procedures were defined as additional operations that fall outside the index reconstructive plan. Medical records were reviewed for a history of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and/or major depressive disorder. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with revision., Results: A total of 775 patients undergoing breast reconstruction were included, of whom 121 (15.6%) underwent elective revision. Overall, a history of any psychiatric history (P < .001), depression alone (P = .001%), and GAD and depression together (P = .003) were significantly associated with revision surgery. On multivariate logistic regression controlling for comorbidities and reconstruction modality, depression alone, and GAD and depression together were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of revision surgery (odds ratio, 3.20, P < .001; odds ratio, 2.63, P < .001)., Conclusions: Perioperative emotional well-being and reconstruction modality impact the rate of secondary revision surgery. An understanding of the surgical and patient-related risk factors for revision can provide more informed patient-decision making and improve surgical planning., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Aesthetic Society. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Almost 40% of the Nobel-Prize-winning discoveries in medicine are made by physician-scientists, who are a driving force in the evolving medical, academic and research landscape. However, their training has few defined milestones. To be effective clinicians, educators and researchers, they need to maintain and hone skills, often via continuous professional development (CPD) activities covering different domains. They have recurrently been described as an endangered species. Yet, warnings and recommendations across several decades did not stop the declining number of physician-scientists, which is now a chronic issue. This is further exacerbated by a lack of resources and support, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: We administered a questionnaire called Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-GEN) to get an initial emotional snapshot before performing individual semi-structured interviews with five physician-scientists in neurology working in the United Kingdom. We explored the key factors they balance before selecting CPD activities, along with their views on compulsory CPD events and assessments. We investigated their general feelings towards compulsory and non-compulsory CPD, how they felt the night before and the morning of the events, and the perceived consequences attending these have on their learning., Results: In our study, physician-scientists tend to choose training in their area of expertise but would enjoy exploring more if they had more time. The CPD choice was chiefly driven by speakers and topics, followed by learning needs. They disputed the utility of the current assessments, which are often seen as box-ticking exercises. While frustration, hostility and negative feelings were voiced for the compulsory ones, other CPD activities were welcomed with excitement, curiosity and a sense of adventure. Enthusiasm and excitement were felt the night before and the morning of the non-compulsory ones. CPD events were perceived to positively affect further learning, with the most immediate consequences being reading an article, networking or interacting with the speakers., Discussion: This is the first study exploring the key factors driving a group of physician-scientists while selecting CPD activities and investigating their feelings and emotions related to CPD attendance. More engaging and less box-ticking CPD should be on the cards, along with an adequate evaluation of these activities. It is essential to increase enthusiasm, which can facilitate engagement, and decrease frustration surrounding compulsory CPD activities. We still know too little about the role of emotions in learning, especially about CPD. Future studies should investigate the emotional side of learning across different career stages to restore the leaky pipeline and create a tailored environment with benefits for each of the three sides of the physician-scientist's identity: the clinical, the research, and the academic., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. This work received ethical approval from the relevant Education Ethics Review Process at Imperial College London. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all the study participants. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: In palliative care, it is important for family caregivers to spend time with and care for the patient, and to receive (in)formal support. These elements were compromised during the Covid-19-pandemic. This study investigates what family caregivers of non-Covid-19-patients in the palliative phase shared online during the first wave of the pandemic, and what their communicative intentions were with posting online., Methods: To investigate what family caregivers shared online, a reflexive thematic analysis was performed on online newspaper articles and posts on Twitter, Facebook and online forums. To investigate family caregivers' communicative intentions with social media posts, content analysis was conducted guided by Speech Act Theory., Results: In total, 412 posts and articles were included, the majority being Tweets (86.7%). Four themes were constructed: 1) 'Being out of touch', 2) 'Fear, worries and uncertainties, 3) 'Disbelief, anger and resistance', and 4) 'Understanding, acceptance and gratitude'. Family caregivers felt overwhelmed with anger, sadness and anxiety, yet some expressing milder or positive attitudes towards the new circumstances. Family caregivers mostly posted online to share their personal experiences and emotions, and to express their opinions about the restrictions., Conclusions: The pandemic had distinct implications for family caregivers of non-Covid-19-patients in the palliative phase. In future similar circumstances, restrictions should be tailored to individual conditions and interventions should be in place to facilitate contact between patients, family caregivers and healthcare professionals and to support family caregivers., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Hoffstädt et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Introduction: Emotion dysregulation is a transdiagnostic characteristic that affects many people with many psychopathological problems. Two mechanisms that have been frequently associated with emotional regulation are immersion and distancing. Focusing is a task that combines these two mechanisms of emotion regulation through the phase of creating a working distance and subsequently the phase of reassigning meaning. However, the benefit of its use in Portuguese population without a moderate to severe symptomatology for promoting mental health remains unclear., Methods and Analysis: Participants aged between 18 and 65 years who wish to improve their awareness and understanding of their emotions will be recruited and then, randomised into two groups: the intervention group (IG) and the control group (CG; delayed intervention). The IG will have access to two focusing sessions and the CG will only have access to the intervention 4 weeks later. Both groups will be evaluated at five different times. Primary outcomes include positive and negative affect, attitudes towards focusing (emotions and bodily sensations), the ability to perform focusing and emotion regulation. Secondary outcomes include mental health and psychological well-being, depression and anxiety symptoms and self-esteem., Ethics and Dissemination: Our study has been approved by the Council of Ethics and Deontology of the University of Maia. Findings will be disseminated via manuscripts, presentations and the lead author's thesis., Trial Registration Number: ISRCTN16974329., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

BACKGROUND Psychological function after transplantation has garnered increased attention, and the relationship between recipients and corresponding donors has been investigated in medical research. Here, we investigated potential qualitative and quantitative psychological and lifestyle changes among recipients after heart transplantation and their correlation with donors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Transplant recipients, their families, and the donor's families were interviewed. The interview was semi-structured, featuring open-ended questions related to 5 domains: preference, emotions and temperament, memory, self-identity, and social identity. Qualitative data were analyzed by triangulation and deductive content analysis. Quantitative data were collected using the Big Five Inventory-19 (BFI-19) questionnaire, to complement the domain of emotions and temperament. RESULTS Overall, 20 recipients, 15 recipients' families, and 13 corresponding donors' families were interviewed (5 recipients' families and 7 donors' families refused to participate) between October 2020 and July 2021. The data were matched to 13 groups, each including at least 1 recipient and the corresponding donor. Finally, 13 recipients, 9 corresponding recipients' families, and 13 corresponding donors' families were identified. Similarities between recipients' psychological and lifestyle changes and the corresponding donors' traits were primarily identified in the aspects of diet, emotions and temperament, and special experiences other than dreams. The BFI-19 data showed no significant correlations between recipients and the corresponding donors' families. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate significant psychological and lifestyle changes in recipients before and after heart transplantation, with 38% exhibiting characteristics partly similar to those of their donors. Further investigation is needed to explore the psychobiological correlation between recipients and donors.

Emotional states are believed to broaden or to narrow the focus of attention. However, numerous inconsistent findings call for renewed efforts to understand the conditions under which such effects occur. We conducted a pair of high-powered web experiments. Emotional states were manipulated across valence categories and appraisal dimensions using autobiographical recall (Experiment 1) and emotional images (Experiment 2). Breadth of attention was assessed using the Navon task coupled with induction sensitivity and mouse tracking analyses. We did not find robust evidence for emotional effects on breadth of attention. Negative images led surprisingly to slightly broader attention in Experiment 2, but this may reflect the slow release of cognitive resources from preceding negative stimuli amplifying the global precedence effect. Breadth of attention also had very small positive relationships with goal-congruence appraisal in the first and control appraisal in the second experiment. We also found no evidence for moderation by mood or personality. Taken together, our findings add to the growing list of failures to observe emotional modulation of breadth of attention and call for continued efforts to chart the boundary conditions of these effects.

Introduction: The ACCESS trial showed that those who received a copayment elimination benefit had a modest improvement in their adherence to medications, but no improvement in clinical outcomes. This is consistent with other studies that have demonstrated that time-limited copayment elimination was welcomed by participants. However, the removal of such benefits can be problematic, as participants may have become accustomed to receiving the benefit, and made changes to their spending that would need to be reconsidered. We aimed to explore participants' experience with resuming cost sharing for their medications at the end of the ACCESS trial and if this experience influenced their willingness to participate in future trials like ACCESS., Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 21 former participants of the ACCESS trial who were receiving the copayment elimination intervention, with discussions focused on the loss of the copayment elimination. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed in duplicate using thematic analysis., Results: Four primary themes emerged from the analysis, including emotionality regarding loss of benefits; notification of benefit termination, describing tangible losses from coverage ending, but resistance to acknowledging negative impacts; and acceptability of receiving a temporary financial benefit. Many participants described negative emotions around the loss of coverage and concern about affording care for their chronic diseases. Despite negative emotions about the end of their study benefit, participants generally had a positive view of the study and would participate again in a future study of this nature., Conclusion: The positive tangible and emotional benefits of the copayment elimination over 3 years outweighed the negative emotions and impacts associated with having to become reaccustomed to life without it., Patient and Public Contribution: Within the ACCESS trial, participants were involved in the design, modification, and implementation of the program using multiple focus groups. The current study aimed to engage patients to provide input on their experience and engagement with the copayment elimination program., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study assessed the influence of sociodemographic conditions, oral hygiene habits, and the socio-psychological need for orthodontic treatment on the emotions of caregivers of children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We conducted a comparative cross-sectional study with families of individuals aged 6 to 14 years at a reference center for neurodevelopmental disorders and two dental school clinics in northeastern Brazil. Caregiver emotions were assessed using the 'Parental Emotions' domain of the Family Impact Scale (FIS). We analyzed sociodemographic variables, oral hygiene habits, and sociopsychological need for orthodontic treatment using the esthetic component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). We used descriptive and hierarchical Poisson regression analyses with robust variance (α = 5%). The study included 144 families evenly distributed across the groups. The caregiver group with ASD demonstrated a higher total score for parental emotions (p < 0.001). Factors associated with this factor included caregiver responsible for brushing (PR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.12-1.59), mandatory need for orthodontic treatment (PR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.07-1.46), and caregivers' education up to 8 years (PR = 1.45; 95%CI: 1.02-2.07). Caregivers with lower income showed a lower prevalence of parental emotions (PR = 0.57; 95%CI: 0.35-0.93). Caregivers of children with ASD exhibited a higher emotional burden. Factors associated with parental emotions included responsibility for tooth brushing attributed to caregivers, sociopsychological need for orthodontic treatment, and family income.

The objective of this study was to investigate the current situation of sleep quality in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), and whether hope and family function play a mediating role between negative emotions and sleep quality. The Athens Insomnia Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Herth Hope Index and Family Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection and Resolve (APGAR) Index were used to investigate 227 MHD patients. The correlations among study variables were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Structural equation model was used to construct and evaluate the mediation model. The sleep quality score of 227 patients receiving MHD was (7.57 ± 4.74), anxiety score was (4.36 ± 4.02), depression score was (5.91 ± 4.37), hope score was (34.64 ± 7.21), family function score was (6.21 ± 2.90). The negative emotions can directly predict sleep quality (β = 0.17, P = .046), positively predict sleep quality through hope (β = 0.12, P = .017), positively predict sleep quality through family function (β = 0.20, P < .001), and positively predict sleep quality through the chain mediating of hope and family function (β = 0.10, P < .001). The total effect size was 71.19%. It is concluded that negative emotions had a direct impact on the sleep quality of patients receiving MHD, and that improving the levels of family function and hope can help them sleep better., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

School bullying significantly impacts adolescent physical and mental development. The current study aimed to explore the effect of campus exclusion on school bullying behavior among junior high school students and the role of callous-unemotional traits and family caring. The Campus Exclusion Questionnaire, Olweus Child Bullying Questionnaire, Callous-Unemotional Trait Scale, and Family Caring Scale were completed by 705 students. A moderated mediation model was analyzed using SPSS 24.0. Results indicated that both campus exclusion and callous-unemotional traits positively predicted bullying behavior. Callous-unemotional traits partially mediated the relationship between campus exclusion and bullying behavior. Additionally, family caring moderated the link between callous-unemotional traits and bullying behavior, mitigating adverse effects. The study highlighted family caring's protective role against bullying linked to adverse school experiences. Therefore, collaboration between schools and families is crucial to reduce bullying., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Patients suffering from chronic stress develop numerous symptoms, including emotional and cognitive deficits. The precise circuit mechanisms underlying different symptoms remain poorly understood. We identified two distinct basal forebrain cholinergic subpopulations in mice projecting to the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) or ventral hippocampus (vHPC), which exhibited distinct input organizations, electrophysiological characteristics, transcriptomics, and responses to positive and negative valences of stimuli and were critical for cognitive and emotional modulation, respectively. Moreover, chronic stress induced elevated anxiety levels and cognitive deficits in mice, accompanied by enhanced vHPC but suppressed dHPC cholinergic projections. Chemogenetic activation of dHPC or inhibition of vHPC cholinergic projections alleviated stress-induced aberrant behaviors. Furthermore, we identified that the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil combined with blockade of muscarinic receptor 1-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the vHPC rescued both stress-induced phenotypes. These data illuminated distinct septo-hippocampal cholinergic circuits mediated specific symptoms independently under stress, which may provide promising strategies for circuit-based treating of stress-related psychiatric disorders.

Background: Persons with physical disabilities are more likely to suffer from psychological symptoms and inferiority feelings, and social support plays an important role in improving those symptoms. However, the interaction between psychological symptoms, inferiority feelings and social support is yet to be understood., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate anxiety, depression, and inferiority feelings among individuals with physical disabilities in a Chinese sample. The questionnaire included the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7, Patient Health Questionnaire 9, Self-designed Disability Questionnaire, and Social Support Rating Scale including three dimensions: subjective social support, objective social support and utilization of social support., Results: Out of the 1,453 respondents with physical disabilities, 49.7, 60.4, and 62.5% reported experiencing anxiety, depression, and inferiority feelings, respectively. Factors such as time since identification of physical disabilities, comorbidities, daily travel, social interaction, internet use, subjective social support, and inferiority feelings were found to be associated with anxiety or depression symptoms among physically disabled individuals. Subjective social support was found to be associated with inferiority feelings, which partly mediated the effect of subjective social support on anxiety symptoms by 37.4% and depression symptoms by 28.7%., Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of addressing the psychological well-being of physically disabled individuals in addition to their physical rehabilitation. Psychological intervention strategies should focus on improving subjective social support and reducing inferiority feelings, particularly among vulnerable groups., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Liu, Xu, Liu, Song, Li, Li and Chen.)

This study aimed to examine the association between blood pressure (BP) with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and emotional states, considering the disease awareness and commitment to treatment among the Iranian adult population. This cross-sectional study uses the data of 7257 and 2449 individuals aged ≥ 20 who had completed data on HRQoL and emotional states, respectively. Linear and logistic regression were used to evaluate the mentioned association. The results showed that commitment to treatment had an inverse association with physical HRQoL in both sexes, except for bodily pain in men. Concerning mental HRQoL, in women, poor medication adherence was linked to a decline in mental HRQoL and social functioning, while good treatment adherence was associated with a reduction in the mental health domain. However, except for a decrease in vitality of hypertensive males with high treatment adherence, no significant association was found between their mental HRQoL and BP. In women, increased commitment to treatment was associated with anxiety, whereas poor commitment was related to depression and stress. The undiagnosed disease was not associated with any HRQoL and emotional state deficits. This study highlights the significance of psychiatric assessment, counseling, and support services while taking into account gender-specific differences among hypertensive patients. It also emphasizes the necessity for customized interventions for both men and women to improve their mental well-being and adherence to treatment., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Weight stigma is a fundamental cause of health inequality. Body positivity may be a counterbalance to weight stigma. Social media is replete with weight-stigmatizing content and is a driver of poor mental health outcomes; however, there remains a gap in understanding its potential to mitigate the prevalence and impact of harmful messaging and to promote positive effects on a large scale., Objective: We selected musical artist Lizzo, whose brand emphasizes body positivity and empowerment, for an instrumental case study on the discourse on social media and specifically Instagram. We focused on 3 domains, including body positivity, physical health, and emotional well-being. These domains challenge social norms around weight and body size and have the potential to positively affect the physical and psychological health of people with diverse body sizes., Methods: We evaluated posts by Lizzo, comments from Instagram users, and replies to comments over a 2-month period (October 11 to December 12, 2019). Two coders rated Lizzo's posts and Instagram users' comments for their sentiments on the 3 domains. Replies to Instagram users' comments were assessed for their reactions to comments (ie, did they oppose or argue against the comment or did they support or bolster the comment). Engagement metrics, including the number of "likes," were also collected., Results: The final sample included 50 original posts by Lizzo, 250 comments from Instagram users, and 1099 replies to comments. A proportion of Lizzo's content included body positive sentiments (34%) and emotional well-being (18%); no posts dealt explicitly with physical health. A substantial amount Instagram users' comments and replies contained stigmatizing content including the use of nauseated and vomiting emojis, implications that Lizzo's body was shameful and should be hidden away, accusations that she was promoting obesity, and impeachments of Lizzo's health. In spite of the stigmatizing content, we also discovered content highlighting the beneficial nature of having positive representation of a Black woman living in a larger body who is thriving. Moreover, analysis of the discourse between users illustrated that stigmatizing expressions are being combated online, at least to some degree., Conclusions: This study demonstrates that Lizzo has exposed millions of social media users to messages about body positivity and provided more visibility for conversations about weight and shape. Future research should examine the extent to which body positive messages can lead to greater acceptance of individuals living in larger bodies. Instagram and other social media platforms should consider ways to reduce body-shaming content while finding ways to promote content that features diverse bodies. Shifting the landscape of social media could decrease stereotypes about weight and shape while increasing dialog about the need for greater acceptance and inclusion of people with diverse bodies., (©Stephanie L Albert, Rachel E Massar, Omni Cassidy, Kayla Fennelly, Melanie Jay, Philip M Massey, Marie A Bragg. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 04.11.2024.)

Purpose: Research has shown that caregiver burden is compounded by dysphagia experienced by the care recipient. However, little is known about the caregiver perception of the caregiving experience, highlighting both the positive and negative experiences. As such, the purpose of this clinical focus article was to provide a first-person account of an adult caregiver of an aging parent with dysphagia and relate their experiences to current literature to inform clinical practice., Method: The caregiver provided a detailed account of her experiences caring for her father with dysphagia. Her account was analyzed to identify recurring themes in the literature regarding the caregiving experience and to identify gaps in dysphagia-related caregiver support. The caregiver's story is organized into seven main sections: (a) life before dysphagia, (b) dysphagia onset and diagnosis, (c) dysphagia management and support, (d) community support, (e) impact on family relationships, (f) social and emotional health, and (g) current perspectives on the caregiving experience., Conclusions: The challenges associated with caregiving clearly impact the caregiver's overall well-being, but she received abundant support from her family, community-based speech-language pathologist, and caregiver support groups. The caregiver's experiences, while not applicable to every caregiver caring for a loved one with dysphagia, can offer valuable insights to clinicians and other caregivers facing similar situations.

Terrorism causes emotional reactions among public audiences, with downstream consequences for their well-being, attitudes and policy preferences. We utilise a novel approach which harnesses a unique dataset of Twitter activity from 324K users to precisely capture emotional responses to terrorism. Our results demonstrate that terrorist attacks induce dramatic spikes in various discrete emotions of a negative valence, which vary based on the characteristics of the attacks. Furthermore, we show that the terrorism-induced effects on emotions are accompanied by changes in feelings about immigration., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Understanding the factors that predict why some individuals perceive to respond more to meditation training than others could impact the development, efficacy, adherence levels, and implementation of meditation-based interventions. We investigated individual-level variables associated with self- and teacher-perceived responsiveness to longer-term meditation training. This study presents a secondary analysis of the Age-Well trial (NCT02977819, 30/11/2016) and includes 90 healthy older adults (65-84 years) that were randomised to an 18-month meditation training or a non-native language (English) training. Responsiveness was measured post-intervention using participants' and teachers' ratings of four psychological domains (connection, positive/negative emotions, meta-awareness) in relation to two contexts (during sessions, in daily life), teachers' perception of overall benefit, and a global composite comprising all self- and teacher-perceived responsiveness measures. Linear regression modelling indicates that, when including baseline variables (sex, education, neuroticism, cognition, expectancy) and engagement (hours of formal practice during intervention), only higher levels of engagement were associated with higher global composite scores (standardised estimate = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.24-0.77, p < 0.001). Global composite scores were not correlated with pre-post changes in well-being. Findings indicate that more time spent practising meditation was related to greater perceived intervention effects. We suggest that future studies closely monitor levels of engagement and map reasons for disengagement., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In accordance with Bud (A.D.) Craig's theories, we maintain that ascending physiological signals in their temporal dynamics are a necessary prerequisite for human time judgments. Functional neuroimaging and psychophysiological evidence have increasingly demonstrated that the subjective judgment of time is based on the physical and emotional self. The psychological literature reveals how emotions and related body feelings shape subjective time. Empirical studies of altered states of consciousness, namely meditative states, are also of prime interest as the perception of the physical state is strongly modulated and thereby affects the subjective experience of time. Our conclusion is that the sense of time is strongly embodied., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

In this comparative cross-linguistic study we test whether expressive interjections (words like ouch or yay) share similar vowel signatures across the world's languages, and whether these can be traced back to nonlinguistic vocalizations (like screams and cries) expressing the same emotions of pain, disgust, and joy. We analyze vowels in interjections from dictionaries of 131 languages (over 600 tokens) and compare these with nearly 500 vowels based on formant frequency measures from voice recordings of volitional nonlinguistic vocalizations. We show that across the globe, pain interjections feature a-like vowels and wide falling diphthongs ("ai" as in Ayyy! "aw" as in Ouch!), whereas disgust and joy interjections do not show robust vowel regularities that extend geographically. In nonlinguistic vocalizations, all emotions yield distinct vowel signatures: pain prompts open vowels such as [a], disgust schwa-like central vowels, and joy front vowels such as [i]. Our results show that pain is the only affective experience tested with a clear, robust vowel signature that is preserved between nonlinguistic vocalizations and interjections across languages. These results offer empirical evidence for iconicity in some expressive interjections. We consider potential mechanisms and origins, from evolutionary pressures and sound symbolism to colexification, proposing testable hypotheses for future research., (© 2024 Acoustical Society of America.)

Objective: To test whether a personality feedback intervention improves three domains of cancer self-management: self-awareness, self-efficacy, and positive affect., Methods: From 11/2020-02/2021, 372 adults diagnosed with cancer participated in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of an intervention that entailed reading a brief personality-related excerpt during an online survey. Eligibility included self-reported age ≥ 18 years, current or past cancer diagnosis, and ability to read English. The survey included a baseline assessment with a personality questionnaire, then randomized participants to one of two groups. The intervention group (n = 184) received a personality feedback report with tailored self-care tips, whereas the control group (n = 188) received a generic reading on personality theory. At the end of the survey, participants completed outcome measures of self-awareness (primary), self-efficacy for illness management, and positive affect. General linear models tested between-group differences in changes from baseline to post-test on each outcome., Results: There was no intervention effect on self-awareness (primary outcome) or positive affect. However, compared to controls, intervention participants experienced a greater increase in self-efficacy for illness management (d = 0.33, p = 0.002), including in 2 of 3 constituent domains: self-efficacy for managing symptoms (d = 0.36, p < 0.001) and self-efficacy for managing treatments/medication (d = 0.22, p = 0.035)., Conclusion: Despite the primary outcome's null results, this was the first RCT of a personality feedback intervention to show improvements in self-efficacy for managing chronic illness. Given the important role of self-efficacy in self-management, the intervention has implications for other cancer outcomes. Follow-up studies on longer-term outcomes such as health behaviors and quality of life should be explored., Trial Registration: NCT04625439., (© 2024 The Author(s). Psycho‐Oncology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: Stockholm syndrome (SS) is relatively rare, but during the 'Iron Swords' war, several cases were described in which some of the hostages showed identification and empathy with their captors, which presented their families and their caregivers with diagnostic and therapeutic questions. The term SS was coined following a robbery in Stockholm in 1973, after which one of the hostages developed a relationship with the captors. From this and other cases, SS has become a cornerstone in understanding the dynamics of extreme emotional fabric: trauma woven into the survival instinct. Risk factors for SS are described: being in absolute isolation from anyone other than the captor, inability to escape/avoid the situation, receiving gestures of kindness from the captor, all while the victims are under real threat to their physical and emotional integrity. Several theories for the development of SS exist: psychoanalytic theories rely on Ferenczi's concept of "identification with the aggressor," another theory speaks of 'cognitive dissonance' describing the discomfort arising from holding contradictory beliefs and attitudes. A third theory talks about a daily situation where the victims undergo "brainwashing". The fourth theory relies on an evolutionary perspective and speaks of a survival mechanism called conciliation/surrender. This theory emphasizes the survival goal of adapting to life-threatening situations through calming the aggressor and identifying with them. We found this explanation practical and most helpful for those suffering from this syndrome and their relatives. From understanding SS as a survival behavior, the therapeutic principle also arises. The important message in meeting with the returnees is to accept their emotional stance without judgment or anger and to normalize their behavior as a known and understood phenomenon. It is important to convey and mediate to the returnees and their families that this is a survival mechanism that indicates strength and resourcefulness.

Background: The emotional experiences of nursing students are linked to learning outcomes. Peer learning is a key component of nursing education and simulation. However, little is known about the emotions of students in the context of peer learning. This study sought to provide an in-depth description of nursing students' emotional experiences when participating with another peer in a simulation activity., Method: Data were obtained from a study of peer collaborative clinical decision making in simulation. All data related to emotions were extracted, summarized, and interpreted using thematic analytic techniques., Results: Six themes were identified: (1) experiencing a multitude of emotions; (2) hiding emotions; (3) suppressing emotions; (4) revealing emotions; (5) perceiving peers' emotions; and (6) absorbing peers' emotions., Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of peer emotion in collaborative simulation and renders important implications for nursing education. [ J Nurs Educ . 2024;63(11):746-754.] ., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise.

The subcortical visual pathway to the amygdala has long been considered a rapid and crude stream for processing emotionally salient information that is reliant on low spatial frequency (LSF) information. Recently, research has called this LSF dependency into question. To resolve this debate, we take advantage of an anatomical hemiretinal asymmetry, whereby the nasal hemiretina sends a higher proportion of information through the subcortical pathway than the temporal hemiretina. We recorded brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG) in human participants ( N = 40) while they completed a monocular viewing paradigm. Pairs of faces (one fearful and one neutral, or both neutral) were projected simultaneously to the nasal and temporal hemiretina in three contrast-equated blocks; faces filtered to display only (i) LSF, (ii) high spatial frequency (HSF), or (iii) unfiltered information (broadband spatial frequency; BSF). BSF fearful faces were found to produce a greater naso-temporal asymmetry, with greater N170 amplitudes evoked by BSF faces in the nasal field, compared to HSF faces. Conversely, the naso-temporal asymmetry for LSF fearful faces did not differ between BSF and HSF. Collectively, these findings provide crucial evidence that the subcortical pathway carries combined spatial frequency visual signals, with a potential bias against HSF content.

Peacefulness is a potentially healing inner state that can be fostered by skilled interpersonal interactions. Skilled interactions in health care are those in which clinicians focus on making patients feel seen and heard and that their needs are important and can be met. But data collected in health care encounters tend to place value on consumerism and commodification, both of which undermine clinicians' capacities to skillfully interact with patients in ways that support patients feeling comfortable, if not peaceful. Motivating peace for patients means shifting patterns of how some data are valued relative to other data; this article suggests data measures that can facilitate a shift toward clinical encounters with more capacity for more peaceful interactions., (Copyright 2024 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.)

Background: Depression and anxiety are common psychological issues among international medical students in universities, which have serious negative impacts on their learning and life. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of positive emotional writing in alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression, as well as enhancing subjective well-being among this population., Method: This study was conducted at an international college of a comprehensive university in central China. A total of ninety-two participants who met the inclusion criteria were recruited to participate in a single-blind randomized controlled trial, in which participants were not aware that there was an experimental group and a control group. Participants in control received daily psychological care weekly for 8 weeks (n = 46). Correspondingly, participants in experimental group received the positive emotional writing intervention on the basis of daily psychological care. Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and General Well-being Scale (GWB) were used to evaluate the effect of the intervention. Data from 89 students who completed the entire study (experimental group, n = 44; control group, n = 45) were analyzed., Results: After the intervention, the scores of SDS and SAS in the experimental group significantly decreased, while the subjective well-being score significantly increased. Although the SAS score of the control group after intervention was significantly lower than before, the decrease in SDS and SAS scores, as well as the increase in GWB score, were significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group., Conclusion: The findings suggest that positive emotional writing can effectively reduce the depression and anxiety of international medical students, and significantly enhance their subjective well-being, providing ideas for management to solve the psychological problems of international medical students., Trial Registration Number: ChiCTR2400087815. Registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: The adoption of Generative AI in education presents both opportunities and challenges, particularly regarding its potential to foster student dependency. However, the psychological drivers of this dependency remain unclear. This study addresses this gap by applying the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model and Basic Psychological Needs (BPN) theory to explore how specific personality traits-neuroticism, self-critical perfectionism, and impulsivity-contribute to AI dependency through needs frustration, negative academic emotions, and reinforced performance beliefs., Method: Data were collected from 958 university students (Mage = 21.67) across various disciplines. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the relationships among the variables., Results: Neuroticism, self-critical perfectionism, and impulsivity were found to be significantly associated with increase needs frustration and negative academic emotions, which in turn reinforced students' positive beliefs about performance of AI tools, deepening their dependency. The study also uncovered complex serial mediation effects, highlighting intricate psychological pathways that drive maladaptive AI use., Conclusions: This research provides a critical insight into the interplay between personality traits and technology use, shedding light on the nuanced ways in which individual differences influence dependency on generative AI. The findings offer practical strategies for educators to promote balanced AI use and support student well-being in educational settings., Competing Interests: No authors have competing interests., (Copyright: © 2024 Zhong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Poor prenatal maternal sleep is a pervasive, yet modifiable, health concern affecting maternal and foetal wellbeing. Experimental rodent studies demonstrate that prenatal maternal sleep deprivation affects offspring brain development and leads to adverse outcomes, including increased anxiety-like behaviour. We examined the relation between prenatal maternal sleep quality and neonatal white matter development and subsequent infant negative emotionality., Methods: Participants included 116 mother-infant (53% female) dyads. Prenatal sleep quality was prospectively assessed three times during gestation (16, 29, and 35 gestational weeks) using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Neonatal white matter, as indexed by fractional anisotropy (FA), was assessed via diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Negative emotionality was measured via behavioural observation and maternal report when the infant was 6-months of age., Findings: More prenatal sleep problems across pregnancy were associated with higher neonatal FA in the uncinate fasciculus (left: b = 0.20, p = .004; right: b = 0.15, p = .027). Higher neonatal uncinate FA was linked to infant negative emotionality, and uncinate FA partially mediated the association between prenatal maternal sleep and behavioural observation of infant negative emotionality., Interpretation: Findings highlight prenatal sleep as an environmental signal that affects the developing neonatal brain and later infant negative emotionality., Funding: National Institutes of Health (R01MH109662, R01HL155744, P50HD103573, K12AR084226, F32 Training fellowships MH125572, HL165844, MH106440, and diversity supplement R01HL155744-01S1)., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The current investigation was designed to examine the impact of underreporting response bias on the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) and the utility of the Unlikely Virtues scale in detecting such responding. Study participants were randomly assigned to either the underreporting ( n = 100) or standard instruction ( n = 224) conditions. All participants first completed a series of extratest measures under standard instruction prior to the MPQ administration. The results showed that individuals in the underreporting condition scored significantly higher on MPQ scales that reflect positive emotionality and self-control and lower on scales that indicate negative emotionality compared to those in the standard instruction. Moreover, the psychometric validity of MPQ scale scores against extratest measures was substantially attenuated in the underreporting condition compared to the standard instruction condition. The Unlikely Virtues scale differentiated between the conditions at a large effect size magnitude (Hedges' g = 1.21) and showed promising classification accuracy though lower cut scores than those reported in the MPQ manual performed substantially better with respect to sensitivity. Future research needs to replicate these findings in more naturalistic settings with other research designs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Background: Climate change has adverse effects on youth mental health and wellbeing, but limited large-scale data exist globally or in the USA. Understanding the patterns and consequences of climate-related distress among US youth can inform necessary responses at the individual, community, and policy level., Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive online survey was done of US youth aged 16-25 years from all 50 states and Washington, DC, between July 20 and Nov 7, 2023, via the Cint digital survey marketplace. The survey assessed: climate-related emotions and thoughts, including indicators of mental health; relational aspects of climate-related emotions; beliefs about who or what has responsibility for causing and responding to climate change; desired and planned actions in response to climate change; and emotions and thoughts about the US Government response to climate change. Respondents were asked whether they had been affected by various severe weather events linked to climate change and for their political party identification. Sample percentages were weighted according to 2022 US census age, sex, and race estimates. To test the effects of political party identification and self-reported exposure to severe weather events on climate-related thoughts and beliefs we used linear and logistic regression models, which included terms for political party identification, the number of self-reported severe weather event types in respondents' area of residence in the past year, and demographic control variables., Findings: We evaluated survey responses from 15 793 individuals (weighted proportions: 80·5% aged 18-25 years and 19·5% aged 16-17 years; 48·8% female and 51·2% male). Overall, 85·0% of respondents endorsed being at least moderately worried, and 57·9% very or extremely worried, about climate change and its impacts on people and the planet. 42·8% indicated an impact of climate change on self-reported mental health, and 38·3% indicated that their feelings about climate change negatively affect their daily life. Respondents reported negative thoughts about the future due to climate change and actions planned in response, including being likely to vote for political candidates who support aggressive climate policy (72·8%). In regression models, self-reported exposure to more types of severe weather events was significantly associated with stronger endorsement of climate-related distress and desire and plans for action. Political party identification as Democrat or as Independent or Other (vs Republican) was also significantly associated with stronger endorsement of distress and desire and plans for action, although a majority of self-identified Republicans reported at least moderate distress. For all survey outcomes assessed in the models, the effect of experiencing more types of severe weather events did not significantly differ by political party identification., Interpretation: Climate change is causing widespread distress among US youth and affecting their beliefs and plans for the future. These effects may intensify, across the political spectrum, as exposure to climate-related severe weather events increases., Funding: Avaaz Foundation., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests We declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

This study delves into the criticality of Emotion recognition (ER) as a pivotal component of social functionality and psychological well-being, focusing on its susceptibility to aging and sex-related differences. Underpinned by the 'frontal aging hypothesis,' which posits a particular vulnerability of executive functions to the aging process, this study aims to unravel the intricate dynamics of how aging influences ER in both sexes, emphasizing the mediating role of executive functions. A cohort of 127 healthy adults underwent the Multi-Modality Emotion Recognition Test mobile application to assess facial ER and cross-modal matching abilities. Comprehensive neuropsychological assessments supplemented this to evaluate various facets of executive function. The analysis indicated a pronounced decline in ER performance among older adults, with no significant sex differences across age groups. However, gender-specific patterns emerged in the aging-ER relationship. For males, cognitive flexibility (β = 0.399, p < 0.001) and inhibition (β = 0.329, p = 0.020) were partial mediators. In females, working memory (β = -0.297, p = 0.023) and selective attention (β = 0.290, p = 0.042) moderated the aging-facial ER link, with inhibition (β = 0.284, p = 0.015) also playing a partial mediating role. Additionally, inhibition (β = 0.194, p = 0.043) moderated the relationship between aging and the female's cross-modal matching. The findings highlight a gender-differentiated impact of executive functions on age-related ER decline. This underscores the need for gender-tailored approaches in enhancing ER, particularly in an aging population., Competing Interests: Declaration of interest statement The authors have no conflict of interest to report., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Following Viviana Zelizer's extensive scholarship on the interweaving of money and intimacy, this paper discusses the often overlooked yet critical role of affect in the production of relational work and in the success of relational packages. Drawing from the results of a grounded-theory-driven research study on sugar dating, the motions through which affect seeps through and structures negotiations of payments and emotional attachment are explored. The paper discusses the management of feelings as a component of relational work-so that arrangements neither feel too transactional nor too intimate-as well as the role that affect plays in differentiating sugar dating from illicit sexual transactions. It also contributes to the literature on sugar dating and sex work by critically discussing the limits of the commodification of intimate services and affect under a dominant belief system that rejects the possibility of selling "real" intimacy., (© 2024 The Author(s). Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Canadian Sociological Association/La Société canadienne de sociologie.)

Objectives: Self-efficacy is the inner confidence in one's ability to manage specific goals or tasks. The purpose of this study was to describe self-efficacy for people living with various rheumatologic disease and explore its associations with health-related quality of life (HRQoL)., Methods: This study was a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of patients in a large rheumatology division who had office visits and completed questionnaires from May 2022 to January 2023. Questionnaires included the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-29 v2.1 and Self-Efficacy for Managing Symptoms (SE Symptoms) and Emotions (SE Emotions) Computer Adaptive Tests, among others. Rheumatologic diagnosis was confirmed by the rheumatologist at the time of the encounter and additional comorbidities were identified via chart review. Mean PROMIS T-scores were compared across demographics and rheumatologic diagnosis and multivariable linear regression models (MLR) were constructed to explore determinants of self-efficacy., Results: There were 1,114 patients who completed office visits during the study timeframe; 401 patients (36%) had complete data. Compared to those with high SE symptoms and SE emotions those with low SE symptoms and SE emotions had significantly worse HRQoL in all PROMIS domains by 5-10 mean T-score units (p<0.001). Fatigue, depression, and pain interference were strong determinants of SE symptoms and fatigue, anxiety, and depression were strong determinants of SE emotions in MLR., Conclusions: Self-efficacy can be easily measured as part of routine clinical care using highly precise and reliable PROMIS measures. Self-efficacy is low amongst patients with rheumatologic diseases followed in a large academic centre for routine care and is highly associated with HRQoL.

The past decade has seen technological advances in prenatal screening technologies rapidly integrated into clinical practice. These technologies have revolutionised healthcare and raised complex socio-ethical issues such as equitable access, medical commercialisation, and new eugenics. However, the important issue of the impact of these technologies on healthcare professionals is receiving less attention. Exploring this issue in the Australian context, we conducted a survey from August to November 2022, targeting health and allied health professionals who work with parents in the perinatal period who have received a fetal diagnosis. We received 75 substantive responses from a diversity of professionals, including sonographers, midwives, genetic counsellors and medical providers. In this article, we consider the unintended impacts of prenatal screening technologies on healthcare workers, drawing from Ziebland et al., 's 2021 unintended consequences framework. Our reflexive thematic analysis produced three key themes: "Unintended Clinical Complexities", "Adapting Work Practices to Keep Up in Systems that Lack", and "Unintended Intensification of Emotional Labour". Prenatal testing technologies have intentionally increased early testing and fetal information, offering veiled promises of increased certainty in pregnancy. However, our analysis highlights that these advancing technologies also generate more ambiguous results, creating unintended clinical and emotional complexities for healthcare providers. Workers must manage increased clinical uncertainty and constant change, creating intensified emotional labour in under-prepared systems. We conclude by identifying the need to recognise the impacts of advancing prenatal screening technologies on healthcare workers and for targeted professional training to prepare healthcare professionals for the complexities introduced by these new technologies., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)