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Objective: This article aims to determine the association between maternal 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D] status and intake of hormonal oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) in women who are lactating., Study Design: Women who were exclusively breastfeeding participated in a randomized controlled trial assessing vitamin D supplementation at 400, 2,400, or 6,400 international unit (IU)/d from 1 month through 7 months postpartum. This observational, secondary analysis assessed whether OCPs were associated with maternal 25(OH)D concentrations in women who are lactating. Multivariate regression models were used to predict 25(OH)D concentrations and create parameter estimates for each variable., Results: In a bivariate analysis, the use of OCPs at 4 months was associated with increased serum 25(OH)D ( p  = 0.02). OCPs' use at 7 months was associated with a higher trend in 25(OH)D, but this finding was not statistically significant ( p  = 0.1). In a multivariate regression model at 4 months, independent positive predictors of 25(OH)D concentrations were the use of OCPs ( p  = 0.03) and treatment with vitamin D at 6,400 IU/d ( p ≤ 0.0001). Negative predictors were Black ( p  = 0.001) and Hispanic ( p  = 0.0001) race and ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 ( p  = 0.0002). The same pattern occurred at 7 months, with more southern latitude as a positive independent predictor ( p  = 0.04) of 25(OH)D concentration., Conclusion: The use of OCPs was associated with greater 25(OH)D in women who are lactating. Additionally, treatment with vitamin D at 6,400 IU/d and southern latitude was associated with greater 25(OH)D in women who are lactating. Black and Hispanic race and ethnicity, and BMI greater than 30, were independently associated with lower 25(OH)D in women who are lactating., Key Points: · The association of OCP with serum 25(OH)D concentrations during postpartum lactation is unknown.. · OCPs' use was associated with higher 25(OH)D concentrations in postpartum women who are lactating.. · Treatment with vitamin D and southern latitude was associated with greater 25(OH)D in women who are lactating.. · Black and Hispanic, and BMI > 30 were associated with lower 25(OH)D in women who are lactating.. · Practitioners can counsel women who are lactating on OCPs' use and the positive effects on their 25(OH)D status.., Competing Interests: None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Pregnancy is a unique time when amplified sex steroid concentrations promote an escalation in vitamin D binding protein (DBP) synthesis, associated with increased total vitamin D and metabolites, including 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). Free 25(OH)D concentration increases disproportionately to total 25(OH)D during pregnancy, likely an adaptation to supply the woman and fetus with readily available 25(OH)D. Highlighting the importance of the calcium metabolic stress during pregnancy, the interactional relationship between serum 25(OH)D and PTH has been evaluated. Maternal total 25(OH)D and total 25(OH)D/iPTH are measures of vitamin D status and biomarkers for potential pregnancy complications. It has been proposed that free 25(OH)D and free 25(OH)D/iPTH could be better indicators of vitamin D status and predictors of pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes (GDM), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and preterm delivery. This study aims to determine if free 25(OH)D and its association with PTH are more accurate predictors of comorbidities of pregnancy than total 25(OH)D and its association with PTH. In this post hoc analysis of the Kellogg Pregnancy Study, a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial, participants included 297 women with singleton pregnancies: 191 participants were randomized into a group receiving a daily prenatal (400 IU vitamin D 3 ) while 196 received a prenatal plus extra supplementation (4400 IU vitamin D 3 ). Blood and urine samples were collected monthly. 297 participants' serum total 25(OH)D concentrations were measured using radioimmunoassay at baseline (visit 1) and 5-7 months' gestation (visit 6-7). 93 participants' serum free 25(OH)D and PTH concentrations were measured using ELISA and immunoradiometric assay, respectively, at visit 1 and 6-7; 66 participants had paired samples and were included in this analysis. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4, Cary, N.C. or SPSS v28, IBM Corporation, Armonk, N.Y. Results were considered significant with a p < 0.05. A significant relationship exists between the ratio of total 25(OH)D/iPTH and free 25(OH)D/iPTH grouped by total 25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/mL and < 30 ng/mL as an indicator of maternal vitamin D status. There was a statistically significant relationship between lower mean free 25(OH)D/iPTH and the development of GDM at visit 1 (p = 0.0003) and at visit 6-7 (p = 0.001) while total 25(OH)D/iPTH and GDM were significantly related only at visit 1 (p = 0.029). In this exploratory cohort, neither free 25(OH)D/iPTH nor total 25(OH)D/iPTH were significantly associated with increased incidence of preterm delivery, hypertensive disorders, or combined comorbidities of pregnancy. An univariate logistic regression evaluating the outcome of gestational diabetes while independently controlling for independent factors showed the ratio of free 25(OH)D/iPTH was more closely associated with gestational diabetes than the ratio of total 25(OH)D/iPTH, although neither were significant. This proof-of-concept analysis suggests that the ratio of free 25(OH)D/iPTH is associated with the development of gestational diabetes throughout pregnancy while total 25(OH)D/iPTH is only associated with the outcome early in pregnancy. Further investigation is warranted to explore this relationship between calcium metabolic stress during pregnancy with a larger cohort to improve validity,reproducibility, and relevance to other pregnancy comorbidities., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Vitamin D (VitD) has been shown to impact neurodevelopment. Studies have shown that higher 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations (the indicator of vitD status) may be associated with better neurodevelopmental outcomes, although current data are conflicting. This study examined the relationship between total circulating 25(OH)D concentrations and neurodevelopmental outcomes in 3-5-year-old (3-5 yo) children., Methods: In this study, pregnant women were randomized to receive 400 (standard dose), 2000, or 4000 IU vitD 3 /day. Offspring then underwent the Brigance Screen at 3-5 yo. The 25(OH)D concentration was measured at birth and 3-5 yo. Relationships between Brigance scores and 25(OH)D and Brigance scores and vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) genotype were examined., Results: Higher 25(OH)D at the time of testing was associated with better overall performance on neurodevelopmental testing as measured by the Brigance quotient (B = 0.208, p = 0.049). Scores were then broken down into sub-scores. Children born to mothers in the 2000 IU/day group scored higher on the Brigance language component of the assessment versus the standard dose group (B = 4.667, p = 0.044). The group of children who had the Gc1f-1s or Gc1f-2 genotypes scored higher on the Brigance academic component (B = 9.993, p < 0.001) and lower on the Brigance language component versus the 1f1f genotype (B = -9.313, p < 0.001). Children with the Gc1s-1s, Gc1s-2, or Gc2-2 genotypes also scored lower than the Gc1f-1f genotype (B = -6.757, p = 0.003)., Conclusion: These results suggest that higher 25(OH)D concentrations early in life and higher doses of maternal vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy may have a positive association with neurodevelopmental outcomes. This study also suggests that the VDBP genotype is associated with neurodevelopment and differentially affects various fields of neurodevelopment.

Introduction: Positive effects of vitamin D (vitD) supplementation on comorbidities of pregnancy (COP) have been explored; however, few studies have elucidated the pathophysiology behind the development of these COP and the potential relationship with derangements in placental development and morphology. Additionally, it is known that placentas weighing 10th-90th % for gestational age are associated with better outcomes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of resulting circulating serum 25(OH)D concentrations associated with intake of high or low doses of supplementary vitD on placental development and morphology in women who participated in a randomized double blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitD supplementation. We hypothesized that if maternal serum 25(OH)D concentration (vitD status marker) is insufficient/deficient, then placental weight and % for gestational age (GA) will be smaller and will correlate with increased vascular and inflammatory placental pathologic findings., Methods: The findings of the present study are a secondary analysis of data generated from a previously reported randomized controlled trial (RCT), the Kellogg Vitamin D Pregnancy Study. Pregnant women (n = 297) in this RCT (January 2013 - April 2018) were randomly assigned to 400 IU vs. 4400 IU vitD/day (10-14 weeks' gestational age) and followed to delivery. 132 placentas were analyzed by pathologists blinded to treatment, and the 2016 Amsterdam Consensus Criteria were used to categorize grouping/grading of placental pathology and weight. Total [25(OH)D] was measured using radioimmunoassay (ng/mL). Chi-square and Student's t-test were used to show the difference in maternal characteristics by treatment group and by placental weight. Chi-square analysis was used to determine differences between the percent pathology findings by treatment group. Students t-test was used to determine the differences in vitD status and the frequency of placental lesions. Association between [25(OH)D] area under the curve (AUC) and placental morphology were determined in a regression model that included maternal BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 , race/ethnicity, and vitD treatment group allocation. Data were analyzed using SAS v9.4 (Cary, NC) and statistical significance was indicated by p < 0.05., Results: The percent pathology findings by treatment group were not significantly different for each of the placental pathology categories as defined by the 2016 Amsterdam Consensus Criteria including placental weight. However, when using 25(OH)D as a biomarker for vitD status, linear regression model showed maternal serum [25(OH)D] AUC was significantly associated with greater placental weight (p = 0.023). Logistic regression models showed mothers with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 had larger placental weight (p = 0.046), and Hispanic and white/Caucasian mothers had greater placental weights than Black American mothers (p = 0.025). When placentas ≥ 90th % for GA, n = 7, were removed from the placental pool, Pearson correlation still showed a positive association between maternal serum 25(OH)D AUC and placental weight (p = 0.011). In a second linear regression model of placentas ≥ 90th % for GA (n = 7) vs. placentas < 90th % (n = 108), maternal serum 25(OH)D AUC was significantly greater in those placentas ≥ 90th % (p = 0.03); however, this was not associated with increased perinatal mortality. CONCLUSION FINDINGS: suggest increasing maternal serum [25(OH)D] via vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy did not adversely affect placental morphology; trends showed those in the treatment group had fewer placental lesions. Placental weight was found to be significantly associated with [25(OH)D] AUC, which represents maternal vitamin D status over the course of pregnancy; 7 placentas ≥ 90th % for GA were not associated with perinatal mortality., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

To examine the growth and body composition of small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) very low birth weight infants (VLBW) and their outpatient neurodevelopmental outcomes. From 2006-2012, VLBW infants ( n = 57 of 92) admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) had serial air displacement plethysmography (ADP) scans and were followed as outpatients. Serial developmental testing (CAT/CLAMS, Peabody Gross Motor Scales) and anthropometrics were obtained from n = 37 infants (29 AGA and 8 SGA) and analyzed via repeated measures analyses of variances. The percentage of body fat, percentage of lean mass, and weight gain were statistically significant between SGA and AGA groups at the first ADP assessment. There was no difference between the two groups in outpatient neurodevelopmental testing. Weight gain as "catch-up" body fat accrual occurs by 67 weeks of PMA. This catch-up growth is associated with normal SGA preterm neurodevelopment as compared to AGA preterm infants.

Background: Vitamin D (vitD) plays a major role in maintenance of bone mineral homeostasis. It is unknown if bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) differ between infants who receive direct vitD supplementation and those who receive vitD indirectly via their mother's breast milk, while she received a high dose of vitD. It is hypothesized that there would be no differences in BMC or BMD by treatment group. Design/Methods: Randomized, double-blind trial to compare BMD and BMC of infants who received direct vitD (400 IU vitD 3 /day) in addition to their mother receiving standard dosage (400 IU vitD 3 /day) versus infants whose mothers were their only source of vitD and were given high-dose supplementation (6,400 IU vitD 3 /day). Participants were exclusively breastfeeding mothers and their infant consuming only human milk. Infant BMC and BMD were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of the infant's total body using Hologic Discovery A Densitometer and analyzed using Hologic Infant software at 1, 4, and 7 months of age. Results: Infant BMC and BMD did not differ significantly at 1, 4, or 7 months of age between direct and indirect supplementation arms. The mean difference in BMC from 1 to 7 months was 1.624 and 1.464 g for the 400 and 6,400 IU groups, respectively, ( p  = 0.5); the mean difference in BMD over this same period was 0.042 and 0.032 g/cm 2 for the 400 and 6,400 IU groups, respectively ( p  = 0.2). Although some differences among races were observed, this did not reflect changes in bone growth between the treatment arms. Conclusion: High-dose vitD supplementation of mothers during lactation provided an efficacious alternative to direct supplementation of infants, as evidenced by noninferior infant BMD and BMC. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT00412074.

Objectives: Determine which sociodemographic factors are most associated with increased maternal perceived stress during pregnancy. Evaluate the association between maternal stress and plasma immune-mediator concentrations (IMCs)., Methods: As part of a prospective, randomized clinical trial, 247 participants completed a Perceived Stress Scale survey (PSS-10) during each trimester of pregnancy. Blood samples were collected from participants and were analyzed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and for several IMCs: interferon-gamma, interleukins (IL-) IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor, c-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (R&D Elisa). The potential associations between PSS-10 scores, sociodemographic factors, and IMCs were assessed., Results: In bivariate analysis, participants who were not married and/or had high risk pregnancies were more likely to have increased PSS-10 scores (p<0.05). Increased PSS-10 scores were associated with higher serum concentrations of IL-2 and TNF-α, and decreased concentrations of IL-10 and 25(OH)D. In linear regression analysis, single marital status, high-risk pregnancy, IL-2, and TNF-α were independent predictors of PSS-10 scores., Conclusions: This study identifies specific sociodemographic factors that are associated with increased perceived stress during pregnancy. This study also provides evidence that increased perceived stress is associated with physiological changes as measured by changes in circulating IL-2, TNF-α, IL-10, and 25(OH)D concentrations., (© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

The objective of this investigation was to compare bioavailability between single oral dose Vitamin D 3 (vitD 3 ) gummies vs. tablets in healthy adults. An initial crossover, randomized clinical trial involving healthy adults ( n = 9) was conducted followed by a larger, confirmatory study ( n = 31). Healthy participants aged 18-45 years with body mass index (BMI) 18-30 without anemia or vitD deficiency were randomized to receive 20,000 international units (IU) vitD 3 as single dose gummies or tablets with serial samples obtained to measure plasma vitD 3 at baseline, 3, 6, 10, 24, and 48 h followed by a 2-week washout period. The same participants then crossed over to receive 20,000 IU vitD 3 in the form not previously given, with sampling at the same time points. Deidentified blood samples were analyzed for vitD 3 concentration by liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectroscopy. In Study 1, results suggested bioavailability was greater with gummies compared with tablets, (effect size 1.08 at 24 h). In Study 2, the area under the concentration curve (AUC) was higher with gummies than tablets (gummy mean (95% CI): 1474 ng·/mL (1393-1555); tablet mean (95% CI): 774 ng·h/mL (693-855), p < 0.0001). Average peak blood concentration (C max ) values were significantly higher with gummies (gummy: 47.3 ng/mL; tablet: 23.4 ng/mL; p < 0.0001). VitD 3 gummies had greater bioavailability than tablets with higher vitD concentrations over time, which may have implications for achieving vitD sufficiency.

Background: Youth with asthma who have poor medication adherence, have limited access to care, and are frequently seen in the acute care setting are often termed "high risk.", Objective: This study aimed to design and test the feasibility of using smartphone technology to assess contextual factors that may impact changes in daily medication adherence and to identify new symptom episodes among high-risk youth with asthma in their home environment., Methods: Youth aged 8-17 years with high-risk asthma from 2 children's hospitals were eligible for the 2-month study. An app was downloaded on participants' phones at enrollment. Daily text message (short message service) reminders were sent to complete ecological momentary assessment of asthma symptoms and other contextual factors such as emotional state using the app. Bluetooth inhaler devices were used to record timestamps of inhaler use with the ability to review and manually enter data. The acceptability was assessed with surveys, key informant interviews (KII), and frequency of days with asthma data. KII data were used in an iterative design approach to identify challenges, strengths, and suggestions for maximizing use. Generalized linear mixed modeling was used to preliminarily explore contextual factors associated with changes in daily adherence., Results: We enrolled 14 children aged 8-16 years (13/14, 93% were African Americans). Over the 2-month study period, participants reported coughing (42/110, 38%), wheezing (8/111, 7%), chest tightness (9/109, 8%), boredom (57/109, 52%), and 10 new asthma symptom episodes. The controller medication adherence was 30%, which increased significantly on days with asthma symptoms or boredom. Data were received on 89% (606/681) of study days. Surveys and KIIs suggest acceptability among youth and their caregivers. Challenges reported during the study included lost or damaged phones and available memory., Conclusions: Youth and their caregivers reported the acceptability of using smartphones for real-time asthma monitoring. Overall, the controller medication adherence was low but increased significantly on days with reported asthma symptoms or boredom, suggesting that daily contextual factors may be associated with a change in the adherence behavior., (©Ronald John Teufel II, Sachin K Patel, Anita B Shuler, Anne L Andrews, Michelle Nichols, Myla D Ebeling, Erin Dawley, Martina Mueller, Kenneth J Ruggiero, Frank A Treiber. Originally published in JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting (http://pediatrics.jmir.org), 05.10.2018.)

Background and Objectives: Asthma is a common reason for hospital readmission. The majority of children are not receiving adequate preventive care after discharge. Our objective is to decrease return visits to the emergency department (ED) or hospital for asthma through a series of interventions (eg, access to real-time claims data and structured follow-up phone calls) designed to increase preventive care., Methods: We performed a single-site quality improvement project for children 2 to 17 years old discharged with asthma from January 2010 to March 2014. We compared a baseline period and a stepwise intervention period including the following: brief follow-up phone calls to families, access to medication claims data, and structured phone calls. The primary outcome of return visits to the ED or hospital and preventive care outcomes (controller refills and ambulatory visits) up to 90 days were assessed using state all-payer and Medicaid data sets. Interrupted time series analysis was used to investigate secular trends., Results: Six hundred and seventy-seven asthma discharges were analyzed. The majority of children were 2 to 7 years old, African American, and insured by Medicaid. Successful phone contact occurred in 57% of encounters. Ninety-day revisits to the ED or hospital demonstrated a significant decline (15% to 8%; P < .05), but preventive care measures did not improve., Conclusions: A process to improve transitions for children who are hospitalized with an asthma exacerbation that includes follow-up phone calls was associated with a decrease in ED or hospital revisits. The lack of a detectable increase in preventive care warrants further exploration., Competing Interests: POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2018 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

Objective: To determine if improvement in Inhaled Corticosteroid (ICS) prescribing in the pediatric emergency department (PED) can be sustained after transition from intense intervention to low-intervention phase, and to determine ICS fill rates., Methods: A Quality Improvement (QI) project began in Aug 2012. Results through Feb 2014 were previously published. In Feb 2014 interventions were scaled back to determine the sustainability of QI success. Eligible patients included children aged 2-17 seen in the PED for asthma between Feb 2014 and Sept 2016. The primary change when moving to the low-intervention phase was stopping monthly attending feedback. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who were prescribed an ICS at the time of PED discharge. The secondary objective of this study was to determine the proportion of patients who filled their ICS prescription in the 6 months following Emergency Department (ED) visit., Results: The goal rate of ICS prescribing was 75%. After transition to the low-intervention phase, the ICS prescribing rate was maintained at a median of 79% through Sept 2016. ICS fill rate in the first 30 days following ED visit was 89%, although this quickly fell to below 40% for months 2-6., Conclusions: The ICS prescribing rate remained the goal of 75% over a 2.5-year period after transition to a low-intervention phase. High ICS fill rates immediately after ED visit have been demonstrated. However, rapid decline in these rates over subsequent months suggests a need for future efforts to focus on long-term ICS adherence among children with ED visits for asthma.

Background: Given the high rate of preterm birth (PTB) nationwide and data from RCTs demonstrating risk reduction with vitamin D supplementation, the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) implemented a new standard of care for pregnant women to receive vitamin D testing and supplementation., Objectives: To determine if the reported inverse relationship between maternal 25(OH)D and PTB risk could be replicated at MUSC, an urban medical center treating a large, diverse population., Methods: Medical record data were obtained for pregnant patients aged 18-45 years between September 2015 and December 2016. During this time, a protocol that included 25(OH)D testing at first prenatal visit with recommended follow-up testing was initiated. Free vitamin D supplements were offered and the treatment goal was ≥40 ng/mL. PTB rates (<37 weeks) were calculated, and logistic regression and locally weighted regression (LOESS) were used to explore the association between 25(OH)D and PTB. Subgroup analyses were also conducted., Results: Among women with a live, singleton birth and at least one 25(OH)D test during pregnancy (N = 1,064), the overall PTB rate was 13%. The LOESS curve showed gestational age rising with increasing 25(OH)D. Women with 25(OH)D ≥40 ng/mL had a 62% lower risk of PTB compared to those <20 ng/mL (p<0.0001). After adjusting for socioeconomic variables, this lower risk remained (OR = 0.41, p = 0.002). Similar decreases in PTB risk were observed for PTB subtypes (spontaneous: 58%, p = 0.02; indicated: 61%, p = 0.006), by race/ethnicity (white: 65%, p = 0.03; non-white: 68%, p = 0.008), and among women with a prior PTB (80%, p = 0.02). Among women with initial 25(OH)D <40 ng/mL, PTB rates were 60% lower for those with ≥40 vs. <40 ng/mL on a follow-up test (p = 0.006); 38% for whites (p = 0.33) and 78% for non-whites (p = 0.01)., Conclusions: Maternal 25(OH)D concentrations ≥40 ng/mL were associated with substantial reduction in PTB risk in a large, diverse population of women.

Background: Enamel hypoplasia (EH) increases risk for dental caries and also is associated with vitamin D deficiencies. This pilot study evaluates the feasibility to determine the association of human maternal circulating vitamin D concentrations during pregnancy and EH in infant's teeth that develop in utero., Methods: A pilot population of 37 children whose mothers participated in a RCT of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy was evaluated. Major outcome was EH and major exposure was maternal monthly serum circulating 25(OH)D concentrations during pregnancy. EH was assessed using the Enamel Defect Index and digital images made by a ProScope High Resolution™ handheld digital USB microscope at 50x magnification., Results: During initial 8 weeks of study, 29/37 children had evaluable data with mean age of 3.6 ± 0.9 years; 48% male; and 45% White, 31% Hispanic, and 24% Black. EH was identified in 13 (45%) of the children. Maternal mean 25(OH)D concentrations were generally lower for those children with EH., Conclusions: Preliminary results suggest follow-up of children of mothers in a vitamin D supplementation RCT during pregnancy provides an important approach to study the etiology of EH in the primary teeth. Further study is needed to discern thresholds and timing of maternal serum 25(OH)D concentrations during pregnancy associated with absence of EH in teeth that develop in utero. Potential dental public health implications for prevention of early childhood caries via sound tooth structure as related to maternal vitamin D sufficiency during pregnancy need to be determined., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest Dr. Hollis had support from DiaSorin, S.p.A. for serving as an academic consultant. All authors disclose that there is no actual conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations for the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, their work.

Cathelicidin is an antimicrobial peptide whose circulating levels are related to vitamin D status in adults. This study sought to determine if circulating cathelicidin concentrations in healthy children are related to the age of the child, body composition and vitamin D status at birth and at the time of the study visit. Blood samples were obtained during yearly visits from 133 children, ages 2-7, whose mothers had participated in a pregnancy vitamin D supplementation RCT. Radioimmunoassay and ELISA were performed to analyze 25(OH)D and cathelicidin, respectively. Statistical analyses compared cathelicidin concentrations with concentrations of 25(OH)D at various time points (maternal levels throughout pregnancy, at birth, and child's current level); and with race/ethnicity, age, gender, BMI, percent fat, and frequency of infections using Student's t-test, χ2, Wilcoxon ranked-sum analysis, and multivariate regression. The cohort's median cathelicidin concentration was 28.1 ng/mL (range: 5.6-3368.6) and did not correlate with 25(OH)D, but was positively correlated with advancing age (ρ = 0.236 & p = 0.005, respectively). Forty patients evaluated at two visits showed an increase of 24.0 ng/mL in cathelicidin from the first visit to the next (p<0.0001). Increased age and male gender were correlated with increased cathelicidin when controlling for race/ethnicity, percent fat, and child's current 25(OH)D concentration (p = 0.028 & p = 0.047, respectively). This study demonstrated that as children age, the concentration of cathelicidin increases. Furthermore, male gender was significantly associated with increased cathelicidin concentrations. The lack of association between vitamin D status and cathelicidin in this study may be due to the narrow range in observed 25(OH)D values and warrants additional studies for further observation.

Objective: In order to reduce invasive testing in newborns prior to discharge, we tested the direction of the correlation between transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) and total serum bilirubin (TSB), the likelihood of missing high TSBs with a raised threshold for confirmatory testing, and also calculated potential cost savings from fewer laboratory testing., Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of single paired TcB and TSB results measured at 36 ± 2 h of life in neonates ≥37 weeks admitted only to the Level 1 nursery. TcB was measured using the BiliChek® meter., Results: Of the 552 infants, 512 (92.8%) had TSB levels below TcB values. Correlation between TcB and TSB was 0.69. If TSB confirmation was to be performed at 11.7 mg/dL (medium risk threshold for phototherapy), the negative predictive value was 99.4%, with a potential cost savings of $6555.00 ($1500.00 per 100 patients). Of the 495 infants with TcB <11.7 mg/dL, only 3 had TSB levels higher than 11.7 mg/dL, and none met phototherapy threshold for low risk infants., Conclusions: TcB screening at our institution has a high negative predictive value, and can be used as a stand-alone test until values are close to phototherapy threshold, thus reducing invasive testing and cost.

Purpose: Preterm birth (PTB), defined as birth at a gestational age (GA) of less than 37 weeks, is associated with increased hospital costs. Lower GA at birth is negatively correlated with the presence of neonatal comorbidities, further increasing costs. This study evaluated incremental costs associated with comorbidities of PTB following spontaneous labor at 24-36 weeks., Design: Birth records from January 2001 to December 2010 at the Medical University of South Carolina were screened to identify infants born at GA 23-37 weeks after uncomplicated singleton pregnancies and surviving to discharge., Methodology: Comorbidities of interest and incremental costs were analyzed with a partial least squares (PLS) regression model adjusted for comorbidities and GA. Incremental comorbidity-associated costs, as well as total costs, were estimated for infants of GA 24-36 weeks., Results: A total of 4,292 delivery visit records were analyzed. Use of the PLS regression model eliminated issues of multicollinearity and allowed derivation of stable cost estimates. Incremental costs of comorbidities at a mean GA of 34 weeks ranged from $4,529 to $23,121, and exceeded $9,000 in 6 cases. Incremental costs rangedfrom a high of $41,161 for a GA 24-week infant with a comorbidity of retinopathy of prematurity requiring surgery (ROP4) to $3,683 for a GA 36-week infant with a comorbidity of convulsions. Incremental comorbidity costs are additive, so the costs for infants with multiple comorbidities could easily exceed the high of $41,161 seen with ROP4., Conclusions: The PLS regression model allowed derivation of stable cost estimates from multivariate and highly collinear data and can be used in future cost analyses. Using this data set, predicted costs of all comorbidities, as well as total costs, negatively correlated with GA at birth.

Background: Secondhand smoke exposure harms children. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure in children ≤2 years and determine the predictors of smoking and smoking cessation in parents., Methods: We surveyed parents of children ≤2 years of age, asking about parental smoking patterns, interest in quitting and children's respiratory symptoms. Data were analyzed with chi-square and multiple logistic regression., Results: Thirteen percent were current smokers and 18% had quit. The most common reason for quitting was being pregnant (42%). Children's respiratory symptoms did not predict quitting. Parents on Medicaid were more likely to smoke than those on private insurance (OR = 5.7, 95% CI = 2.0-16.5) and less likely to quit (OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.1-0.9)., Conclusion: Having a new baby may be a motivator for parents to quit. We must address socioeconomic factors to develop a successful intervention in pediatric practices., (© The Author(s) 2014.)

Objective: Hospitals that care for children face unique barriers in electronic medical records (EMR) use that may affect their ability to meaningfully use EMR. The purpose of this study was to investigate hospitals that care for children, both freestanding and adult hospitals with children's services, to determine progress toward advanced stages of EMR use., Methods: The American Hospital Association survey described hospitals across the United States. Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society 2006 and 2010 databases identified hospitals' EMR use. EMR stage was classified according to previous studies. Multivariable analysis was used to determine independent predictors of EMR use., Results: The analysis included 2794 hospitals. During the study time frame, a significant increase occurred for hospitals moving into any stage of EMR in adult hospitals with children's services (47% to 75%; P < .001), while improvements for freestanding children's hospitals were modest at best (46% to 59%; P = .3). Conversely, freestanding children's hospitals had the largest gain in advance stage 3 adoption (6% to 39%; P < .001) compared to adult hospitals with children's services (6% to 23%; P < .001). Freestanding children's hospitals were less likely to use pharmacy information systems but more likely to use computerized provider order entry., Conclusions: In 2010, freestanding children's hospitals had the highest percentage use of advanced stage EMR (39%), but the lowest improvements in percentage of hospitals entering into any stage of adoption over the study period. This trend created a digital divide among freestanding children's hospitals that may improve with pediatric-specific electronic medication management products., (Copyright © 2013 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Electronic medical record (EMR) systems are costly for hospitals to implement and maintain, and the effects of EMR on the cost of care for inpatient pediatrics remain unknown. Our objective was to determine whether delivering care with advanced-stage EMR was associated with a decreased cost per case in a national sample of hospitalized children., Methods: The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids Inpatient Dataset 2009 identified pediatric discharges. The Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society 2009 database identified hospitals' EMR use. EMR was classified into 3 stages, with advanced-stage 3 EMR including automation of ancillary services, automation of nursing workflow, computerized provider order entry, and clinical decision support. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine the independent effect of advanced-stage EMR on cost per case. Propensity score adjustment was included to control for nonrandom assignment of EMR use., Results: This analysis included 4,605,454 weighted discharges. EMR use by hospitals that care for children was common: 24% for stage 1, 23% stage 2, and 32% advanced stage 3. The multivariable model demonstrated that advanced stage EMR was associated with an average 7% greater cost per case ($146 per discharge)., Conclusions: The care of children across the United States with EMRs may create a safer health care system but is not associated with inpatient cost savings. In fact our primary analysis shows a 7% additional cost per case. This finding is contrary to predicted savings and may represent an added barrier in the adoption of EMR for inpatient pediatrics., (Copyright © 2012 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Compare customized versus population-based growth curves for identification of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and body fat percent (BF%) among preterm infants., Methods: Prospective cohort study of 204 preterm infants classified as SGA or appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) by population-based and customized growth curves. BF% was determined by air-displacement plethysmography. Differences between groups were compared using bivariable and multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses., Results: Customized curves reclassified 30% of the preterm infants as SGA. SGA infants identified by customized method only had significantly lower BF% (13.8 ± 6.0) than the AGA (16.2 ± 6.3, p = 0.02) infants and similar to the SGA infants classified by both methods (14.6 ± 6.7, p = 0.51). Customized growth curves were a significant predictor of BF% (p = 0.02), whereas population-based growth curves were not a significant independent predictor of BF% (p = 0.50) at term corrected gestational age., Conclusion: Customized growth potential improves the differentiation of SGA infants and low BF% compared with a standard population-based growth curve among a cohort of preterm infants.

Objective: The objective of the study was to compare prenatal ultrasound parameters for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) with newborn percent body fat (%BF)., Study Design: This was a prospective study of 87 pregnancies followed with ultrasound. Subjects were categorized into 3 groups: estimated fetal weight (EFW) less than the 10th percentile, abdominal circumference (AC) less than the fifth percentile, and normal biometry. Neonatal %BF by air displacement plethysmography was compared between each group using multivariable analyses., Results: The %BF in the EFW less than the 10th percentile group (5.1 ± 2.9%) was significantly lower than either AC less than the fifth percentile (9.5 ± 3.3%) or normal groups (11.6 ± 5.6%). EFW less than the 10th percentile best predicted %BF by regression model. Neonatal morbidity was not significantly higher in the EFW less than the 10th percentile group., Conclusion: Newborn %BF was significantly lower in infants with EFW less than the 10th percentile compared with AC less than the fifth percentile, an intermediate finding. An AC less than the fifth percentile on ultrasound does not reflect the same severity of IUGR as EFW less than the 10th percentile., (Copyright © 2011 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), a reliable measurement of vitamin D, have been implicated in several mood disorders. To date, studies exploring the relationship between vitamin D and postpartum depression are absent from the literature., Objectives: To determine whether a relationship exists between symptoms associated with postpartum depression and vitamin D levels and to determine if serum 25(OH) D levels can predict the incidence of symptoms associated with postpartum depression., Study Design: An exploratory, descriptive study using a convenience sample of 97 postpartum women attending seven monthly visits. Women provided serum 25(OH)D samples and completed the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) at each visit., Results: A significant relationship over time was found between low 25(OH)D levels and high EPDS scores, indicative of postpartum depression., Conclusions: Future rigorous studies investigating vitamin D and postpartum depression are warranted with larger sample sizes using confirmatory methods to diagnose postpartum depression.