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Objective: To explore the association between infections with HIV and Schistosoma japonicum , and to determine the influences of the HIV- S. japonicum coinfections on the immune system of Yi people., Methods: A block design study was conducted in a Yi county in southwestern China, one of the endemic areas of both HIV/AIDS and S. japonicum in China. All participants were screened for HIV antibodies and S. japonicum antibodies (SjAb) and were classified into four groups: HIV(+)/ S. japonicum (-), HIV(-)/ S. japonicum (+), HIV(+)/ S. japonicum (+), and HIV(-)/ S. japonicum (-)., Results: There were significant differences among the four groups in both CD4 + T lymphocytes and CD8 + T lymphocytes, but no significant difference in CD3 + T lymphocytes. Both the CD4 + T lymphocyte counts and the ratio of CD4 + /CD8 + were lower in HIV-infected people compared with those uninfected. People infected with S. japonicum had increased CD4 + T lymphocyte counts but reduced CD8 + T lymphocyte counts. Similarly, the ratio of CD4 + /CD8 + was higher in S. japonicum -infected people compared with those uninfected. People coinfected with HIV and S. japonicum had lower CD4 + T lymphocyte counts, lower ratio of CD4 + /CD8 + , and higher CD8 + T lymphocyte counts compared with those infected with HIV only or S. japonicum only. People infected with HIV only and those coinfected with HIV and S. japonicum had a higher level of IFN- γ compared with people with no infection. There were no significant differences between people infected with HIV only and with S. japonicum only in the levels of IFN- γ and IL-10., Conclusions: People coinfected with HIV and S. japonicum might have a suppressed immune function because of a decrease in CD4 + T lymphocyte counts, a lowered ratio of CD4 + /CD8 + , and an increase in CD8 + T lymphocyte counts. Coinfection with HIV and S. japonicum would alter the level of IFN- γ in plasma.

Background: Intestinal helminths do not cause severe diseases in general, however, when combined with other diseases such as immunodeficiency diseases, there would be massive complications. Infections with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) may lead to immunological disturbances and defects of cellular immunity and there is a need of clarification whether HBV infections are associated with infections with intestinal helminths., Methods: A community-based cross sectional study was conducted in Tezi town, Puge County of the Liangshan Prefecture, southwestern China from October 23rd to November 3rd, 2014. Four hundred and thirty eight people (median age = 37 years, IQR = 22-49) were enrolled in this study. Modified Kato-Katz thick smear was used to detect intestinal helminths. HBV DNA was quantified to confirm HBV infection., Results: Among the 438 participants, 9.1%, 13.5% and 30.6% were infected with HBV, A. lumbricoides (L., 1758) and T. trichiura (L., 1771), respectively; 7.1% (30/438) were infected with both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura and 2.3% (10/438) were co-infected with HBV and A. lumbricoides. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (21-30 years versus >50 years: OR = 6.66, 95% CI = 2.15-20.68), drug abuse (OR = 6.96, 95% CI = 1.11-43.90), A. lumbricoides infection (OR = 3.60, 95% CI = 1.48-8.75), fertilization with faeces after disposal (OR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.04-0.47) and working on a farm (OR = 4.59, 95% CI = 1.44-14.63) were significantly associated with HBV infection. Having toilets at home was negatively related to A. lumbricoides infection (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.27-0.98) and T. trichiura infection (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.28-0.80)., Conclusions: Ascaris lumbricoides was independently associated with HBV infection, and faeces might be the medium of HBV transmission. Improving hygiene conditions and habits are essential to reduce the risks of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections.

Objective: To study the reasons of natural death of Oncomelania hupensis snails by comparing the differences of the indicator days covered with water (DCW) in snail marshland and non-snail marshland around the build of Three Gorges Dam in Eastern Dongting Lake areas., Methods: Two marshlands were selected, one was a non-snail marshland (Qianliang Lake) and another was a snail marshland (Junshan Park). The measuring points were set through the mechanical sampling. The snails and elevation of the points were surveyed, and the data of the water levels from the hydrological station were collected, and then DCWs were calculated., Results: From 1995 to 2013, DCWs of the marshland of natural death of snails were all more than that of the snail marshland (P < 0.01). In Qianliang Lake marshland, the difference between DCW before natural death and DCW from natural death until the dam was not significant (P = 0.23), while DCWs of the two stages both were more than that after the dam (P1 = 0.045, P2 = 0.002). Before the build of the dam, DCW of the Qianliang Lake marshland of natural death of snails was more than that after the build of the dam (P = 0.013), and there was the same situation in Junshan Park marshland (P = 0.005). The relationship between snail density and DCW was not significant in Junshan Park marshland (r(s) = 0.008, P = 0.914), and the reference range of DCW of all the measuring points was 76-251 days., Conclusion: In the eastern Dongting Lake district, the build of Three Gorges Dam and DCW may be not the direct factors affecting the natural death of snails and the latter may change the distribution of snails.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the relation between apoptosis of enterocytes and oxygen-free radical injury in scalded rats with delayed resuscitation as well as the role of antioxidants in the prevention of enterocyte apoptosis., Methods: For this study, 150 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups representing early resuscitation (ER), delayed resuscitation (DR), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment, and allopurinol (Allo) treatment. The animals were subjected to a 30% total body surface area, full-thickness scald. Fluid therapy was started 6 hours after the injury in the DR and treatment groups. Apoptosis of enterocytes was identified by DNA fragmentation (ap%), DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferace (TdT)-mediated dUPT-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL). The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), total sulfhydryl (TSH), and nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) and the activity of xanthine oxidase in intestinal mucosa were determined after the burn in the four groups., Results: Apoptosis of enterocytes increased significantly in all the groups. The animals in the DR group showed an earlier and greater increase in ap% than the animals in the ER group. Similar results were seen for electrophoresis, TUNEL assay, and levels of MDA, xanthine oxidase (XO), TSH, and NPSH. Treatment with NAC was associated with a decrease in ap% and MDA, but not XO, as compared with the levels in the DR group, whereas treatment with Allo was associated with a decrease in MDA and XO, but not ap%. Delayed resuscitation was associated with significant decreases in TSH and NPSH, as compared with the levels in the ER group, whereas both the NAC and Allo groups had significantly higher levels of TSH and NPSH than the DR group., Conclusions: Significant apoptosis of enterocytes was induced by oxidative stress in the intestinal mucosa after a burn in rats. The findings show that NAC blunted intestinal apoptosis induced by oxygen-free radical, which was generated in the process of ischemia-reperfusion injury after a burn because of delayed resuscitation.

Objective: To investigate the effect of early escharectomy on resting energy expenditure (REE) in severely burned patients dynamically with the metabolic monitoring and diagnostic system., Methods: Fifty-six adult male patients with severe burns were divided into early escharectomy (group A, n = 39, escharectomy within 5 PBDs) and non-early escharectomy (group B, n = 17, escharectomy after 5 PBDs) groups. The wounds of full thickness and deep partial thickness burn in the two groups were all excised and covered with allogeneic skin and autologous micro-skin in the first operation. The changes in REE were observed dynamically at the bedside of the patients with the metabolic monitoring and diagnostic system. The plasma contents of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha and LPS from 9 patients in group A and 7 in group B were also determined dynamically., Results: All patients survived. The REE in both groups was elevated markedly, but REE in group A was lower compared with group B before and after escharectomy within 14 days. (P < 0.05). The plasma level of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha and LPS in group A were obviously lower than those in group B (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The hypermetabolic response of burn patients with severe burns could be lowered by early escharectomy, and it seemed to be related to the decrease of the release of proinflammatory mediators.

Objective: To investigate the role of enterocyte apoptosis in translocation of intestinal endotoxin and bacteria after delayed resuscitation in scalded rats., Methods: One hundred and ten male Wistar rats were divided randomly into two groups: group A, early resuscitation, n=60; group B, delayed resuscitation, n=50. All animals were subjected to 30% total body surface area (TBSA) full-thickness scald. In group A, saline resuscitation was begun immediately after the injury. Saline resuscitation later than 6 hours after scalding was referred as delayed resuscitation. Apoptosis of enterocytes was identified by DNA fragmentation (ap%), DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method and electron microscope (EM). The levels of endotoxin in portal vein and systemic circulation were determined by limulus amebocyte lysate technique. The amount of bacteria in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) was detected by a quantitative bacteria culture of biopsy., Results: The ap% of enterocytes was increased significantly in groups A and B, peaking at 12 hours postburn. The increased ap% in the group B occurred much earlier and higher than in group A from 3 hours to 48 hours postburn (P<0.05 or P<0.01). This was corroborated by the results observed in electrophoresis, TUNEL method and EM. The portal endotoxin was much higher in group B than in group A at the same postburn timepoints. So were the endotoxin levels in systemic circulation. A significant positive relationship existed between the portal endotoxin levels and the ap% of intestinal epithelial cells in groups A and B (group A: r=0.936, P<0.01; group B: r=0.899, P<0.05). The frequency of bacteria translocation of MLN in group B was higher than that in group A., Conclusion: Significant pathologic apoptosis of enterocytes is induced by delayed resuscitation after thermal injury in rats. This may lead to a compromise of intestinal barrier. It may be one of the major causes of translocation of endotoxin and bacteria postburn.

Objective: To study the influence of apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells occurring as a result of reperfusion after burn shock on the intestinal barrier., Methods: Fifty Wistar rats were subjected to a 30% TBSA full thickness burn, and normal saline (40 ml/kg) was given intraperitoneally immediately after the injury (group A). Ten rats served as a sham control group. The experimental group B consisted of 50 rats with identical injuries, but the normal saline was not given until 6h after the injury. Apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells was verified by DNA fragmentation, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, TUNEL and electron microscope (EM), and DNA fragmentation rate was expressed as ap%. The D-lactic acid in portal vein blood and intestinal diamine oxidase (DAO) were determined to evaluate the permeability and integrity of intestinal mucosal epithelium., Results: The ap% of intestinal epithelium group B was higher than in that of group A (P<0.05 or 0.01), and its amplitude peaked at 12h for both groups. Typical DNA ladder pattern was seen in electrophoresis in both groups. Apoptotic cells were discerned on the tips of the ileal villi at 3h postscald by TUNEL and EM in the group B, and they appeared earlier than in the group A. There was a significant positive correlation between the ap% and the level of D-lactic acid (group A: r=0.817, P<0.05; group B: r=0.727, P<0.05). On the other hand, a significant negative correlation was found between the ap% and the DAO values (group A: r=-0.937, P<0.01; group B: r=-0.836, P<0.05)., Conclusion: Apoptosis occurred in enterocytes after scald injury this pathological change might contribute to a breach of integrity of intestinal epithelium, leading to a compromise in its barrier function. Delayed fluid resuscitation might lead to an earlier and higher degree of apoptosis of the intestinal epithelial cells.