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The article presents parameters for obtaining a carbon dioxide extract from the subterranean part of Eryngium planum that contains a valuable set of organic substances and has a certain antimicrobial effect. Methods . Raw materials were collected in the Almaty region (Republic of Kazakhstan). The CO 2 extract of Eryngium planum herbs was obtained under subcritical conditions. A gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometric detector was used to determine the compositional breakdown of the extract. Antimicrobial activity was determined by two methods: the micromethod of serial dilutions and the disk-diffusion method. Three microbial test strains were used: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Results . To extract biologically active substances from the subterranean part of Eryngium planum L., we have chosen carbon dioxide extraction technology, a technology for processing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) raw materials, which allows us to extract various substances in high concentrations. Carbon dioxide extraction technology is an effective and environmentally safe way to isolate various biologically active substances contained in medicinal plant raw materials. In the composition of the CO 2 extract of Eryngium planum L. 43 components were identified, the main of which are α -linolenic acid, 8.30%; myristic acid, 6.40%; caryophyllene, 6.92%; spatulous, 6.62%; and other main identified compounds and their percentage. Conclusions . The study showed that the CO 2 extract of Eryngium planum L. contains biologically active compounds that have a pronounced antimicrobial effect against clinically significant microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Aliya B. Arykbayeva et al.)

The genus Lepidium L. from Brassicaceae Burnett. family covers over 150 species with an almost cosmopolitan spread. In Kazakhstan, 21 species are described, of which four species are characterized by medicinal properties ( L. crassifolium Waldst. et Kit., L. perfoliatum L., L. ruderale L., and L. latifolium L.), used in folk medicine as means of antibacterial, irritant, laxative, antitumor, analgesic, and anthelmintic action. Methods . Raw materials were collected from Almaty region (Republic of Kazakhstan). Lepidium latifolium L. herb's carbon dioxide extract (CO 2 extract) was obtained by subcritical carbon dioxide extraction. A gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometric detector was used to determine the component composition of the extract. Antimicrobial activity was determined by two methods: the micromethod of serial dilution and the disc-diffusion method. Four microbial test strains were used: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 10031, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Results . The technology of carbon dioxide extraction has undoubted advantages over traditional methods of extraction: it has a controlled selectivity in relation to groups of biologically active substances, allows deep extraction, and maximizes the release of rich complexes of compounds contained in plants. In this study, firstly, the CO 2 extract was obtained under subcritical conditions from the aerial part of L. latifolium L., and the composition was determined. Hexane was the best solvent for CO 2 extract, and 40 components were identified. Screening of antimicrobial activity of the L. latifolium 's CO 2 extract showed the essential activity of all clinically significant strains tested: Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumonia , and Candida albicans . Conclusions . This research showed that the CO 2 extract of the raw material of Lepidium latifolium L. contains biologically active compounds exhibiting an essential antimicrobial effect, and therefore it is possible to recommend for the development of various drugs for use in medical practice., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article., (Copyright © 2021 Balzhan B. Azimkhanova et al.)

This article presents the composition of the components of Lavatera thuringiaca L. ( Malvaceae Juss. family), which has a certain antibacterial effect. The plant collection was carried out in the Shamalgan gorge of Mountain Range of the Trans-Ili Alatau in the territory of the Karasay district of the Almaty region, in the flowering phase. A CO 2 extract of the aboveground part of the medicinal plant Lavatera thuringiaca L. was obtained under subcritical conditions and, for the first time, studied for its component composition and antimicrobial activity. Determination of the chemical composition of the extract was carried out by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). To identify the obtained mass spectra, we used the Wiley 7 th edition and the NIST'02 data library. To determine the antimicrobial and antifungal activity, standard test strains of microorganisms were used: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Streptococcus pneumonia ATCC 660, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Staphylococcus haemolyticus , and Staphylococcus saprophyticus . In the composition of thick CO 2 Lavatera thuringiaca L. extract, the content of 31 components was proven: spathulenol 6.97%, pulegone 5 08%, cis- β -farnesene 7.63%, verbenone 1.93%, α -bisabolol oxide B 9.65%, bisabolol oxide A 8.26%, α -bisabolol 1.36%, linolenic acid, ethyl ether 3.15%, phytol 2.49%, herniarin 5.61%, linolenic acid 9.38%, linoleic acid 6.95%, myristic acid 2.33%, and elaidic acid 2.57%. Antimicrobial activity studies have shown that the CO 2 extract of Lavatera thuringiaca L. has a pronounced effect against clinically significant microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Candida albicans , Streptococcus pneumonia , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Staphylococcus haemolyticus , and Staphylococcus saprophyticus . During testing, the method of serial dilutions proved that the extract of Lavatera thuringiaca L. has a bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus g/ μ g/ μ l, on Escherichia coli g/ μ g/ μ l, on Pseudomonas aeruginosa g/ μ g/ μ l, on Streptococcus pneumoniae g/ μ g/ μ l, on a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus haemolyticus g/ μ g/ μ l, on Staphylococcus saprophyticus g/ μ g/ μ l, and against Klebsiella pneumoniae g/ μ g/ μ l. The test result showed that the extract also has fungicidal activity against the test culture of Candida albicans g/ μ g/ μ l. At tests, the disc diffusion method proved that the extract has antimicrobial activity with high values of the growth suppression zone exceeding 15 mm. The zones of growth retardation of the test strains were 19.33 ± 1.15 for Staphylococcus aureus ; 17.33 ± 3.21 for Escherichia coli ; 15.67 ± 0.57 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; 20.0 ± 1.0 for Streptococcus pneumoniae ; 16.0 ± 2.64 for Klebsiella pneumoniae ; 15.0 ± 1.0 for Staphylococcus saprophyticus , and 22.0 ± 1.73 for Candida albicans . In relation to the clinical isolate of Staphylococcus haemolyticus , the extract has a bacteriostatic effect., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article., (Copyright © 2021 Moldir A. Zhandabayeva et al.)

In the medicine of many countries, the use of herbal healing agents included a significant contribution to improving human health and well-being. Many antibiotics have been widely used to treat infectious diseases caused by various pathogenic bacteria. However, increased multidrug resistance has led to increased severity of diseases caused by bacterial pathogens. Bacteria remain the main causative agents of diseases that cause human death, even in the present day. This cause prompted scientists to investigate alternative new molecules against bacterial strains. The significant interest for the study is Portulaca oleracea L. (family Portulacaceae ), a widespread annual plant used in folk medicine. Thus, the production and study of CO 2 extract of Portulaca oleracea is an actual problem. Methods . Raw materials were collected from Almaty and Zhambyl regions (Southeast and South Kazakhstan) in phase flowering. Portulaca oleracea herb's CO 2 extract was obtained by subcritical carbon dioxide extraction (installation of carbon dioxide flow-through extraction- 5L). The Wiley 7 th edition and NIST'02 library were used to identify the mass spectra obtained. The antimicrobial activity study was conducted by the micromethod of serial dilution and disco-diffuse method. Standard test strains of microorganisms were used: Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739. Results . The use of carbon dioxide extraction (further CO 2 extract) is a promising direction of obtaining total medicinal substances containing biologically active substances, from fractions of volatile esters of various composition and functional purpose until a fraction of fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. In the current study, we obtained CO 2 extract at subcritical conditions from aboveground organs of Portulaca oleracea and investigated the component composition for the first time. From 41 to 66 components were identified in the composition of Portulaca oleracea 's CO 2 extract. Studies of antimicrobial activity showed that CO 2 extract of Portulaca oleracea had the expressed effect against clinically significant microorganisms such as Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus subtilis , and Candida albicans . Conclusions . This study showed that CO 2 extract of Portulaca oleracea 's raw material contained biological active compounds exhibiting a significant antimicrobial effect., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article., (Copyright © 2021 Meruyert I. Tleubayeva et al.)

This paper presents the results of the field study on species composition, geographical distribution, phytocoenotic diversity and resources of crop wild relatives (CWR) in Kazakhstan's ranges of the Tien Shan Mountains. Taxa of not only cultivated genera of crops are taken into account, but also a wider range of species of high socio-economic importance, including medicinal, fodder, essential oil and other species. List of CWR includes 289 species belonging to 39 families and 145 genera. Among them, 9 species listed in the Red Data book of Kazakhstan: Pistacia vera, Rheum wittrockii, Armeniaca vulgaris, Malus sieversii, Allium pskemense, Allochrusa gypsophilloides, Sorbus sibirica, Vitis vinifera and Artemisia cina. The highest plant diversity is recorded in intermountain plains and river valleys where meadow vegetation forms a high abundance of forage and resource plants. The diversity of wild fruit plants is concentrated in gallery forests. CWR of cereals are confined to dry steppe slopes in low piedmont belt. The populations of almond, pistachio, plum and cherry were recorded at dry slopes of low mountain belt. The estimation of the raw material base for 13 resource plants is given. Only Rumex tianschanicus, Berberis sphaerocarpa are recommended for industrial harvesting; for local pharmacy chain - Mentha longifolia, Origanum vulgare, O. vulgare subsp. gracile, Ziziphora clinopodioides, Hypericum scabrum, Hypericum perforatum, and five Rosa species., Competing Interests: No conflict of interest., (© 2019 Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.)

Salvia aethiopis is a perennial plant native to Eurasia and known by the common names Mediterranean sage or African sage. This plant has been used in Iranian medicine as a carminative and tonic. The ethanolic extract of aerial part of S. aethiopis exhibited moderate to weak activity towards delta and kappa opioid receptors (46.3 and 45.3% displacement, respectively). Chromatographic purification of the ethanolic extract on silica gel column led to isolation of one new: 3α-hydroxy-8α-acetoxy-13,14,15,16-tetranorlabdan-12-oic acid (I) and three known compounds: sesquiterpene spathulenol (II), β-sitosterol (III) and β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside (IV). The structures of all isolated compounds were elucidated by their NMR (1D and 2D) and MS spectral data. All the fractions and isolated compounds were tested for cannabinoid and opioid receptor binding assays.

Three new compounds, (2S,3S)-5-methyldihydromyricetin (1), (2S,3S)-5-methyldihydromyricetin-3'-O-sulfate (2) and β-d-glucopyranoside, 3-methyl, but-3-en-1-yl 4-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (3) have been isolated from the Limonium caspium, together with dihydromyricetin (4), dihydromyricetin-3'-O-sulfate (5), myricetin-3'-O-sulfate (6), 5-methylmyricetin (7), myricetin (8), myricetin-3-O-β-glucoside (9), as well as phloridzin (10), and tyramine (11). Compounds 5 and 6 were isolated for the first time as acids. This is the first report of all these compounds from this plant. Their structures were established by extensive NMR studies ((1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, DEPT, (1)H-(1)H COSY, HSQC, HMBC) as well as HRESIMS. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial and antileishmanial activities. Compounds 7, 8 and 9 exhibited good antifungal activity against Candida glabrata with IC50 values of 6.79, 15.37 and 8.53μg/mL, respectively. Compound 8 displayed significant antimalarial activity against resistant and sensitive strains of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 1.82 and 1.51μg/mL, respectively. Compounds 1, 4, 6, 8 and 9 showed excellent activity against Trypanosoma brucei with IC50 values of 6.93, 9.65, 8.52, 7.67 and 6.31μg/mL, respectively. To date, this is the first report on the phytochemical and biological activity of secondary metabolites from L. caspium., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Discovery of novel, natural herbicides has become important to manage increasing weed resistance to synthetic herbicides and environmental issues. The systematic bioassay-guided fractionation and purification of the methylene chloride/methanol extract of the shoots of Semenovia transiliensis led to the isolation of several phytotoxic compounds. Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce, a dicot) and Agrostis stolonifera L. (bentgrass, a monocot) bioassays were used to identify and isolate the phytotoxic fractions. A number of furanocoumarin compounds isolated from S. transiliensis shoots were phytotoxic to both test species. These included psoralen, isopsoralen, heratomin, isopentenyloxyisobergapten, imperatorin, bergapten, xanthotoxin, heraclenin, and heraclenol. All the active secondary metabolites isolated from the shoots of S. transiliensis were furanocoumarins. Identification of these was accomplished using mass spectrometry and 1- and 2-dimensional NMR techniques. Phytotoxic activity o f isolated compounds w a s evaluated in a dose-response manner from 0.3 to 1000 microM. Ingeneral, all of the compounds were more active on A. stolonifera than L. sativa. Bergaptin and xanthotoxin were the most active of the compounds, with moderate activity at 100 microM. Imperatorin and xanthotoxin inhibited growth of Lemna paucicostata Hegelm. by 50% at 29 and 60 microM, respectively. Our results show that S. transiliensis is rich in furanocoumarins, which are probably involved in various aspects of the chemical ecology of the species. Unfortunately, the general cytotoxicity of furanocoumarins makes them an unlikely candidate for pesticide discovery.