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Rationale and Objectives: To investigate the effectiveness of combining split diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements with split renal parenchymal volume (RPV) for assessing split renal functional impairment in patients with lupus nephritis (LN)., Materials and Methods: Seventy-four participants [48 LN patients and 26 healthy volunteers (HV)] were included in the study. All participant underwent conventional MR and DTI (b = 0, 400, and 600 s/mm 2 ) examinations using a 3.0 T MRI scanner to determine the split renal DTI measurements and split RPV. In LN patients, renography glomerular filtration rate (rGFR) was measured using 99m Tc-DTPA scintigraphy based on Gates' method, serving as the reference standard to categorize all split kidneys of LN patients into LN with mild impairment (LN m , n = 65 kidneys) and LN with moderate to severe (LN ms , n = 31 kidneys) groups according to the threshold of 30 ml/min in spilt rGFR. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 and MedCalc 20.0 software packages., Results: Only split medullary fractional anisotropy (FA) and the product of split medullary FA and RPV could distinguish pairwise subgroups among the HV and each LN subgroup (all p < 0.05). ROC curve analysis demonstrated that split medullary FA (AUC = 0.866) significantly outperformed other parameters in differentiating HV from LN m groups, while the product of split medullary FA and split RPV was superior in distinguishing LN m and LN ms groups (AUC = 0.793) than other parameters. The combination of split medullary FA and split RPV showed best correlation with split rGFR (r = 0.534, p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Split medullary FA, and its combination with split RPV, are valuable biomarkers for detecting early functional changes in renal alterations and predicting disease progression in patients with LN., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest No conflict of interest exists in the submission of this manuscript, and all authors have approved the enclosed manuscript for publication. I promise on behalf of my co-authors that the work described has been neither published previously nor submitted for publication elsewhere., (Copyright © 2024 The Association of University Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Rationale and Objectives: To evaluate the potential of quantitative measurements on contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) in differentiating small (≤4 cm) clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) from benign renal tumors, including fat-poor angiomyolipoma (fpAML) and renal oncocytoma (RO)., Materials and Methods: 244 patients with pathologically confirmed ccRCC (n = 184) and benign renal tumors (fpAML, n = 50; RO, n = 10) were randomly assigned into training cohort (n = 193) and test cohort 1 (n = 51), while external test cohort 2 (n = 50) was from another hospital. Quantitative parameters were obtained from CECT (unenhanced phase, UP; corticomedullary phase, CMP; nephrographic phase, NP; excretory phase, EP) by measuring attenuation of renal mass and cortex and subsequently calculated. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between these parameters and ccRCC. Finally, the constructed models were compared with radiologists' diagnoses., Results: In univariable analysis, UP-related parameters, particularly UP C-T (cortex minus tumor attenuation on UP), demonstrated AUC of 0.766 in training cohort, 0.901 in test cohort 1, 0.805 in test cohort 2. The heterogeneity-related parameter SD (standard deviation) showed AUC of 0.781, 0.834, and 0.875 respectively. In multivariable analysis, model 1 incorporating UP C-T , NP C-T (cortex minus tumor attenuation on NP), CMP T -UP T (tumor attenuation on CMP minus UP), and SD yielded AUC of 0.866, 0.923, and 0.949 respectively. When compared with radiologists, multivariate models demonstrated higher accuracy (0.800-0.860) and sensitivity (0.794-0.971) than radiologists' assessments (accuracy: 0.700-0.720, sensitivity: 0.588-0.706)., Conclusion: Quantitative measurements on CECT, particularly UP- and heterogeneity-related parameters, have potential to discriminate ccRCC and benign renal tumors (fpAML, RO)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Association of University Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective. To investigate the incremental value of quantitative stratified apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) defined tumor habitats for differentiating triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) from non-TNBC on multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) based feature-fusion radiomics (R FF ) model. Approach. 466 breast cancer patients (54 TNBC, 412 non-TNBC) who underwent routine breast MRIs in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Radiomics features were extracted from whole tumor on T2WI, diffusion-weighted imaging, ADC maps and the 2nd phase of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Four models including the R FF model (fused features from all MRI sequences), R ADC model (ADC radiomics feature), Stratified ADC model (tumor habitas defined on stratified ADC parameters) and combinational R FF -Stratified ADC model were constructed to distinguish TNBC versus non-TNBC. All cases were randomly divided into a training ( n = 337) and test set ( n = 129). The four competing models were validated using the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Main results. Both the R FF and Stratified ADC models demonstrated good performance in distinguishing TNBC from non-TNBC, with best AUCs of 0.818 and 0.773 in the training and test sets. Stratified ADC model revealed significant different tumor habitats (necrosis/cysts habitat, chaotic habitat or proliferative tumor core) between TNBC and non-TNBC with its top three discriminative parameters ( p < 0.05). The integrated R FF -Stratified ADC model demonstrated superior accuracy over the other three models, with higher AUCs of 0.832 and 0.784 in the training and test set, respectively ( p < 0.05). Significance. The R FF -Stratified ADC model through integrating various tumor habitats' information from whole-tumor ADC maps-based Stratified ADC model and radiomics information from mpMRI-based R FF model, exhibits tremendous promise for identifying TNBC., (© 2024 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine.)

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of clinicopathological characteristics and computed tomography (CT) morphological features in predicting lymph node metastasis (LNM) for patients with T1 colorectal cancer (CRC)., Methods: A total of 144 patients with T1 CRC who underwent CT scans and surgical resection were retrospectively included in our study. The clinicopathological characteristics and CT morphological features were assessed by two observers. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify significant LNM predictive variables. Then a model was developed using the independent predictive factors. The predictive model was subjected to bootstrapping validation (1000 bootstrap resamples) to calculate the calibration curve and relative C-index., Results: LNM were found in 30/144 patients (20.83%). Four independent risk factors were determined in the multiple logistic regression analysis, including presence of necrosis (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 10.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.96-54.3, p = 0.004), irregular outer border (adjusted OR = 5.94, 95% CI 1.39-25.45, p = 0.035), and heterogeneity enhancement (adjusted OR = 7.35, 95% CI 3.11-17.38, p = 0.007), as well as tumor location (adjusted OR right-sided colon  = 0.05 [0.01-0.60], p = 0.018; adjusted OR rectum  = 0.22 [0.06-0.83], p = 0.026). In the internal validation cohort, the model showed good calibration and good discrimination with a C-index of 0.89., Conclusions: There are significant associations between lymphatic metastasis status and tumor location as well as CT morphologic features in T1 CRC, which could help the doctor make decisions for additional surgery after endoscopic resection., Key Points: • LNM more frequently occurs in left-sided T1 colon cancer than in right-sided T1 colon and rectal cancer. • CT morphologic features are risk factors for LNM of T1 CRC, which may be related to fundamental biological behaviors. • The combination of tumor location and CT morphologic features can more effectively assist in predicting LNM in patients with T1 CRC, and decrease the rate of unnecessary extra surgeries after endoscopic resection., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to European Society of Radiology.)

Objective: To investigate the predictive value of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) imaging features and clinical factors in identifying the macrotrabecular-massive (MTM) subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) preoperatively., Methods: This retrospective study included 101 consecutive patients with pathology-proven HCC (35 MTM subtype vs . 66 non-MTM subtype) who underwent liver surgery and preoperative CECT scans from January 2017 to November 2021. The imaging features were evaluated by two board-certified abdominal radiologists independently. The clinical characteristics and imaging findings were compared between the MTM and non-MTM subtypes. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association of clinical-radiological variables and MTM-HCCs and develop a predictive model. Subgroup analysis was also performed in BCLC 0-A stage patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis was used to determine the optimal cutoff values and the area under the curve (AUC) was employed to evaluate predictive performance., Results: Intratumor hypoenhancement (odds ratio [OR] = 2.724; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.033, 7.467; p = .045), tumors without enhancing capsules (OR = 3.274; 95% CI: 1.209, 9.755; p = .03), high serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (≥ 228 ng/mL, OR = 4.101; 95% CI: 1.523, 11.722; p = .006) and high hemoglobin (≥ 130.5 g/L; OR = 3.943; 95% CI: 1.466, 11.710; p = .009) were independent predictors for MTM-HCCs. The clinical-radiologic (CR) model showed the best predictive performance, achieving an AUC of 0.793, sensitivity of 62.9% and specificity of 81.8%. The CR model also effectively identify MTM-HCCs in early-stage (BCLC 0-A stage) patients., Conclusion: Combining CECT imaging features and clinical characteristics is an effective method for preoperatively identifying MTM-HCCs, even in early-stage patients. The CR model has high predictive performance and could potentially help guide decision-making regarding aggressive therapies in MTM-HCC patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 He, Zhang, Zhao, Li, Wang, Yao, Wang, Ding, Wei, Yang and Jiang.)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising non-invasive and selective cancer treatment. However, its efficacy is curtailed by tumor hypoxia and high levels of glutathione (GSH) in the tumor and addressing both limitations simultaneously remain challenging. Here, an all-in-one nanoplatform was designed using a GSH-responsive nitric oxide (NO) nano-prodrug that synchronously depletes GSH and relieves hypoxia in tumors, enhancing PDT efficacy. The nano-prodrug PEG-PAMAM-PA/SNO was prepared by integrating the GSH-sensitive NO and pheophorbide A (PA) prodrugs N-acetyl-d-penicillamine thiolactone and PAMAM-PA into polyethylene glycol (PEG), and the NP PA/NO and NP PA were then obtained through nanoprecipitation method. This nanoplatform depletes the intracellular antioxidant, GSH, by integrating GSH-responsive NO prodrug and generating NO that relaxes blood vessels, thereby relieving tumor hypoxia and defeating antioxidant defense system in tumor, while PEGylated PAMAM dendrimers have abundant surface functional groups and can greatly prolong their circulation lifetime in the bloodstream. These effects make this GSH-activatable NO nano-prodrug platform an appealing strategy for enhancing PDT's antitumor effects., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)