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PDZ and LIM domain protein 1 (PDLIM1) is a cytoskeletal protein and is associated with the malignant pathological features of several tumors. However, the prognostic value of PDLIM1 and the molecular mechanisms by which it is involved in the metabolism and progression in gastric cancer (GC) are still unclear. The GEPIA database was used to predict the expression and prognosis of PDLIM1 in GC. qRT-PCR and western blot assays were applied to detect the mRNA and protein expression in GC tissues and cells. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments were performed to evaluate the biological role of PDLIM1 in GC cells. The Warburg effect was detected by a battery of glycolytic indicators. The interaction of PDLIM1 and hexokinase 2 (HK2) was determined by a co-immunoprecipitation assay. Furthermore, the modulatory effects of PDLIM1 and HK2 on Wnt/β-catenin signaling were assessed. The results showed that PDLIM1 expression was upregulated in GC tissues and cells and was associated with a poor prognosis for GC patients. PDLIM1 inhibition reduced GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion and promoted cell apoptosis. In the glucose deprivation (GLU-D) condition, the PDLIM1 level was reduced and PDLIM1 overexpression led to an increase in glycolysis. Besides, mechanistic investigation showed that PDLIM1 interacted with HK2 to mediate biological behaviors and the glycolysis of GC through Wnt/β-catenin signaling under glucose deprivation. In conclusion, PDLIM1 interacts with HK2 to promote gastric cancer progression by enhancing the Warburg effect via Wnt/β-catenin signaling., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is an extremely heterogeneous malignancy with a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) that contributes to unsatisfactory prognosis., Methods: The overall activity score for assessing the immune activity of GC patients was developed based on cancer immune cycle activity index in the Tracking Tumor Immunophenotype (TIP). Genes potentially affected by the overall activity score were screened using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Based on the expression profile data of GC in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, COX analysis was applied to create an immune activity score (IAS). Differences in TME activity in the IAS groups were analyzed. We also evaluated the value of IAS in estimating immunotherapy and chemotherapy response based on immunotherapy cohort. Gene expression in IAS model and cell viability were determined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, respectively., Results: WGCAN analysis screened 629 overall activity score-related genes, which were mainly associated with T cell response and B cell response. COX analysis identified AKAP5, CTLA4, LRRC8C, AOAH-IT1, NPC2, RGS1 and SLC2A3 as critical genes affecting the prognosis of GC, based on which the IAS was developed. Further RT-qPCR analysis data showed that the expression of AKAP5 and CTLA4 was downregulated, while that of LRRC8C, AOAH-IT1, NPC2, RGS1 and SLC2A3 was significantly elevated in GC cell lines. Inhibition of AKAP5 increased cell viability but siAOAH-IT1 promoted viability of GC cells. IAS demonstrated excellent robustness in predicting immunotherapy outcome and GC prognosis, with low-IAS patients having better prognosis and immunotherapy. In addition, resistance to Erlotinib, Rapamycin, MG-132, Cyclopamine, AZ628, and Sorafenib was reduced in patients with low IAS., Conclusion: IAS was a reliable prognostic indicator. For GC patients, IAS showed excellent robustness in predicting GC prognosis, immune activity status, immunotherapy response, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Our study provided novel insights into the prognostic assessment in GC., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests., (©2023 Wu et al.)

Background: Recent studies suggest that tumor fusion burden (TFB) is a hallmark of immune infiltration in prostate cancer, the correlation of TFB with immune microenvironment, and genomic patterns in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSC) remain largely unclear., Methods: Gene fusion, genomic, transcriptomic, and clinical data of HNSC patients from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database were collected to analyze the correlation of TFB with mutation patterns, tumor immune microenvironment, and survival time in HNSC patients., Results: Human papillomavirus (HPV) (-) patients with low TFB exhibited significantly enhanced CD8+ T cells infiltration and cytolysis activity and increased level of interferon-gamma (IL-γ), human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I, and chemokines. Moreover, TFB was positively correlated with TP53 mutation, score of gene copy number, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH), as well as the biological progress of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, and stem cell characteristics. Further analysis revealed that HPV (-) HNSC patients with low TFB have a better prognosis., Conclusions: Our data revealed the correlation of TFB with tumor immune microenvironment and predictive features for immunotherapy, implying tumors with low TFB may be potential candidates for immunotherapeutic agents. Moreover, the TFB low group had prolonged overall survival (OS) in the HPV (-) HNSC cohort., (© 2022 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Colon cancer, as one of the common malignant tumors, has the highest morbidity and mortality. We investigated the clinical significance and possible mechanism of the circular RNA circHIPK2 in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Quantitative analysis of mRNAs, gene microarray hybridization, immunofluorescence, luciferase reporter assay, proliferation assay, EDU staining, subcellular location analysis and Western blotting. circHIPK2 expression was upregulated in patients with CRC compared with paracancerous tissues. In contrast, patients with high circHIPK2 expression had lower overall survival rate and disease-free survival rate than those with low circHIPK2 expression. circHIPK2 expression in normal intestinal epithelial cells was lower than that in CRC cell lines. circHIPK2 promoted CRC progression. miR-485-5p reduced CRC progression. miR-485-5p, as the target of circHIPK2 in CRC model, played a role in promoting CRC progression and expediting HSP90 ubiquitination. HSP90 ubiquitination by miR-485-5p can promote cell proliferation. circHIPK2 has potential clinical significance in CRC progression, which may serve as an exceptional candidate for further therapeutic exploration.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a significant mechanism for chemoresistance to colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment. The RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) is critical for ER stress induction. In the present study, we attempted to explore whether PERK activator CCT020312 (CCT) could be effective for CRC treatment, and reveal the underlying mechanisms. We first found that CCT dose- and time-dependently reduced CRC cell proliferation. Importantly, it markedly improved the chemosensitivity of CRC cells that were drug-sensitive or -resistant to taxol treatment, as evidenced by the significantly decreased cell viability. Moreover, CCT at the non-toxic concentration exhibited obviously synergistic effects with taxol to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase in vitro. In addition, we showed that CCT alone considerably induced ER stress in CRC cells through a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Meanwhile, CCT combined with taxol caused significant ER stress through improving phosphorylated PERK, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2ɑ), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78). More studies showed that the interaction between PERK and GRP78 was a potential target for CCT to perform its regulatory events. Intriguingly, PERK knockdown markedly abolished the regulatory role of CCT and taxol cotreatments in cell proliferation suppression and apoptosis induction, indicating the importance of PERK for CCT to perform its anti-cancer bioactivity. Our in vivo experiments confirmed that CCT plus taxol dramatically reduced tumor growth in CRC xenografts. Together, all these results suggested that promoting PERK activation by CCT may be an effective therapeutic strategy to improve CRC to taxol treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Purpose: Dexamethasone combined with 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists (5-HT3 RA) dual regimen is the standard prophylaxis regimen for patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC). However, it has been found in real-world practice that chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) remains poorly controlled among patients with gastrointestinal tumor, especially in those with high-risk factors for vomiting, such as female, young, and non-alcoholic individuals. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an olanzapine-containing triple regimen in this clinical setting., Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of gastrointestinal tumor patients who received mFOLFOX6, XELOX, or FOLFIRI chemotherapy at two institutions. All patients included were female and less than 55 years old, with no history of drinking. The patients were divided into two groups for olanzapine-containing triple therapy (olanzapine, tropisetron, and dexamethasone) and non-olanzapine dual therapy (tropisetron and dexamethasone). The study outcomes were complete response (CR), complete control (CC), nausea control, and quality of life (QoL) by the functional living index-emesis (FLIE) questionnaire., Results: A total of 93 patients were included in the study (olanzapine: 40; control: 53). The CR rate in the olanzapine group was significantly higher than that in the control group in delayed and overall phase (75.0% vs 54.7%, p=0.044; 70.0% vs 47.2%; p=0.028). The CC rate in the overall phase was also better in the olanzapine group (62.5% vs 39.6%, p=0.029). The control of nausea in the overall phase showed a superior trend in the olanzapine group (p=0.059). The olanzapine group exhibited higher FLIE scores, which demonstrated better QoL. More patients in the olanzapine group exhibited somnolence and dizziness. Conversely, the incidence of insomnia and anorexia in the olanzapine group was lower., Conclusion: This retrospective study indicates that in gastrointestinal tumor patients with high-risk factors for CINV who were receiving MEC, olanzapine-containing triple antiemetic regimen exhibit better efficacy and QoL as compared to non-olanzapine dual regimen. Further randomized studies are required to confirm these results., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2020 Wu et al.)

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is an aggressive malignancy with high lethality. Systematic chemotherapy is the main therapeutic strategy for advanced GC patients. The overexpression of Axl is associated with poor prognosis and regulates tumor growth and metastasis in many types of cancer. However, the role of Axl in GC progression remains elusive., Materials and Methods: Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR assay (RT-PCR) assays were used to detect the expression of Gas6, Axl, ZEB1 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers in GC cells. Cell proliferation was determined by EdU cell proliferation assay and CCK-8 assay. Transwell invasion assay was performed to explore the effect of Axl and ZEB1 on cell invasion. Tumor xenografts and lung metastasis models were conducted to examine the effect of Axl on the growth and lung metastasis of GC cells., Results: In our study, we found that high levels of Gas6 and Axl expression were associated with reduced overall survival (OS) in GC patients and the expression of Gas6 and Axl was upregulated in GC cell lines. Ectopic expression of Axl induced EMT and promoted GC cell invasion and proliferation. The knockdown of Axl inhibited EMT and suppressed the proliferation and invasion of GC cell. In vivo study showed that inhibition of Axl impaired tumor growth and lung metastasis of GC cells. Mechanistic investigations revealed that Axl promoted EMT, invasion, and proliferation via upregulating ZEB1 expression in GC cells., Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that the Gas6/Axl/ZEB1 signaling pathway regulated EMT, invasion, and proliferation in GC cells and might represent a potential therapeutic target for GC treatment., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2020 He et al.)

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of trastuzumab, combined with the FLOT regimen, in the perioperative treatment of resectable HER-2-positive advanced gastric cancer., Methods: Overall, 45 patients were divided into two groups; 29 patients in the experimental group were treated with trastuzumab combined with FLOT and 16 patients in the control group were treated with FLOT alone. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR), and the secondary endpoints were disease control rate (DCR), tumor regression grade (TRG), surgical margin, side effects, and overall survival., Results: In the experimental and control groups, ORR was 72.4% and 43.8% ( p =0.226), DCR was 89.7% and 87.5%, R0 resection rate was 96.5% and 93.7%, total/subtotal tumor regression grade was 17.2% and 6.3%, partial tumor regression grade was 27.6% and 18.7% ( p =0.468), and 2-year survival rate was 78.1% and 73.9% ( p =0.932), respectively. The common side effects were agranulocytosis and vomiting. There was no significant difference between the two groups., Conclusion: Trastuzumab combined with FLOT has a good curative effect and safety profile in the perioperative treatment of patients with resectable HER-2-positive advanced gastric cancer. In addition, trastuzumab + FLOT had the same result as FLOT alone, as there was no significant benefit with the addition of T in the group studied., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2020 Tong et al.)

Background: Immunotherapy and its mechanisms are being studied in a wide variety of cancers. Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) is associated with immune evasion in numerous tumor types. Here, we aimed to assess the relationship between metastasis associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) and PDL1 and examine their effects on gastric cancer (GC) tumor immunity., Methods: The expression of MACC1, c-Met, and PDL1 in human GC tissues was first assessed using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. We then focused on the relationships among MACC1, c-Met, and PDL1 using RT-PCR and western blotting after cell transfection and inhibitor treatment in vitro and on the identification of their roles in immune killing in vitro and in vivo., Results: We found that expression of MACC1, c-Met, and PDL1 was upregulated in human GC tissues, and there was a positive correlation between the expression levels. In addition, we found that ectopic expression of MACC1 (silencing and overexpression by transfection) resulted in corresponding changes in c-Met and PDL1 expression levels, and c-Met/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors (SU11274, MK2206, and rapamycin) blocked the regulation of PDL1 expression by MACC1. Furthermore, silencing of MACC1 led to an increase in antitumor and immune killing in vitro and in vivo, and overexpression of MACC1 resulted in a decrease in tumor immunity in vitro and in vivo., Conclusions: From these data, we infer that MACC1 regulates PDL1 expression and tumor immunity through the c-Met/AKT/mTOR pathway in GC cells and suggest that MACC1 may be a therapeutic target for GC immunotherapy., (© 2019 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Advanced gastric cancer (aGC) has a high global incidence and a high mortality rate and because of its high malignancy and heterogeneity, the existing methods for prognosis are limited, and a new treatment model is necessary. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) could be considered as a "liquid biopsy" for tumor diagnosis and for monitoring treatment responses and predicting clinical outcome. Clinical studies support the efficacy of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) immunotherapy in a subset of aGC., Methods: Cell capture efficiency, as described by the CanPatrol CTC enrichment technique, was validated using artificial blood samples as well as blood samples from 32 aGC patients. Clinicopathologic data of patients were collected from the hospital information system. We used CanPatrol for CTC isolation, classification, and clinical analysis., Results: A cell capture efficiency of >80% was achieved. Significant correlation was observed between CTC enumeration and clinicopathology parameters, including the Lauren classification (r=0.470, P=0.008), perineural invasion (r=0.393, P=0.029), TNM stage (r=0.740, P<0.001), and Ki-67 level (r=0.510, P=0.005). When compared to the traditional methods, monitoring CTC subtypes exhibits higher sensitivity of evaluating the disease status. Enumeration of epithelial CTC subset and its relative abundance in the total CTC pool are highly correlated with clinical efficacy. CTC programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) could be successfully detected for immunotherapy in addition to PD-L1 immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability., Conclusion: We provide a new method that allows for the simple and effective detection of CTCs in aGC. It has potential clinical applications in monitoring prognosis and guiding future individualized immunotherapy., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2019 Cheng et al.)