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Gravitropism is an adaptive reaction of plants associated with the ability of various plant organs to be located and to grow in a certain direction relative to the gravity vector, while usually the asymmetric distribution of the phytohormone auxin is a necessary condition for the gravitropical bending of plant organs. Earlier, we described significant morphological changes in phloem fibers with a thickened cell wall located on different sides of the stem in the area of the gravitropic curvature. The present study is the first work devoted to the identification of genes encoding auxin transporters in cells at different stages of development and during gravity response. In this study, the flax genes encoding the AUX1/LAX, PIN-FORMED, PIN-LIKES, and ABCB auxin transporters were identified. A comparative analysis of the expression of these genes in flax phloem fibers at different stages of development revealed increased expression of some of these genes at the stage of intrusive growth (LusLAX2 (A, B), LuxPIN1-D, LusPILS7 (C, D)), at the early stage of tertiary cell wall formation (LusAUX1 (A, D), LusABCB1 (A, B), LusABCB15-A, LusPIN1 (A, B), LusPIN4-A, and LusPIN5-A), and at the late stage of tertiary cell wall development (LusLAX3 (A, B)). It was shown that in the course of gravitropism, the expression of many genes, including those responsible for the influx of auxin in cells (LusAUX1-D), in the studied families increased. Differential expression of auxin transporter genes was revealed during gravity response in fibers located on different sides of the stem (upper (PUL) and lower (OPP)). The difference was observed due to the expression of genes, the products of which are responsible for auxin intracellular transport (LusPILS3, LusPILS7-A) and its efflux (LusABCB15-B, LusABCB19-B). It was noted that the increased expression of PIN genes and ABCB genes was more typical of fibers on the opposite side. The results obtained allow us to make an assumption about the presence of differential auxin content in the fibers of different sides of gravistimulated flax plants, which may be determined by an uneven outflow of auxin. This study gives an idea of auxin carriers in flax and lays the foundation for further studies of their functions in the development of phloem fiber and in gravity response., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © AUTHORS.)

Background and Aims: Plant cell enlargement is unambiguously coupled to changes in cell wall architecture, and as such various studies have examined the modification of the proportions and structures of glucuronoarabinoxylan and mixed-linkage glucan in the course of cell elongation in grasses. However, there is still no clear understanding of the mutual arrangement of these matrix polymers with cellulose microfibrils and of the modification of this architecture during cell growth. This study aimed to determine the correspondence between the fine structure of grass cell walls and the course of the elongation process in roots of maize (Zea mays)., Methods: Enzymatic hydrolysis followed by biochemical analysis of derivatives was coupled with immunohistochemical detection of cell wall epitopes at different stages of cell development in a series of maize root zones., Key Results: Two xylan-directed antibodies (LM11 and ABX) have distinct patterns of primary cell wall labelling in cross-sections of growing maize roots. The LM11 epitopes were masked by mixed-linkage glucan and were revealed only after lichenase treatment. They could be removed from the section by xylanase treatment. Accessibility of ABX epitopes was not affected by the lichenase treatment. Xylanase treatment released only part of the cell wall glucuronoarabinoxylan and produced two types of products: high-substituted (released in polymeric form) and low-substituted (released as low-molecular-mass fragments). The amount of the latter was highly correlated with the amount of mixed-linkage glucan., Conclusions: Three domains of glucuronoarabinoxylan were determined: one separating cellulose microfibrils, one interacting with them and a middle domain between the two, which links them. The middle domain is masked by the mixed-linkage glucan. A model is proposed in which the mixed-linkage glucan serves as a gel-like filler of the space between the separating domain of the glucuronoarabinoxylan and the cellulose microfibrils. Space for glucan is provided along the middle domain, the proportion of which increases during cell elongation., (© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The cell wall of the same type - phloem fibers (Linum usitatissimum L.), active forming the thick secondary cell wall, - was obtained. Weakly bound cell wall proteins of phloem fibers were extracted and it subsequent separation and obtaining mass spectra was carried out. For identification and attachment of identified proteins to a specific cell compartments a variety ofbioinformatics methods was used. Were identified 93 proteins, many of which were defined as predicted, putative or hypothetical. At the same 21 proteins were identified as cell-wall protein. The absence of such marker proteins of the primary cell wall as xyloglucan-endotransglycosilase, expansins indirectly confirms that in the sample for extraction of proteins dominated the secondary cell wall.

Two physiologically active oligosaccharide fractions were isolated from pectin of Pisum sativum L. cell wall after its partial acid hydrolysis. These fractions displayed stimulating and inhibiting effects on root formation in thin-layer explants. The subsequent separation of these fractions by gel permeation and anion-exchange chromatography resulted in fractions with effective concentrations two orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations of the initial fractions. The resulting oligosaccharides displayed their effect on the earliest stage of the rhizogenesis associated with formation of root primordias. The rhizogenesis-inhibiting fraction suppressed cell division by 30-50%. The stimulating fraction mainly contained fragments of xyloglucan and galactan, and the inhibiting fraction contained fragments of xyloglucan, galactan, and arabinan. The polymerization degrees of the stimulating and of the inhibiting oligosaccharides were 10-11 and 5-6, respectively.