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The present research attempts to non-destructively characterize mechanical properties, which are representative of the interfacial adhesion and bond line cohesion of adhesively bonded assemblies, using an ultrasonic method. Eight bonded samples made of two aluminium substrates and of an epoxy-based adhesive layer were manufactured: four in which the adhesive is fully cured (100%) and four in which crosslinking is partial (80%). For each level of curing, four different surface treatments were applied to the aluminium substrates before assembling, in order to vary the quality of adhesion. Ultrasonic plane wave transmission coefficients (UPWTC) were either measured in a water tank, or simulated using the well-known stiffness matrix method that micmics the experiments, to produce input data for the inverse problem. This latest consists in the evaluation of the elastic properties of either the adhesive bond or the interphases between both substrates and the adhesive layer. If the interphases are of nominal quality, the values of the inferred properties of the adhesive bond match those previously measured on individual epoxy samples, whether the epoxy is fully or partially cured. However, when interphases are not of nominal quality level, the optimized bond moduli reveal an apparent anisotropy, although the epoxy layer is known to be isotropic. This apparent anisotropy is explained by an analytical rule of mixture, thus giving confidence in the proposed ultrasonic technique, which is then suggested as a potential way to detect weaknesses of interphases. Finally, the optimization of the interphases elastic properties is carried out. The measured normal and shear stiffnesses are shown to decrease as the interphases get degraded. All ultrasonically-measured parameters (apparent anisotropy of the bond and interfacial stiffnesses) vary monotonically with the bonds strength, which was measured via mechanical tests. The proposed UPWTC method was shown to have a strong potential to distinguish between adhesive and cohesive weaknesses of bonded joints, and to estimate corresponding mechanical properties., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Epoxy crosslinked microparticles were synthesized from the reaction between diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and a diamino hardener, through precipitation polymerization in a polypropylene glycol solvent. The influence of the monomer concentration, the amine/epoxy stoichiometric ratio, the reaction temperature and the structure of the diamine (aromatic or cycloaliphatic) were investigated, since these parameters may affect the structure and properties of the particles. Morphological analysis revealed that, in all cases, spherical particles were obtained with diameters ranging from 1 to 6 μm. The glass transition temperatures of the particles was found to vary between 130 and 160 °C using the aromatic diamine and between 116 and 141 °C using the cycloaliphatic diamine. It was also found that the effective stoichiometry of the particles was different from the initial stoichiometry in the feed solution., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The cationic framework structure of a whole new family of compounds with the general formula Bi(2(n + 2))Mo(n)O(6(n + 1)) (n = 3, 4, 5 and 6) has been elucidated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has been used to postulate heavy-atom models based on the known structure of the n = 3 phase, Bi(10)Mo(3)O(24). These models were tested by HRTEM image simulation, electron diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction simulation methods which agreed with the experimental results. The four known phases of this family correspond to n = 3, 4, 5 and 6 members and all show fluorite superstructures. They consist of a common delta-Bi(2)O(3) fluorite-type framework, inside of which are distributed ribbons of {MoO(4)} tetrahedra which are infinite along b, one tetrahedron thick along c, and of variable widths of 3, 4, 5 or 6 {MoO(4)} tetrahedra along a depending on the family member (n value). These {MoO(4)} tetrahedra are isolated, i.e. without sharing any corner as in the [Bi(12)O(14)] columnar structural-type phase Bi[Bi(12)O(14)][MoO(4)](4)[VO(4)]. The structure of all these family members can be described as crystallographic shear derivatives from Aurivillius-type phases such as Bi(2)MoO(6), the n = infinity end member. All these compounds are good oxygen-ion conductors.

Rheology of sepiolite-based epoxy suspensions as well as morphology and dynamic mechanical properties of the corresponding nanocomposites are discussed in this paper. The influence of the type of sepiolite used, i.e. non-modified, aminosilane and glycidylsilane surface modified, and of the process developed to prepare the epoxy suspensions were investigated. Except for low amount of filler, a shear thinning behavior was observed in the others sepiolite-based epoxy suspensions. The interactions developed between the sepiolite and the epoxy matrix are responsible for the magnitude of the shear thinning effect and are related to the morphology of the nanocomposites. The best dispersion of sepiolite was achieved using either an emulsion process or a glycidyl functionalized sepiolite.

A gamma-ray source with an intense component around the giant dipole resonance for photonuclear absorption has been obtained via bremsstrahlung of electron bunches driven by a 10-TW tabletop laser. 3D particle-in-cell simulation proves the achievement of a nonlinear regime leading to efficient acceleration of several sequential electron bunches per each laser pulse. The rate of the gamma-ray yield in the giant dipole resonance region (8

This work reports the successful use of a combination of non-conventional methods of synthesis (mechanosynthesis) and sintering (spark plasma sintering, SPS) for the preparation of nanostructured 0.92PbZn(1/3)Nb(2/3)O(3)-0.08PbTiO(3) (PZN-PT) ceramics. With this approach we achieve not only the stabilization of the PZN-PT perovskite phase in ceramics when sintering is carried out at temperatures between 823 and 873 K, but also good control of the grain growth, necessary to produce nanostructured materials with grain sizes of 15-20 nm. This reduction of the size results in relaxor-type electric behaviour.

An interactive multimedia tool, Nuclides.net, has been developed at the Institute for Transuranium Elements. The Nuclides.net "integrated environment" is a suite of computer programs ranging from a powerful user-friendly interface, which allows the user to navigate the nuclides chart and explore the properties of nuclides, to various computational modules for decay calculations, dosimetry and shielding calculations, etc. The product is particularly suitable for environmental radioprotection and radioecology. Detailed descriptions of Nuclides.net and some potential applications in radioprotection and radioecology are presented.

The relaxor-type behavior, electrical polarization buildup, and switching in 0.92Pb(Zn(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-0.08PbTiO(3) nanostructured ceramics with a grain size of approximately 20 nm is reported for the first time. This composition presents the highest-known piezoelectric coefficients, yet phase stability is an issue. Ceramics can only be obtained by the combination of mechanosynthesis and spark-plasma sintering. The results raise the possibility of using nanoscale, perovskite-relaxor-based morphotropic-phase-boundary materials for sensing and actuation in nanoelectromechanical systems.

The microstructure, thermal stability, surface energy, and swelling characteristics of two kinds of commercial organoclays, before and after washing treatment with a mixture of H2O/ethanol, were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), wettability measurement, and swelling measurement. This study demonstrates that the external-surface physically adsorbed surfactant can be removed after washing treatment, resulting in an increase in thermal stability and a decrease in surface energy of the resultant organoclays. Organoclays are difficult to be introduced into a solvent when their surface energies are lower than that of the solvent. On the other hand, the organoclay with gamma(organoclay) < gamma(solvent) is easier to be swollen and expandable by the solvent. The swelling and basal spacing measurements of the organoclays introduced into organic media indicate that the swelling factor and the interlayer swelling are two independent parameters. Both the polar character of the solvent and the swelling capacity of clay have a prominent effect on the interlayer swelling of the organoclays.

The grafting reaction between a trifunctional silylating agent and two kinds of 2:1 type layered silicates was studied using FTIR, XRD, TGA, and 29Si CP/MAS NMR. XRD patterns clearly indicate the introduction of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (gamma-APS) into the clay interlayer. In the natural montmorillonite, gamma-APS adopts a parallel-bilayer arrangement, while it adopts a parallel-monolayer arrangement in the synthetic fluorohectorite. These different silane arrangements have a prominent effect on the mechanism of the condensation reaction within the clay gallery. In natural montmorillonite, the parallel-bilayer arrangement of gamma-APS results in bidentate (T2) and tridendate (T3) molecular environments, while the parallel-monolayer arrangement leads to monodentate (T1), as indicated by 29Si CP/MAS NMR spectra. This study demonstrates that the silylation reaction and the interlayer microstructure of the grafting products strongly depend on the original clay materials.

Molecular simulation techniques are used to find the basal spacing of organoclay on the basis of the energy minimum, using the canonical NVT ensemble. Then, the interlayer structure and mobility of alkyl chains are explored based on the interlayer atomic density profiles. Besides the basic lateral-monolayer arrangement, lateral-bilayer accompanied by partial a pseudo-trilayer and a transition structure between the two basic lateral models are observed. The later provides an excellent explanation about the reflection at 16 angstroms on XRD patterns in the literature. The atomic density profiles reveal that nitrogen atoms show stronger layering behavior than carbon atoms do. Our simulation demonstrates that the molecular mobility of the confined alkyl chains decreases from lateral-monolayer to lateral-bilayer with the increase of the intercalated surfactant. This is in accordance with the suggestion deduced from experiments. Furthermore, our simulation indicates that the mobility of the alkyl chains strongly depends on the surfactant arrangement rather than the surfactant packing density.

New hybrid nanocomposites based on a methacrylate functionalized titanium-oxo cluster as nano-cross-linker show improved mechanical properties, optical transparency and photochromic activity.

A beam of MeV protons, accelerated by ultraintense laser-pulse interactions with a thin target foil, is used to investigate nuclear reactions of interest for spallation physics. The laser-generated proton beam is shown (protons were measured) to have a broad energy distribution, which closely resembles the expected energy spectrum of evaporative protons (below 50 MeV) produced in GeV-proton-induced spallation reactions. The protons are used to quantify the distribution of residual radioisotopes produced in a representative spallation target (Pb), and the results are compared with calculated predictions based on spectra modeled with nuclear Monte Carlo codes. Laser-plasma particle accelerators are shown to provide data relevant to the design and development of accelerator driven systems.

Malaria is a major health concern particularly in Africa which has about 90% of the worldwide annual clinical cases. The increasing number of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum justifies the search for new drugs in this field. Antimalarial activity of 2-substituted 6-nitro- and 6-amino-benzothiazoles and their anthranilic acids has been tested. An in vitro study has been performed on W2 and 3D7 strains of P. falciparum and on clinical isolates from malaria-infected patients. Toxicity has been assessed on THP1 human monocytic cells. For the most active drug candidates, the in vitro study was followed by in vivo assays on P. berghei-infected mice and by in vitro assays in order to determine the stage-dependency and the mechanism of action. Of 39 derivatives tested in vitro, 2 had specific antimalarial properties. Each compound was active on all stages of the parasite, but one was markedly active on mature schizonts, while the other was more active on young schizont forms. Both drugs were also active on mitochondrial membrane potential. In vivo data confirmed efficiency with a sustained decrease of parasitaemia. Products A12 and C7 may be considered as potential antimalarial worthy of further chemical and biological research.

Although widely used, the most promising Li-based technologies still suffer from a lack of suitable electrodes. There is therefore a need to seek new materials concepts to satisfy the increasing demands for energy storage worldwide. Here we report on a new layered electrode material, Cu(2.33)V(4)O(11), which shows a sustainable reversible capacity of 270 mA h g(-1) at a voltage of about 2.7 V, and electrochemically reacts with Li in an unusual and spectacular way. The reaction entails a reversible Li-driven displacement process leading to the growth and disappearance of Cu dendrites with a concomitant reversible decomposition and recrystallization of the initial electrode material. We show from structural considerations that the uniqueness of Cu(2.33)V(4)O(11) is rooted in the peculiar flexibility of the stacked [V(4)O(11)](n) layers, which is due to the presence of pivot oxygen atoms. Fully reversible displacement reactions could provide a new direction for developing an alternative class of higher energy density Li storage electrodes.

Single crystals of the title compound have been prepared hydrothermally. Vanadate tetrahedra and distorted oxovanadium octahedra form layers, linked by two independent Cu atoms located on inversion centres. Each Cu atom is surrounded by six O atoms, forming an octahedron distorted by Jahn-Teller elongation. One of the two independent interlayer spaces bridged by the Cu atoms is significantly more compact than the other.

The phase transition from the low- (beta) to the high-temperature (alpha) form of acetonitrile, CH(3)CN, has been directly observed and studied on a unique single crystal. Both the beta and alpha structures have been determined at temperatures close to the transition temperature (206 K and 201 K), taking advantage of the hysteresis. A single crystal of the beta form was obtained for the first time.

The title compound, diammonium aqua-mu-carbonato-tri-mu-oxalato-dineodymium(III) hydrate, (NH(4))(2)[Nd(2)(CO(3))(C(2)O(4))(3)(H(2)O)].H(2)O, involving the two ligands oxalate and carbonate, has been prepared hydrothermally as single crystals. The Nd atoms form a tetranuclear unit across the inversion centre at (1/2, 1/2, 1/2). Starting from this tetranuclear unit, the oxalate ligands serve to develop a three-dimensional network. The carbonate group acts as a bis-chelating ligand to two Nd atoms, and is monodentate to a third Nd atom. The oxalate groups are all bis-chelating. The two independent Nd atoms are ninefold coordinated and the coordination polyhedron of these atoms is a distorted monocapped antiprism.

A single crystal of KVTeO(5), potassium vanadium tellurite, has been grown. The present structure determination has been conducted together with the refinement of the NaVTeO(5) homologue, sodium vanadium tellurite, for the sake of precise comparison. The network consists of [VTeO(5)](n) ribbons built up by VO(4) tetrahedra linking centrosymmetric Te(2)O(6) groups and stacked along the [010] direction; the alkali cations are intercalated in between. The Te(IV) atom exhibits a typical one-sided coordination number (CN) of 4, completed by a lone pair, which forms a distorted triangular bipyramid with the four O atoms.

This paper presents structural studies on crystalline and liquid AsCl(3), performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) in the 176-250 K temperature range and at 295 K for the crystalline and liquid samples, respectively. The XRD results, collected using a single-crystal diffractometer, show that AsCl(3) crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with P2(1)2(1)2(1) space group and the unit cell parameters a = 9.475(3) A, b = 11.331(2) A, and c = 4.2964(8) A at 221 K. This structure is stable in the temperature range 176-243 K. Above the melting point, at 257 K, transition to the liquid state is observed. The WAXS data were recorded up to a maximum scattering vector K(max) = 16 A(-1) and then converted to real space by the sine Fourier transform, yielding to the reduced radial distribution function (RRDF). For a series of models, based on the crystalline AsCl(3) structure, the intensity and RRDF functions have been computed and compared with the experimental data. These simulations indicate that the model consisting of six AsCl(3) molecules, arranged along the y axis, accounts satisfactorily for the experimental observation. The results of the structure analysis in both crystalline and liquid states are discussed in relation to the influence of the As lone electron pair.

A single crystal of MoVAlO7, vanadium aluminium molybdate, has been grown. The present structure determination is more precise than a previous powder-pattern investigation [Knorr, Jacubus, Dabrowska & Kurzawa (1998). Eur. J. Solid State Inorg. Chem. 35, 519-530]. A three-dimensional [MoAlO6](3n-)n network surrounds infinite strings of [VO]3+ groups [V-O = 1.586 (4) A] lying in the mirror planes.

Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN), a well-known relaxor ferroelectric material, and a related pyrochlore phase have been studied by single- and triple-quantum 93Nb MAS NMR spectroscopy. The assignment of the NMR resonances has been attempted.

Serum levels following repeated injections of cefotaxime in adults and kinetic data in children and neonates are reported. An outline of cefotaxime metabolism is shown. A review of the literature on fluid and tissue concentrations is collected in this study.