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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are usually modified and passivated to improve their performance and stability. The interface modification and bulk doping are the two basic strategies. Fluorine (F)-containing materials are highly favored because of their unique hydrophobicity and coordination ability. This review discusses the basic characteristics of F, and the basic principles of improving the photovoltaic performance and stability of PSC devices using F-containing materials. We systematically summarized the latest progress in the application of F-containing materials to achieve efficient and stable PSCs on several key interface layers. It is believed that this work will afford significant understanding and inspirations toward the future application directions of F-containing materials in PSCs, and provide profound insights for the development of efficient and stable PSCs., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Objectives: Chinese classical gardens, designated as a vital world cultural heritage, embody a lasting legacy transcending generation. Despite the cultural importance of these gardens, a notable research gap exists in deciphering the nuanced emotional and physiological responses triggered by individual elements within classical garden landscapes. Our research question aims to uncover the specific emotional and physiological impacts of key garden elements-plants, architecture, waterscape, and rockery-on visitors, with a particular focus on the Humble Administrator's Garden. These elements serve as the primary subjects for video capture at four sites. Study Design: A within-subject design experiment was used. Methods: Videos were recorded at these sites, encompassing visual, auditory, and tactile elements. Ninety-five participants watched these videos in an indoor setting. While viewing, we measured participants' physiological responses, including heart rate variability, skin conductance, and skin temperature, will be monitored alongside subjective assessments obtained through self-reported questionnaires such as the Emotional Perception Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Scale. Results: Findings suggest that while all landscape types evoke positive emotions, natural elements exert a more profound influence. Additionally, the Large Rockery emerges as a focal point, indicating enhanced emotional relaxation through auditory and tactile stimuli, particularly among younger individuals. Conclusions: This research contributes to the broader understanding of how classical gardens impact human emotions and well-being, offering insights that can inform future landscape design and promote mental health in diverse cultural contexts., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Organic transformation by light-driven catalysis, especially, photocatalysis and photothermal catalysis, denoted as photo(thermal) catalysis, is an efficient, green, and economical route to produce value-added compounds. In recent years, owing to their diverse structure types, tunable pore sizes, and abundant active sites, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based photo(thermal) catalysis has attracted broad interest in organic transformations. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and systematic overview of MOF-based photo(thermal) catalysis for organic transformations. First, the general mechanisms, unique advantages, and strategies to improve the performance of MOFs in photo(thermal) catalysis are discussed. Then, outstanding examples of organic transformations over MOF-based photo(thermal) catalysis are introduced according to the reaction type. In addition, several representative advanced characterization techniques used for revealing the charge reaction kinetics and reaction intermediates of MOF-based organic transformations by photo(thermal) catalysis are presented. Finally, the prospects and challenges in this field are proposed. This review aims to inspire the rational design and development of MOF-based materials with improved performance in organic transformations by photocatalysis and photothermal catalysis.

Interface modification and bulk doping are two major strategies to improve the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Dipolar molecules are highly favored due to their unique dipolarity. This review discusses the basic concepts and characteristics of dipoles. In addition, the role of dipoles in PSCs and the corresponding conventional characterization methods for dipoles are introduced. Then, we systematically summarize the latest progress in achieving efficient and stable PSCs in dipole materials at several key interfaces. Finally, we look forward to the future application directions of dipole molecules in PSCs, aiming at providing deep insight and inspiration for developing efficient and stable PSCs., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Aim: To understand the real experience of family members of patients in neurosurgical intensive care unit (NICU) during intra-hospital transport (IHT), explore their inner needs and provide effective intervention measures for the construction of standardized IHT plan., Design: A descriptive qualitative study., Methods: For the purposes of this study, 10 family members of IHT patients were included using a purposive sampling method. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to collect the data, Nvivo 11 software was used to organize the data, and Colaizzi's 7-step descriptive phenomenology method was used to analyse the data., Results: A total of three themes and nine subthemes were extracted, namely: Experience of emotional changes at different stages (uncertainty before transfer, complex internal activity during transit, ambivalence after transfer); Perception of problems in IHT (poor doctor-patient communication, weak awareness of risk assessment, deficiencies in the transfer procedure); Consciousness of the real needs (emotional respect and closeness, stay informed of the progression of the disease, greater social support)., Conclusion: Family members of patients in the NICU have complex internal experiences and multiple support needs during IHT, reflecting the need for further standardization of the transport process. In the future, we should improve the mode of safe IHT involving doctors, nurses and family members of patients, ensure the safety of patient transport, meet the social support needs of family members and improve the experience of IHT and the medical satisfaction of family members., (© 2024 The Author(s). Nursing Open published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Hydrogen production from photocatalysis via the usage of multicomponent photocatalysts represents a promising pathway for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, owing to their structural advantages in dealing with the three crucial processes in photocatalysis, namely, light harvesting, charge transfer, and surface redox reactions. We demonstrate the fabrication of a MOF-based multicomponent photocatalyst, denoted as semiconductor/MOF/cocatalyst, by a one-pot electrochemical synthetic route. The as-fabricated multicomponent photocatalyst has a clean interface among the components, leading to close connections that contribute to high-quality heterojunction and facilitate photogenerated charge transfer and separation, thereby the efficient hydrogen evolution. The hydrogen production rate of the resultant ZrO 2 /Zr-MOF/Pt is 1327 μmol ⋅ g -1  ⋅ h -1 , which is much higher than that of ZrO 2 /Zr-MOF (15 μmol ⋅ g -1  ⋅ h -1 ) and pure Zr-MOF (10.1 μmol ⋅ g -1  ⋅ h -1 ), as well as the photodeposited-Pt products ZrO 2 /Zr-MOF/Pt PD (287 μmol ⋅ g -1  ⋅ h -1 ) and Zr-MOF/Pt PD (192 μmol ⋅ g -1  ⋅ h -1 ) obtained by the step-wise synthetic approach. The work gives a good inspiration for the rational design and construction of MOF-based multicomponent photocatalysts through the one-pot electrosynthesis., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Background . Characteristics of X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS) in a cohort of Chinese children. Methods . This work is a retrospective study covering the clinical information, pathological data, and gene sequencing results of 32 cases with XLAS from 2011 to 2022. Results . Among these 32 patients, the youngest age of onset was 3 months. Renal biopsy was performed on 29 children. The lamellated glomerular basement membrane was observed in 19 children using electron microscopy (65.5%). Of the 26 samples tested, 73.1% were found to be negative for collagen-a5 under immunohistochemical staining, showing clinical significance. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) detected 27 pathogenic gene mutations. A total of 15.4% of patients carried de novo mutations. Conclusions . The boys with XLAS showed more typical pathological performance than the girls. Patients with severe mutation were more likely to have proteinuria and hearing impairment. Renal pathology combined with NSG is an important means of diagnosis of AS., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

Nickel-iron-based layered double hydroxides (NiFe-LDHs) are promising catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) because of their high activity, availability, and low cost. Defect engineering, particularly the formation of oxygen vacancies, can improve the catalytic activity of NiFe-LDHs. However, the controllable introduction of uniform oxygen vacancies remains challenging. Herein, an n -butyllithium treatment method is developed to tune oxygen vacancy defects and change the degree of amorphization in NiFe-LDHs via deep reduction, followed by partial oxidization at low temperatures. Interestingly, the Ni in the NiFe-LDHs is selectively reduced to the alloy state by n -butyllithium, whereas Fe is not. The different structural transformations of Ni and Fe during the treatment successfully produce an oxygen-defect-rich amorphous/crystalline electrocatalyst. Under optimal conditions, the treated NiFe-LDHs exhibit high OER activity with an overpotential of 223 mV at 10 mA cm -2 (68 mV lower than that of a commercial IrO 2 electrocatalyst) and long-term stability. Notably, the n -butyllithium treatment can be applied to other electrocatalysts, such as CoFe-LDHs and IrO 2 (treated IrO 2 with an overpotential of 197 mV at 10 mA cm -2 ). This n -butyllithium reduction/partial oxidization treatment constitutes a novel top-down strategy for the controllable modification of metal oxide structures, with various energy-related applications.

Electroreduction of carbon dioxide into readily collectable and high-value carbon-based fuels is greatly significant to overcome the energy and environmental crises yet challenging in the development of robust and highly efficient electrocatalysts. Herein, a bismuth (Bi) heterophase electrode with enriched amorphous/crystalline interfaces was fabricated via cathodically in situ transformation of Bi-based metal-phenolic complexes (Bi-tannic acid, Bi-TA). Compared with amorphous or crystalline Bi catalyst, the amorphous/crystalline structure Bi leads to significantly enhanced performance for CO 2 electroreduction. In a liquid-phase H-type cell, the Faraday efficiency (FE) of formate formation is over 90% in a wide potential range from -0.8 to -1.3 V, demonstrating a high selectivity toward formate. Moreover, in a flow cell, a large current density reaching 600 mA cm -2 can further be rendered for formate production. Theoretical calculations indicate that the amorphous/crystalline Bi heterophase interface exhibits a favorable adsorption of CO 2 and lower energy barriers for the rate-determining step compared with the crystalline Bi counterparts, thus accelerating the reaction process. This work paves the way for the rational design of advanced heterointerface catalysts for CO 2 reduction.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a novel class of crystalline inorganic-organic hybrid materials with tunable semiconducting behavior. MOFs have potential for application in photocatalysis to produce sustainable solar fuels, owing to their unique structural advantages (such as clarity and modifiability) that can facilitate a deeper understanding of the structure-activity relationship in photocatalysis. This review takes the photocatalytic active sites as a particular perspective, summarizing the progress of MOF-based photocatalysis for solar fuel production; mainly including three categories of solar-chemical conversions, photocatalytic water splitting to hydrogen fuel, photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction to hydrocarbon fuels, and photocatalytic nitrogen fixation to high-energy fuel carriers such as ammonia. This review focuses on the types of active sites in MOF-based photocatalysts and discusses their enhanced activity based on the well-defined structure of MOFs, offering deep insights into MOF-based photocatalysis., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Aim: To select and obtain relevant evidence of airway management in adult critically ill patients at home and abroad, formulate clinical quality review indicators based on evidence and analyse obstacle factors and promoting factors in evidence-based nursing practice. To promote standardized ICU airway management evidence-based nursing practice to provide the basis., Design: Obstacle factor analysis., Methods: Take the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) evidence-based healthcare model as theoretical guidance, establish evidence-based problems, form a team, systematically search for literature, evaluate quality and summarize evidence, establish quality review indicators and review methods, analyse obstacles and facilitating factors based on the review results and formulate corresponding action strategies., Results: According to the 29 best evidences, 21 review indicators were developed. Through the results of clinical quality review, the main barriers to evidence-based practice were analysed: the lack of nurse training and relevant evidence-based knowledge at the practitioner level, the lack of standardized procedures for airway management and the lack of materials at the system level., Conclusion: There is a big gap between airway management evidence and clinical practice in critically ill adult patients. Therefore, improvement measures should be formulated for obstacle factors to promote effective transformation of evidence into clinical practice., (© 2021 The Authors. Nursing Open published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

To meet the ever-increasing global demand for energy, conversion of solar energy to chemical/thermal energy is very promising. Light-mediated catalysis, including photocatalysis (organic transformations, water splitting, CO 2 reduction, etc.) and photothermal catalysis play key roles in solar to chemical/thermal energy conversion via the light-matter interaction. The major challenges in traditional semiconductor photocatalysts include insufficient sunlight utilization, charge carrier recombination, limited exposure of active sites, and particularly the difficulty of understanding the structure-activity relationship. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), featuring semiconductor-like behavior, have recently captured broad interest toward photocatalysis and photothermal catalysis because of their well-defined and tailorable porous structures, high surface areas, etc. These advantages are beneficial for rational structural modulation for improved light harvesting and charge separation as well as other effects, greatly helping to address the aforementioned challenges and especially facilitating the establishment of the structure-activity relationship. Therefore, it is increasingly important to summarize this research field and provide in-depth insight into MOF-based photocatalysis and photothermal catalysis to accelerate the future development. In this Account, we have summarized the recent advances in these two directly relevant applications, photocatalysis and photothermal catalysis, mainly focusing on the results in our lab. Given the unique structural features of MOFs, we have put an emphasis on rational material design to optimize the components and performance and to understand related mechanisms behind the enhanced activity. This Account starts by presenting an overview of solar energy conversion by catalysis. We explain why MOFs can be promising photocatalysts and exemplify the semiconductor-like behavior of MOFs. More importantly, we show that MOFs provide a powerful platform to study photocatalysis, in which the involved three key processes, namely, light harvesting, electron-hole separation, and surface redox reactions, can be rationally improved. Meanwhile, the structure-activity relationship and charge separation dynamics are illustrated in this part. In addition, MOFs for photothermal catalysis have been introduced that are based on the photothermal effect of plasmonic metals and/or MOFs, together with light-driven electronic state optimization of active sites, toward enhanced heterogeneous organic reactions. Finally, our brief outlooks on the current challenges and future development of MOF photocatalysis and photothermal catalysis are provided. It is believed that this Account will afford significant understanding and inspirations toward solar energy conversion over MOF-based catalysts.

A wide range of light absorption and rapid electron-hole separation are desired for efficient photocatalysis. Herein, on the basis of a semiconductor-like metal-organic framework (MOF), a Pt@MOF/Au catalyst with two types of metal-MOF interfaces integrates the surface plasmon resonance excitation of Au nanorods with a Pt-MOF Schottky junction, which not only extends the light absorption of the MOF from the UV to the visible region but also greatly accelerates charge transfer. The spatial separation of Pt and Au particles by the MOF further steers the formation of charge flow and expedites the charge migration. As a result, the Pt@MOF/Au presents an exceptionally high photocatalytic H 2 production rate by water splitting under visible light irradiation, far superior to Pt/MOF/Au, MOF/Au and other counterparts with similar Pt or Au contents, highlighting the important role of each component and the Pt location in the catalyst., (© 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Porous nanostructured materials are demonstrated to be very promising in catalysis due to their well accessible active sites. Thermally stable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as hard templates are successfully utilized to afford porous metal oxides and subsequently metal sulfides by a nanocasting method. The resultant metal oxides/sulfides show considerable Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas, by partially inheriting the pore character of MOF templates. Preliminary investigation on the obtained hierarchically porous CdS for water splitting, as a proof of concept, demonstrates its much higher activity than both corresponding bulk and nanosized counterparts, under visible light irradiation. Given the structural diversity and tailorability of MOFs, such synthetic approach may open an avenue to the synthesis of advanced porous materials for functional applications., (© 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Improving the efficiency of electron-hole separation and charge-carrier utilization plays a central role in photocatalysis. Herein, Pt nanoparticles of ca. 3 nm are incorporated inside or supported on a representative metal-organic framework (MOF), UiO-66-NH2 , denoted as Pt@UiO-66-NH2 and Pt/UiO-66-NH2 , respectively, for photocatalytic hydrogen production via water splitting. Compared with the pristine MOF, both Pt-decorated MOF nanocomposites exhibit significantly improved yet distinctly different hydrogen-production activities, highlighting that the photocatalytic efficiency strongly correlates with the Pt location relative to the MOF. The Pt@UiO-66-NH2 greatly shortens the electron-transport distance, which favors the electron-hole separation and thereby yields much higher efficiency than Pt/UiO-66-NH2 . The involved mechanism has been further unveiled by means of ultrafast transient absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy., (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Objective: To summarize the clinical features of those Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD and BMD) patients who are complicated with epilepsy, and try to analyze the genotype- phenotype correlation., Method: By a retrospective analysis of 307 patients with DMD and BMD who attended Peking University First Hospital from February 2006 to September 2014,7 patients complicated with epilepsy were identified and their clinical data were collected. The possible mechanism of epilepsy in DMD and BMD patients was proposed after analyzing the genotype-phenotype correlation., Result: (1) Among 307 DMD and BMD patients, 7 cases had epilepsy, the prevalence was 2. 28%. (2) The age of onset of epilepsy ranged from 8 months to 11 years. Focal seizure was the most common seizure type (6 cases) , while other seizure types were also involved, such as generalized tonic-clonic seizure. As to epilepsy syndromes, 1 boy was diagnosed as benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECT). Six patients were treated with 1 or 2 types of antiepileptic drugs and seizures were controlled well. On follow-up, 6 of the 7 children had normal mental development, while the remaining 1 patient was diagnosed as mild mental retardation. (3) DMD gene mutations of all 7 patients were analyzed. Exons deletions were found in 6 cases while point mutation was found in 1 case., Conclusion: The prevalence of epilepsy in DMD and BMD patients was higher than the prevalence in normal population. The age of onset of epilepsy varies, and focal seizure may be the most common seizure type. Some patients may also present as some kind of epilepsy syndrome, such as BECT. In most patients, seizures can be controlled well by 1 or 2 types of antiepiletic drugs. No clear correlation was found between genotype and phenotype in DMD and BMD patients who were complicated with epilepsy, probably due to limited number of cases.