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Restricted reservation and environmental impact of conventional fossil fuel forced researchers to explore substitute fuel which addresses the concern of cost, security and global warming. Consequently the aptness of various aspirants for biofuel and bioenergy is being continuously quested by the scientist and ecologist in terms of economic viability, reliability and future sustainability. Adapting blending capability with gasoline without much alteration make fuel from plant origin (biofuel) ideal candidate for alternative of petroleum based products. Nano technology via nano additatives viz. metal oxide, nanofibers, nanosheets and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a carrier or nanocatalyst in biofuel conversion practices further enhances biofuel production and efficiency many fold. Therefore, the present review critically discusses the conversion technologies for bioenergy and biofuel production, application of nanotechnology in their enhancement, safety challenges and future perspective.

Nano enabled plant protectant is an advancement approach to deal with the difficulties of dosedependent toxicity, solubility, degradation, leaching and health issues of conventional pesticides. The main idea behind incorporation of nanoformulation is their controlled delivery and release to prevent premature degradation of active ingredient under the influence of changing environment conditions. Nanocarriers (nanocapsules, nanospheres, micelles, nanogels, nanoemulsions, nanodispersion and inorganic material) alters the properties of active ingredients and provide controlled release kinetics with, better dissolvability, low dose, enhanced stability and long lasting pest-control efficiency. This review critically assesses the incredible potential of various nanocarriers, their methods of preparation and biological effectiveness. It additionally features the potential and issues with nanoformulations of botanical insecticides and essential oils. The study also accounts performances of nano-enabled products, their challenges with respect to field application and assessment of new environmental risks.