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Objectives: In this study, we sought to investigate the association between revolution speed of rotational atherectomy (RA) and debulking area assessed by frequency domain-optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT)., Background: The number of patients with severe calcified coronary artery disease requiring treatment with calcium ablation, such as RA, is increasing. However, there is little evidence available regarding the association between debulking area and revolution speed during RA., Methods: We retrospectively investigated 30 consecutive severely calcified coronary lesions in 29 patients who underwent RA under FD-OCT guidance. The association between preset revolution speed of RA and burr size-corrected debulking area of the calcified lesion was evaluated using a multivariable regression model with nonlinear restricted-cubic-spline, which can help assess nonlinear associations between variables., Results: The median age of study participants was 73 years (quartile 65-78); 82.8% were male. The median burr size was 1.5 mm (1.5-1.75); median total duration of ablation was 120 s (100-180). FD-OCT revealed that the post-procedural minimum lumen area increased significantly from 1.64 mm 2 (1.40-2.09) to 2.45 mm 2 (2.11-2.98) (p < .001). In addition, the burr size-corrected debulking area increased significantly as the preset revolution speed decreased (p = .018), especially when the revolution speed was less than 150,000 rpm. This result implies that additional lumen gain will be obtained by decreasing rpm when the burr speed is set at <150,000 rpm., Conclusions: FD-OCT demonstrated that RA with lower revolution speed, below 150,000 rpm, has the potential to achieve greater calcium debulking effect in patients with severe calcified coronary lesions., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

The relationship between preexisting atherosclerotic lesion characteristics and neointimal thickness after second-generation drug-eluting stent (DES) placement is still unknown. Thus, we evaluated that relationship using optical coherence tomography (OCT).A single-center, retrospective, observational study was conducted. Patients with stable angina or asymptomatic myocardial ischemia who received percutaneous coronary intervention for a de novo lesion using a second-generation DES under frequency domain OCT guidance and underwent follow-up coronary angiography (CAG) and OCT between December 2010 and December 2015 were included. The relationship between the neointimal thickness on the stent strut and the plaque characteristics was retrospectively evaluated using OCT immediately after stent implantation and at the time of follow-up CAG.We analyzed 3459 struts from 20 stents in 15 patients. The mean follow-up period was 264 days. In the follow-up study, no angiographic in-stent restenosis was found. Of the 3459 struts, 3315 (95.8%) were covered with neointima. The median neointimal thicknesses of the stent struts on calcified, fibrous, and lipid-rich lesions were 20 μm (interquartile range [IQR], 10-50 μm), 70 μm (40-140 μm; P < .001), and 90 μm (50-170 μm; P < .001), respectively. These differences were observed regardless of the type of second-generation DES used.Most of the stent struts were covered with neointima. The neointimal thickness after the second-generation DES implantation had a close relationship with the preexisting atherosclerotic lesion characteristics. In this study, we found differences in arterial healing processes due to underlying plaque; therefore, evaluating the lesion characteristics by OCT may predict the risk for future restenosis and thrombosis.

Aims: Although right ventricular septal pacing is thought to be more effective in minimizing pacing-induced left ventricular dysfunction, the accurate way to anchor the lead to the right ventricular septum (RVS) has not been established. Our aim was to clarify the usefulness of right ventriculography (RVG) to aid accurate anchoring of the lead to the RVS., Methods and Results: Eighty-four patients who underwent pacemaker implantation were enrolled. We anchored the lead to the RVS by using an RVG image obtained at a 30° right anterior oblique view as a reference. We confirmed the actual lead position by performing computed tomography after the procedure and examined the characteristics of the paced QRS complex. Of the 81 patients, except 3 patients whose leads were anchored to the apex due to high pacing thresholds in the RVS, the leads were successfully anchored to the RVS in the 79 (98%) patients, and the number of leads placed in the high-, mid-, and low-RVS was 3 (4%), 58 (73%), and 18 (23%), respectively. The paced QRS duration in these 79 patients was 140 ± 13 ms. The paced QRS duration from mid-RVS was considerably narrower than that from high- or low-RVS (137 ± 12 ms vs. 146 ± 12 ms; P = 0.012)., Conclusion: Right ventriculography was very useful in aiding accurate anchoring of the lead to the RVS. Further, pacing from mid-RVS may be more effective in minimizing the QRS duration than pacing from other RVS sites.

Pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis is a rare and life-threatening disease that is associated with numerous symptoms and which is also difficult to diagnose. We herein report an autopsy case of a 61-year-old man who died due to pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis. The patient complained of vomiting and breathlessness. Computed tomography showed a shadow-like region with a similar appearance to interstitial pneumonia. The patient was diagnosed with takotsubo cardiomyopathy induced by severe lung disease based on the results of echocardiography and coronary angiography. The patient was treated for interstitial pneumonia. However, his condition rapidly deteriorated and he died 6 hours after arrival. We were later informed of his extremely high catecholamine serum levels. We found pheochromocytoma with hemorrhage at autopsy. The patient's lungs showed acute passive congestion with edema and extravasation.

Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is a frequent complication contributing to poor prognosis in chronic hemodialysis (CHD) patients. High blood pressure (BP) is known to be associated with AS progression in the general population. In CHD patients, however, BP varies during and between hemodialysis sessions with ultrafiltration volume or inter-dialytic weight gain; therefore it is difficult to characterize the BP status with a conventional single measurement. Our purpose was to clarify the BP variables affecting AS progression in CHD patients. We retrospectively enrolled 32 consecutive CHD patients with AS [aortic valve area (AVA), 1.3 ± 0.3 cm(2); mean age 69 ± 8 years] who had serial transthoracic echocardiographic studies at least 6 months apart (mean 23 ± 9 months). AS progression was evaluated using absolute reduction in AVA per year. Pre-dialytic and intra-dialytic (every hour during sessions) BPs throughout the 3 consecutive visits were used to determine each patient's BP status. We calculated the mean values of pre-dialytic and intra-dialytic BPs and their variability. In univariate analysis, mean visit-to-visit pre-dialytic and intra-dialytic BP were associated with AS progression, whereas all variables of BP variability were not. Multiple regression analysis indicated that only mean visit-to-visit intra-dialytic systolic and diastolic BP remained independently associated with AS progression after adjustment for age, sex, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and serum parathyroid hormone (p < 0.05). Although BP regulation in CHD patients is complex and multifactorial, mean visit-to-visit intra-dialytic BP was independently associated with AS progression. Prospective studies are necessary before considering intra-dialytic BP as a potential target for therapy.

Background: Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is a frequent complication contributing to poor prognosis in chronic hemodialysis (CHD) patients. However, little is known regarding the risk factors affecting AS progression. The purpose of this study was to define risk factors affecting AS progression in CHD patients., Methods: We retrospectively investigated 34 consecutive CHD patients with asymptomatic AS (mild in 9, moderate in 20, severe in 5; aortic valve area (AVA), 1.31±0.31cm(2); mean age, 69±8years) who underwent followed-up paired transthoracic echocardiography with period of at least six months apart (22±9months). AS progression was evaluated using the absolute reduction in AVA per year., Results: CHD patients were divided into 20 patients with rapid progression (AVA reduction, >0.1cm(2) per year) and 14 with slow progression (AVA reduction, ≤ 0.1cm(2) per year). Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level was significantly higher in patients with rapid progression than in those with slow progression [343±489pg/ml vs. 76±80pg/ml, P<0.05]. In univariate analysis, AS progression by absolute AVA reduction per year was associated with age, PTH level, initial AVA, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and left ventricular diameter at end-diastole and end-systole. Multiple regression analysis indicated that serum PTH level and SBP remained independently associated with AS progression., Conclusions: AS progression was accelerated in the presence of high PTH and SBP. Careful monitoring and intensive treatment of these parameters may have a beneficial effect on secondary prevention in CHD patients., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Although SPE-39 is a binding protein to Vps33B that is one of the subunit in the mammalian HOPS complex, the elements of SPE-39 function remain unknown. Here, we show that tyrosine phosphorylation of SPE-39 following EGF stimulation plays a role in the stability of SPE-39 itself. Ubiquitination of the C-terminal region of SPE-39 was also elevated in response to EGF stimulation, and this process was regulated by the phosphorylation of Tyr-11 in SPE-39. However, association of Vps33B with SPE-39 inhibited the elevation of ubiquitination of SPE-39 following EGF stimulation, which might be responsible for the stabilization of SPE-39. Furthermore, an opposing functional relationship between SPE-39 and Vps33B on the downregulation of the EGF receptor was observed in EGF-stimulated COS-7 cells., (Copyright © 2012 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We report the case of acquired left ventricle (LV) to right atrial (RA) communication through an aneurysm of the atrioventricular septum caused by infectious endocarditis. A severe aortic valve regurgitation and destruction of the aortic valve was detected by echocardiography. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed a flail aortic valve with vegetation and abnormal shunt flow from the LV to RA with ruptured aneurysm of the membranous septum. An abscess cavity of the aortic ring was introduced. Because of worsening congestive heart failure, the patient underwent emergency aortic valve replacement and patch closure of the communication of the membranous septum. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful.

Background: The ratio of mitral inflow early diastolic velocity (E) to annulus velocity (E') might be critical for the assessment of an abnormal filling pressure for patients with myocardial ischemia., Objectives: We sought to determine whether a quantitative estimation of E/E' provides more reliable information for detecting coronary artery disease during dobutamine stress echocardiography., Methods: A total of 82 patients suggested to have angina pectoris underwent Doppler studies during dobutamine stress echocardiography. The value of E and E' were measured at baseline and peak dose of dobutamine stress. The value of E/E' during stress over that at rest was defined as the E/E' index., Results: Patients who had significant stenosis by coronary angiogram were classified as being in group A (n = 45) and those with no coronary artery disease were classified as being in group B (n = 37). Dobutamine infusion led to a significant increase of E/E' in group A, whereas no changes were found with group B. Likewise, larger E/E' index was also observed for patients with multivessel disease. The value of E/E' index increased proportionally with the number of stenotic vessels, implying a direct correlation of the E/E' value to the extent of myocardial ischemia., Conclusions: E/E' offers a quantitative estimation of myocardial ischemia during dobutamine stress echocardiography, thereby, providing a reliable and accurate method for the evaluation of coronary artery disease.

Objectives: To investigate the relation between aortic stiffness and coronary flow reserve (CFR) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD)., Design: Observational study., Setting: Coronary care unit of a primary care hospital., Patients: 192 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography., Main Outcome Measure: Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV), CFR, and severity of CAD., Results: According to the angiographic findings, patients were divided into four subgroups: patients without significant stenosis (normal coronary artery (NCA) group, n = 28) and those with one vessel disease (1VD group, n = 92), two vessel disease (2VD group, n = 50), or three vessel disease (3VD group, n = 22). ba-PWV increased with the number of diseased vessels and was significantly correlated with the number of diseased vessels (NCA group v 1VD group v 2VD group v 3VD group: 1481 (252) v 1505 (278) v 1577 (266) v 1727 (347) cm/s, p < 0.001). CFR had a significant negative correlation with ba-PWV (r = -0.45, p < 0.0001). The diastolic to systolic velocity ratio obtained in 45 patients also was significantly correlated with ba-PWV (r = -0.35, p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that ba-PWV was an independent determinant of CFR (p < 0.01)., Conclusions: Coronary flow is altered with aortic stiffening in patients with CAD. These results suggest one possible mechanism for recent reports that aortic stiffness is a key cardiovascular risk factor.

Objectives: Optical coherence tomography(OCT)is a high-resolution imaging method that can clearly visualize vessels through the displacement of blood with flushing agents. Continuous imaging methods have not been established. This study investigated optimal methods for continuous OCT imaging., Methods: Thirty-four arteries with stent implantation (24 peripheral and 10 coronary arteries)in 14 pigs were examined using OCT with a motorized pullback device. Two imaging methods (flush alone by liquid substance and flush with occlusion) were compared. Adequate image acquisition was defined as the entire circumferential intimal layer being detectable within continuous segments. To investigate factors that could influence image quality, stented regions were divided into 4-5 mm segments., Results: The flush with occlusion method provided better OCT images compared to flush alone (flush with occlusion: 60.9%, flush alone: 8.7%, p = 0.0002). Using the flush with occlusion method, the rate of adequate image acquisition was 64.4% and visualization of > 75% intimal circumference was 83.5%. Intravascular ultrasound could detect all stented regions. Segmental analyses found more adequate images were detected in smaller vessels (adequate segment: 3.8 +/- 0.4 mm, inadequate segment: 4.2 +/- 0.8 mm, p < 0.0001) or with centered image wire position (adequate segment: center 35%, inadequate segment: center 14%, p = 0.003). In addition, side branches did not affect image quality., Conclusions: To acquire continuous OCT images, the flush with occlusion method was more effective compared to flush alone. Moreover, image quality is affected by vessel size and imaging wire position. These results suggest that optimized OCT imaging can provide continuous vessel detection.

Antecedent hypertension adversely affects mortality and heart failure after myocardial infarction (MI). In addition, accelerated ventricular remodeling is a contributor to the increased mortality observed after MI. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of antecedent hypertension to ventricular remodeling after MI. Ninety-four patients presenting with a first acute MI who were treated with reperfusion therapy within 12 h of their symptom onset were enrolled in this study. All of them underwent left ventriculography immediately after reperfusion therapy and again at 6 months after the occurrence of MI. Patients were divided into two groups: a hypertensive group and a normotensive group. End-diastolic volume index (EDVI), end-systolic volume index (ESVI), and ejection fraction (EF) values in the acute phase were compared to those at 6 months after acute MI in either group. The hypertensive group showed a significant increase in both EDVI and ESVI after 6 months, whereas the normotensive group did not. In addition, there was no change in EF in the hypertensive group, whereas EF increased significantly after 6 months in the normotensive group. As a result, the percent changes in ESVI and EF were significantly different between the hypertensive group and normotensive group. The results demonstrated that antecedent hypertension interacts with ventricular cavity dilatation after MI.

Background: Ventricular remodeling is an independent predictor of left ventricular function in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Accelerated ventricular remodeling is a probable contributor to the increased mortality observed after MI in hypertensive patients. The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship of antecedent hypertension to ventricular remodeling after MI., Methods: Seventy-nine patients presenting with a first acute MI (AMI) who were treated and attained Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade 3 with re-perfusion therapy within 12 hours of their symptom onset were enrolled in this study. All of them underwent left ventriculography (LVG) immediately after re-perfusion therapy and again at 6 months after the occurrence of MI. Patients were divided into two groups; hypertensive group and normotensive group. End-diastolic volume index (EDVI), end-systolic volume index (ESVI), and EF were compared between acute phase and 6 months after AMI in each group., Results: The hypertensive group showed a significant increase in both EDVI and ESVI after 6 months, whereas the normotensive group did not. In addition, there was no change in EF in the hypertensive group, whereas EF increased significantly after 6 months in the normotensive group. As a result, percent change in ESVI and EF showed significantly differences between the hypertensive group and normotensive group, whereas percent change in EDVI showed no significant difference between the two groups., Conclusions: Antecedent hypertension interacts with ventricular remodeling after MI.

Unlabelled: Previous studies have shown larger target vessel or greater stent area contribute to reduced restenosis rate. Thus, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided bare metal stent (BMS) implantation for selected lesions might achieve drug-eluting stent-like outcomes. The aim was to examine the long-term outcomes of BMS using IVUS-guided optimization., Methods: Consecutive 103 coronary artery lesions suitable for IVUS were enrolled. Using IVUS, final stent balloon size selected was 90 percent of media-to-media diameter at the lesion or distal reference. The balloon size was listed as follows: group A (3.0-3.5 mm, n = 15), group B (3.5-3.75 mm, n = 64), and group C (3.75-4.5 mm, n = 24)., Results: At post-intervention, average stent area increased by the balloon size (A: 7.2 +/- 1.4 mm2, B: 8.9 +/- 1.5 mm2, and C: 12.1 +/- 2.0 mm2, respectively p < 0.001). At 6 month follow up, the average lumen area increased by balloon size (A: 4.1 +/- 1.7 mm2, B: 5.7 +/- 1.2 mm2, and C: 8.1 +/- 2.0 mm2, respectively p < 0.001). Accordingly, group B and C revealed lower restenosis, compared to group A (A: 46.7%, B: 10.9%, C: 8.3%, A vs B: p = 0.001; C vs A: p = 0.015). Moreover, target lesion revascularization was less in group B and C than group A (A 26.6%, B 3.1%, C 0%, A vs B: p = 0.011; C vs A: p = 0.017)., Conclusions: For non-small vessels, IVUS-guided BMS implantation showed less restenosis and target lesion revascularization compared to small vessels, mainly due to larger initial gain. These study results suggest that IVUS-guided optimal BMS implantation for selected lesions might result in favorable long-term outcomes similar to those seen using drug-eluting stents. For a decade, coronary stenting has become a standard therapy for coronary artery disease due to favorable long-term outcomes and simple treatment procedure. Furthermore, for the last two years, drug-eluting stents (DES), releasing antiproliferative agents from bare metal backbone, revealed the restenosis rates less than half of those seen using conventional bare metal stents (BMS). While target lesions especially suitable for DES continue to be identified, earlier BMS studies showed that larger target vessel or greater stent area contributed to less restenosis. Thus, optimal IVUS-guided BMS implantation for selected lesions might achieve DES-like long-term outcomes. This study was designed to examine the long-term outcomes of BMS with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided optimization, using coronary angiography and IVUS data.

Background: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statin) have been reported to decrease coronary artery events in several angiographic studies. However, the mechanism by which statin achieve this is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of statin on coronary plaque using serial intravascular ultrasound analysis., Methods and Results: In this study, 48 patients with 48 lesions were divided into the prescribed group (statin group, n = 22) or the non-prescribed group (control group, n = 26) after successful coronary artery stenting. IVUS images were obtained at consecutive 5 mm segments, 5 mm from the proximal stent edge, immediately after stenting and at 6 months follow up. External elastic membrane volume (EEMV), lumen volume (LV) and plaque volume (PV) were measured using Simpson's method. The control group revealed no significant serial change in EEMV, PV, and LV during 6 months. On the other hand, the statin group revealed significant reductions of PV (35.5 +/- 12.7 mm3 vs 30.9 +/- 15.6 mm3, p = 0.001), resulting in increase of LV (47.7 +/- 19.8 mm3 vs 52.5 +/- 22.2 mm3, p = 0.003) without EEMV change (82.8 +/- 21.8 mm3 vs 83.9 +/- 25.7 mm3, p = NS). Although percent EEMV and percent LV changes showed no differences between the two groups, a larger percent PV change was observed in the statin group compared to the control group (control; 5.8 +/- 20.3% vs statin; -20.4 +/- 21.8%, p = 0.02)., Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that statin administration for 6 months reduces coronary plaque without positive vessel remodeling.

Objective: To investigate whether concentrations of plasma adiponectin constitute a significant coronary risk factor, with particular focus on the relation between plasma concentrations of adiponectin and the development of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)., Subjects and Methods: Plasma concentrations of adiponectin were measured in 123 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and in 17 control participants. Patients were divided into three groups according to condition type: acute myocardial infarction (AMI) group (n = 59), unstable angina pectoris (UAP) group (n = 28), and stable angina pectoris (SAP) group (n = 36)., Results: Plasma concentrations of adiponectin correlated negatively with body mass index (r = -0.18, p < 0.05), serum triglyceride (r = -0.25, p < 0.01), and fasting glucose concentrations (r = -0.21, p < 0.05), but correlated positively with age (r = 0.26, p < 0.01), high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (r = 0.35, p < 0.01), and low density lipoprotein particle size (r = 0.37, p < 0.01). Plasma concentrations of adiponectin in patients with ACS, in both the AMI and UAP groups, were significantly lower than those in patients with SAP and in the control group (ACS, 6.5 (3.0) microg/ml; SAP, 11.3 (5.9) micro g/ml; control 12.8 (4.3) microg/ml; p < 0.01). Additionally, plasma concentrations of adiponectin in patients with CAD (7.9 (4.6) microg/ml, p < 0.01) were significantly lower than in the control group. There were, however, no significant differences between patients with SAP and the control group (p = 0.36). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that smoking, fasting glucose concentration, and low log adiponectin concentration correlated independently with the development of an ACS., Conclusions: The findings suggest that measurement of plasma concentrations of adiponectin may be of use for assessing the risk of CAD and may be related to the development of ACS.

Background: Microvascular damage immediately after reperfusion therapy is an independent predictor of left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, its recovery may vary among individuals and the relationship between convalescent stage microvasculature and late myocardial morphologic change is unclear., Methods and Results: Patients treated with coronary angioplasty within 12 h of their first anterior AMI were enrolled in this study. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) was measured 3 weeks post AMI, in both branches of the left coronary artery: culprit (left anterior descending artery: LAD) and non-culprit (left circumflex artery: LCX). Left ventriculography was performed at 3 weeks and 6 months post AMI and compared. Seventeen patients showed abnormal CFR in the LAD (Group 1: CFR<2), whereas 20 patients showed normal CFR (Group 2: CFR >/=2). Percent changes of end-diastolic volume tended to be higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (11.8+/-21.6% vs -1.3+/-14.4%, p=0.056), and %changes of end-systolic volume was significantly smaller in Group 2 (11.8+/-22.1% vs -8.7+/-25.1%, p<0.05). A statistically significant correlation was found between absolute and relative CFR in the LAD and %change of end-systolic volume (r=-0.58: p<0.001, and r=0.40: p<0.05, respectively)., Conclusions: Microvascular function in the convalescent stage may be related to these favorable changes.

A 63-year-old man presented with subclavian steal syndrome associated with left internal mammary artery (IMA) bypass graft to a coronary artery. He was admitted with a history of oppressive sensation in the chest, dizziness, and light headedness on exertion for 2 weeks in March 2002. He had undergone myocardial revascularization consisting of a left IMA-to-left anterior descending coronary artery graft in April 1988. His blood pressure was 140/70 mmHg in the right arm and 80/64 mmHg in the left arm. Aortic arch arteriography revealed complete occlusion of the left subclavian artery proximal to the left IMA takeoff and subclavian steal with anterograde flow of the left IMA. Percutaneous angioplasty and stent placement with protection of the left IMA bypass graft using a balloon catheter was successfully performed without complication by cerebral or myocardial ischemia. Complete recanalization of the occluded left subclavian artery and anterograde flow of the left vertebral artery were achieved. His symptoms disappeared and blood pressure in the left arm recovered. This variant of coronary subclavian steal might require protection of the left IMA during angioplasty and stent placement.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a well-known powerful proliferative factor of vascular endothelial cells and it has been reported that plasma HGF concentrations are increased in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), although the mechanisms are not yet well delineated. Serum HGF levels and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in 22 patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP) (15 males, 7 females; class IIb or IIIb of the Braunwald classification), 60 patients with AMI (37 males, 23 females; average time from the onset of symptoms to admission 4.6+/-0.7h, range, 0.5-12h), and 20 normal subjects. Immediate angioplasties were performed in 51 patients with AMI, and the time course of the HGF levels were measured in 31 patients among them. Heparin dramatically increased the HGF level and it declined to the normal range 18h after heparin injection. Blood samples were taken before heparin treatment, or at least 24h after. Serum HGF levels on admission was significantly increased in UAP (mean+/-SE: 0.30+/-0.03ng/ml, p<0.01), and AMI (0.27+/-0.02ng/ml, p<0.01) compared with the normal subjects (0.19+/-0.01 ng/ml). Even in the early stage (within 3 h of onset of symptoms to admission, average time was 1.8+/-0.1 h), serum HGF levels were already elevated (0.25+/-0.02 ng/ml, p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the HGF levels in UAP and AMI. Fifty-one of the 60 patients with AMI underwent immediate percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and blood samples were obtained from 31 of them on days 7, 14, and 21 after MI. Serum HGF levels peaked on day 7 (0.34+/-0.04ng/ml, p<0.01) and there was a weak relationship between peak creatine kinase and serum HGF levels at that time. A statistically significant correlation was found between peak CRP and serum HGF levels on day 7 (r=0.62: p<0.001). Serum HGF levels decreased to nearly normal by day 21 (0.22+/-0.01 ng/ml). The study shows that serum HGF levels during the early stage of AMI increased significantly and peaked by day 7 after the onset, at which time there was a strong correlation with peak CRP levels. These data suggest that HGF production may be related to the inflammatory response in AMI.