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Anti CD-19 chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells demonstrate effective early anti-tumor response; however, impaired hematopoietic recovery is observed in about 30% of patients with prolonged cytopenia appearing as an unmet need for optimal treatment. All adult patients given commercially available anti CD-19 CAR-T for diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) were screened at 21-28 days after CAR-T infusion for cytopenia. In case of severe persistent cytopenia, patients were given TPO receptor agonists. Initial dose of eltrombopag was 50 mg/day and gradually increased to a maximal dose of 150 mg/day. Romiplostim was given as subcutaneous injection once a week for 2 doses (125 mcg). Response was defined as transfusion independency along with resolution of severe neutropenia (ANC > 500 /microL) and/or platelets > 20,000/microL for three consecutive values on different days. TPO receptor agonists were tapered down when response was met. From May 2019 to December 2021, 93 patients were eligible (74%, tisagenlecleucel and 26%, axicabtagene ciloleucel). The median age was 69 (range, 19-85) years. Six patients (6.5%) (tisagenlecleucel, n = 4 or axicabtagene ciloleucel, n = 2) demonstrated prolonged severe cytopenia and were treated with TPO receptor agonists (eltrombopag, n = 4; romiplastim, n = 1, both drugs, n = 1). Median time from CAR-T infusion to initiation of TPO receptor agonist was 43 (range, 21-55) days. All patients were transfusion-dependent and were given daily GCSF prior to TPO receptor agonist administration. Response to TPO receptor agonists was seen in all 6 patients. Median time from TPO receptor agonist initiation to resolution of cytopenia was 22 (range, 8-124) days for Hb, 27 (range, 6-38) days for platelets, and 29 (range, 7-61) days for neutrophils. A complete resolution of all blood counts (ANC > 500 /microL and platelets > 20,000/microL and hemoglobin > 8 gr/dL) was seen in 5/6 patients. No toxicity was observed during the therapy course. This paper supports further investigation of TPO receptor agonists in the treatment of persistent cytopenia following CAR-T cell therapy., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: A wide range of hematologic malignancies arises from numerous cell types. In an attempt to offer a new target for treating B-cell malignancies, in this study, the authors tested the possibility of using the CD40/CD40L system as a common targeting system for the various malignancies in this group., Methods: Two chimeric proteins, soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L)-caspase 3 (sCD40L-l-Caspase3) and sCD40L-pseudomonas exotoxin 38 (PE38) (sCD40L-l-PE38), were constructed, expressed, and partially purified. The ability of the chimeric proteins to kill tumor cells that expressed CD40 was tested by using proliferation assays. In addition, the induction of apoptosis in treated cells was followed by measuring expression levels of apoptotic proteins using real-time polymerases chain reaction analysis, caspase 3 enzymatic activity, and tracking changes in the cell cycle with fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis., Results: The chimeric proteins exhibited concentration-dependent and time-dependent killing ability. The new chimeric proteins had no effect in several carcinoma cell lines that did not express the CD40 receptor. Treating tumor cells with sCD40L-based chimeric proteins led to internalization of the fusion proteins into the cell cytoplasm of B cells. Shortly after treatment, a sharp rise in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) expression levels occurred. Approximately 36 hours after the initiation of treatment, Bcl2 levels dropped, whereas Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax) expression levels rose, pushing the cells toward apoptosis. Concomitantly, caspase 3 RNA levels rose., Conclusions: sCD40L-based chimeric proteins were able to bind and internalize into B cells that expressed the CD40 receptor and specifically and efficiently induced apoptotic death. Moreover, the current results validated for the first time the ability of sCD40L to serve as a direct delivery system for targeted molecules. sCD40L-based chimeric cytotoxic proteins offer a new weapon in the everlasting war against cancer., (Copyright © 2012 American Cancer Society.)

The chimaeric protein interleukin-2 (IL-2)-Bax was designed to target and kill specific cell populations expressing the IL-2 receptor. However, it is not well understood how IL-2-Bax causes target cells to die. In the present study, we investigated the pathway of apoptosis evoked by IL-2-Bax and the possible involvement of endogenous Bax in this process. We report here that, upon internalization of IL-2-Bax into target cells, it is localized first mainly in the nucleus, and only later is it translocated to the mitochondria. Similarly, endogenous Bax is also partially localized in the nucleus, and accumulates mainly in this compartment soon after physiological triggering of apoptosis. Despite the fact that Bax has no nuclear localization sequence, our data suggest that Bax has one or more physiological roles and/or substrates within the nucleus. Indeed, a dramatic repression of nuclear Tax protein expression was induced following treatment of HUT-102 cells with IL-2-Bax, similar to what occurs following serum deprivation of these cells. Unexpectedly, induction of apoptosis using IL-2-Bax was preceded by enhanced expression of newly synthesized Bax protein and suppression of Bcl-2. This imbalance between the pro- and anti-apoptotic genes was associated with p53 induction, although IL-2-Bax activity was also evident in cells lacking p53 expression. By studying the mechanism of action of IL-2-Bax, we were able to follow the intrinsic events and their cascade that culminates in cell death. We have shown that the ability of IL-2-Bax to affect the intracellular apoptotic machinery within the target cells, and to cause the cells to die, uses a mechanism similar to that induced following a normal apoptotic signal.