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Background: Given the extensive impact of road traffic accidents (RTAs) consequences and their potential ramifications on the health of both current and future generations, this study examines the social and demographic factors that influence RTA-related mortality among women of reproductive age., Methods: The study population consisted of cases retrieved from the database of the Legal Medicine Organization, encompassing all women aged 15-49 who succumbed to road accidents between 2011 and 2021., Results: The mean age of women in the reproductive age group from East Azerbaijan province between 2011 and 2021 was 33.67 years, with a standard deviation of 9.18. RTAs on main roads accounted for the majority of incidents (395 cases, 50.8%), with 93.7% (728 cases) attributed to road traffic. In 54.4% of these cases, the affected organ was the head and neck, and the primary cause of death in 52.1% was head trauma. Across all age groups, injuries to the neck and head were the most common, followed by injuries to the abdomen, chest, back, and sternum., Conclusion: The higher incidence of road accidents in the 25-29 age group highlights the need for targeted interventions to address risky behaviors, inexperience, and peer influences in this demographic. Our observation of passengers experiencing the highest mortality rate emphasizes the vulnerability of road users, particularly pedestrians, in traffic accidents. Pedestrian violations in the 17-30 age group further emphasize the importance of education and awareness campaigns aimed at reducing risky behavior., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Health Science Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of spiritually based interventions on blood pressure (BP) among adults. A systematic search was performed using the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases to identify studies evaluating spiritual interventions, including meditation, transcendental meditation, mindfulness meditation, and yoga, for high BP among adults up to January 1, 2022. The inclusion criteria were (a) randomized controlled trials (RCTs), (b) studies in English or Persian, (c) studies conducted among adults (≥ 18 years), and (d) studies reporting systolic or diastolic BP. Given the high heterogeneity of these studies, a random effect model was used to calculate the effect sizes for the RCTs. In total, the systematic review included 24 studies and the meta-analysis included 23 studies. As some of studies reported two or more outcome measurements, separate estimates of each outcome were extracted for that study (24 datasets). Fifteen trials reported the mean (SD) systolic blood pressure (SBP), and 13 trials reported the mean (SD) diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In addition, 13 studies reported means (SDs) and six trials reported mean changes in DBP. A significant decrease was found in systolic BP following intervention ((WMD (weighted mean difference) =  - 7.63 [- 9.61 to - 5.65; P < 0.001]). We observed significant heterogeneity among the studies (I 2  = 96.9; P < 0.001). A significant decrease was observed in DBP following the interventions (WMD =  - 4.75 [- 6.45 to - 3.05; P < 0.001]). Spiritually based interventions including meditation and yoga had beneficial effects in reducing both SBP and DBP. Reducing BP can be expected to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Health-promoting behaviors have been noticed recently as one of the most critical factors in raising life expectancy, which can be formed during adolescence. Thus, the current scoping review aimed to identify the key factors affecting health-promoting behaviors among adolescents., Methods: In this scoping review, we searched multiple English online databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, ProQuest, and Scopus, for articles published between 1977 and 2020. All eligible studies describing health-promoting behaviors in adolescents were included. We followed the JBI guideline for conducting a scoping review and increasing the study's rigor. Extracted data were synthesized through inductive approaches., Results: A total of 3199 articles were identified during the first phase. After the screening process, 20 articles were found eligible for final inclusion. Educational factors (individualized education and school health promotion programs), Economic factors (income, economic incentives and national health insurance), Social factors (support system, responsibility and peers), Spiritual, Psychological and Personal factors (gender, family structure, patterns of living, and medical problems) were found effective in health-promoting behaviors among adolescents., Conclusions: Health-promoting behaviors among adolescents require careful consideration. The current review identified some fundamental factors affecting health-promoting behaviors in adolescents. Based on the findings, it is recommended that policymakers and healthcare providers develop several interventions based on identified factors to increase adolescent's health-promoting behaviors among adolescents., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: We aimed to review the effectiveness of health promotion interventions in the use of helmet and to identify the types of effective health promotion strategies among the examined studies., Methods: A systematic search was performed on the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Embase databases up to 1 Aug 2022 to find the studies evaluated the effectiveness of health promotion interventions for helmet use among target population. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, interventions with pre- post-test design were included. The dependent variable of the study is the percentage of participants who responded positively toward helmet use in the baseline and after the interventions. Random-effects models were used to pool study results., Results: Overall, 1,675 articles were found in the initial search and entered into the Endnote software. Of these, 917 duplicate articles were removed, leaving 758 articles were screened based on title and abstract. Finally, 12 eligible articles were included in the review and five with pre and post-test design were included in the meta-analysis. The overall random-effects pooled estimation of persons wearing helmets before and after interventions was 70% (95%CI 21 -119; P <0.001), without a heterogeneity (I 2 =0%; P =0.94), which means that the average percentage of changing to helmet use is 70%. Community-based education program was the most commonly applied for interventional studies. The next most commonly used approaches were campaign designing., Conclusion: Wearing helmet approximately increased 70% among participant. Health promotion strategies may target helmet-wearing behavior to reduce head injuries in motorcyclist road traffic accidents., (Copyright© 2023 Jahangiry et al. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.)

Introduction: Acknowledging the considerable influence of undernutrition on health outcomes and HRQOL, this study sought to appraise the nutritional risk status of elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) through the utilization of the Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS). Additionally, the investigation aimed to evaluate the correlation between NRS status and HRQOL within the context of patients referred to a cardiac hospital in Tabriz, Iran., Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Tabriz, Iran. The participants were selected randomly from patients referring to Shahid Madani Heart Hospital, a comprehensive university hospital during July to December 2018. A linear regression was used for control of confounding variables (age, gender, education level, marital status, and income levels) and predict the relationship between nutrition risk status and HQRL., Results: Of the 200 patients with CVD participated in this study, 68 (34%) of participants had normal nutrition status, 108 (54%) were at risk for undernutrition, and 24 (12%) had undernutrition. A total of 24 aging patients with undernutrition, 13 (54%) were divorced or widowed. 86% of patients with diabetes were at risk for undernutrition and 13.9% had undernutrition. There were statistically significant relationship between undernutrition and HRQOL dimensions, age, gender, and marital status., Conclusion: The study revealed a correlation between elevated undernutrition scores in patients and factors such as older age, female gender, and marital status of being divorced or widowed. Furthermore, the results imply that a notable elevation in the risk score for undernutrition in patients is significantly linked to impaired HRQOL among elderly individuals with CVD., Competing Interests: The authors declared no conflicts of interest., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

Background: To achieve efficiency and high quality in health systems, the appropriate use of hospital services is essential. We identified the initiatives intended to manage adult hospital services and reduce unnecessary hospital use among the general adult population., Methods: We systematically reviewed studies published in English using five databases (PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, Web of Science, and MEDLINE via Ovid). We only included studies that evaluated interventions aiming to reduce the use of hospital services or emergency department, frequency of hospital admissions, length of hospital stay, or the use of diagnostic tests in a general adult population. Studies reporting no relevant outcomes or focusing on a specific patient population or children were excluded., Results: In total, 64 articles were included in the systematic review. Nine utilisation management methods were identified: care plan, case management, care coordination, utilisation review, clinical information system, physician profiling, consultation, education, and discharge planning. Primary case management was shown to effectively reduce emergency department use. Care coordination reduced 30-day post-discharge hospital readmission or emergency department visit rates. The pre-admission review program decreased elective admissions. The physician profiling, concurrent review, and discharge planning effectively reduced the length of hospital stay. Twenty three studies that evaluated costs, reported cost savings in the hospitals., Conclusions: Utilisation management interventions can decrease hospital use by improving the use of community-based health services and improving the quality of care by providing appropriate care at the right time and at the right level of care., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Imbalance in distribution of Health Care Workers (HCWs) in a country is a global challenge. Almost all of the rural and underdeveloped areas are struggling with the shortage of HCWs, especially physicians. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors governing the retention of physicians in rural and underdeveloped areas., Methods: International databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Proquest, and Embase were searched using Mesh terms in order to find peer-reviewed journal articles addressing physicians' retention factors in rural and underdeveloped areas. The records were screened, and any duplicate results were removed. The quality of the studies was assessed according to the Critical Appraisal Skills Program developed for different types of studies. Then, through content analysis, the related factors were identified from finally selected papers, coded, and categorized., Results: The initial search resulted in 2312 relevant articles. On the basis of specific selection criteria, 35 full-text articles were finally reviewed.. The major affecting factors in physicians' retention in rural and underdeveloped regions were classified into the following six categories: 1) financial; 2) career and professional; 3) working conditions; 4) personal; 5) cultural; and 6) living conditions factors., Conclusion: There is a complex interplay of factors governing physicians' retention in rural and underdeveloped areas. If health organizations are concerned with physicians' retention in deprived areas, they should take into account these main factors. Moreover, they should develop policies and strategies to attract and retain physicians in rural and underdeveloped areas.

Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2-to end preventable child deaths by 2030-we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000-2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations.

Introduction: Mother's own milk has long been accepted as the best source of nutrition for the newborn. In those cases where mother's milk is not available, the best choice is the human milk provided by selected donors. Human milk banks are the most institutionalized method of milk sharing and play a vital role for neonates that cannot be breastfed. This study aims at systematically reviewing factors influencing donation to human milk banks. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed on authentic electronic resources, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science with no time limitation. To increase the sensitivity and to find additional studies for systematic review, the reference list of the published studies was examined as well. Data extraction and quality appraisal were carried out by two independent reviewers. The study was qualitatively summarized to generate descriptive and explanatory themes that emerged from the literature. Results: From a total of 1,157 articles, 31 met the inclusion criteria in which 64 factors are extracted. From these, 26 factors act as barriers and 38 factors act as facilitators of milk donation. Having excess milk, altruism, and helping other babies are found to be the most important facilitators of milk donation, while the most important barriers are religious and cultural concerns. Conclusion: Developing practical strategies to attract milk donors are crucial for successfully establishing human milk banks. These include providing reliable information regarding the milk bank goals and functions and developing breastfeeding polices with regard to differences in countries' contexts and trying to resolve any uncertainties regarding milk donation, especially those arising for religious concerns.

Health equity has become a progressively popular research topic in recent years. Therefore, this study was made to identify the contributions made by socioeconomic determinants in order to quantify their roles to healthcare utilization inequity and to show their status especially after the recent reform in Iran, i.e. Health Transformation Plan, which one of its main goals is providing access to healthcare for all people. This study is a cross-sectional study conducted on a national level in Iran in 2015. For the sampling frame, three-stage cluster sampling was used. A total of 22 470 households from the whole country were surveyed by questionnaires through face-to-face interviews. A total of 78 378 subjects responded to the survey, 18 984 subjects (24.2%) reported the need to outpatient healthcare services in the 2 weeks preceding the interview and 12 944 (68.2%) of them had utilized the outpatient services. In addition, 5928 participants (7.6% of total population) reported the need to inpatient healthcare in the 15-month interval prior to the interview. Of these, 5405 subjects (91.2%) had received the inpatient cares. Several factors such as age group, education, marital status and status of household economy play significant roles in seeking inpatient cares. In addition, age group and household economic status have significant impacts on the utilization of outpatient services. While there are several variables that have different effects in determining the need for both outpatient and inpatient services, most of them are not any more significant than what are on the receiving end of these services., (© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: To measure the impact of motivational interviewing (MI) on cancer knowledge and screening practice among first degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with colon cancer., Methods: This randomized controlled trial targeted patients with colon cancer first to recruit their possible FDRs. Digit randomization of the eligible index patients into intervention or control groups resulted in allocating their belonging FDRs to the same study arm. FDRs (n = 120) in intervention arm received MI counseling on phone by a trained oncology nurse and FDRs (n = 120) in control group received standard generic information by a physician on phone. Primary outcome was the rate of documented colonoscopy in FDRs within six months after the baseline., Results: A total of 227 FDRs were followed up, 115 in the intervention and 112 in the control group. At follow-up, the uptake of screening colonoscopy in the intervention group was 83.5% versus 48.2% in controls (crude odds ratio, 5.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.9-10.0, P < .001)., Conclusion: This was the first randomized controlled trial in Iran that confirmed the efficaciousness of a phone-based MI counseling in improving colonoscopy uptake among family members of patients with colon cancer., Practice Implications: Phone-based motivational counseling that involves trained nurses or health providers seems to be feasible approach in Iran health system and enhances screening for colon cancer., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: This study investigated the knowledge of Iranian women about HIV/AIDS and whether they had accepting attitudes towards people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and sought to identify factors correlated with their knowledge and attitudes., Methods: The data analyzed in the present study were taken from Iran's Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey, a national survey conducted in 2015. In total, 42,630 women aged 15-49 years were identified through multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling and interviewed. Associations of the socio-demographic characteristics of participants with their knowledge and attitudes were examined using multiple logistic regression analysis., Results: The majority (79.0%) of Iranian women had heard about HIV/AIDS, but only 19.1% had a comprehensive knowledge. In addition, only 15.4% of women had accepting attitudes toward people with HIV. Being older, married, more highly educated, and wealthier were factors associated with having more comprehensive knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and living in urban areas was associated with having more positive attitudes toward people with HIV., Conclusions: The relatively poor knowledge of Iranian women and the low prevalence of accepting attitudes toward people living with HIV highlight the need to develop policies and interventions to overcome this issue, which would be a basis for further prevention of HIV/AIDS in Iran.

Background: Breastfeeding has been recognized to have a great deal of benefits for both the mothers and infants. Moreover, the importance of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life has been greatly acknowledged. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of starting breastfeeding in the first hour after delivery and the exclusive breast milk feeding as well as the age at which complimentary foods are provided to the child and duration of breastfeeding in Iran. Methods: This nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted in the frame of a national survey, Iran Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey (IrMIDHS), in 31 provinces of Iran. Participants were selected by multistage cluster sampling. The target sample was 3,096 clusters consisting of 2,187 urban and 909 rural families. Data were collected using a questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. Results: The rate of exclusive breastfeeding was 53.13% with higher prevalence in rural (67.76%) than in urban areas (47.79%) (P = 0.04), and among girls (56.35%) compared to boys (50.60%). The prevalence of breastfeeding as the main diet of Iranian infants under six months old was 70.72% and the prevalence of initiation of breastfeeding (up to the first hour after delivery) was 68.70%. The probability of breastfeeding continuance among twelve to fifteen months children was 84.22%; the corresponding figure was 51% among twenty to twenty three months old babies (p=0.03). Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding should be encouraged; and strategies that are more effective should be designed to protect, train and support young mothers to breastfeed their infants. The importance of early beginning of breastfeeding and its continuation should be underscored.

Background: The trust is meant the belief of the patient to the practitioner or the hospital based on the concept that the care provider seeks the best for the patient and will provide the suitable care and treatment for him/her. One of the main determinants of patient's trust is the service quality., Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effect of quality of services provided in private hospitals on the patient's trust., Patients and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 969 patients were selected using the consecutive method from eight private general hospitals of Tehran, Iran, in 2010. Data were collected through a questionnaire containing 20 items (14 items for quality, 6 items for trust) and its validity and reliability were confirmed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate regression., Results: The mean score of patients' perception of trust was 3.80 and 4.01 for service quality. Approximately 38% of the variance in patient trust was explained by service quality dimensions. Quality of interaction and process (P < 0.001) were the strongest factors in predicting patient's trust, but the quality of the environment had no significant effect on the patients' degree of trust., Conclusions: The interaction quality and process quality were the key determinants of patient's trust in the private hospitals of Tehran. To enhance the patients' trust, quality improvement efforts should focus on service delivery aspects such as scheduling, timely and accurate doing of the service, and strengthening the interpersonal aspects of care and communication skills of doctors, nurses and staff.

Objective: Hospital services are the most expensive component of modern health care systems and inappropriate hospital stay is one of the most important challenges facing hospitals in many countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of inappropriate hospital stay and investigate the related factors in Semnan city (Iran)., Methods: In this study, the Iranian version of Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP) was used in a representative sample of 300 hospital admissions and 905 hospital days. Data collection was performed during six weeks in January and February 2014 in four wards (two internal medicine and two surgical wards) of two hospitals in Semnan city (Iran)., Results: The results showed that 7.4% of admissions and 22.1% of stays have been inappropriate. Inappropriate stays were mainly concerned to the factors, including length of stay, inappropriate admissions, as well as factors related to hospitals. The most frequent causes of unjustifiable days were due to waiting for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures (35.1%), and 20.6% delay in discharge of patients by physicians due to conservative medical policy., Conclusion: In conclusion, this study confirms the existence of inappropriate hospital stays which may be due to patient characteristics and hospital factors. The most unjustifiable reasons for inappropriate hospital stay were related to internal processes of hospital, which mostly could be prevented through appropriate management Therefore, some steps must be taken to decrease inappropriate hospital stay and preserve hospital resources for patients who need them.

Background: There is an international emphasis on providing timely and high quality data to monitor progress of countries toward Millennium Development Goals. Iran's Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey (IrMIDHS) aimed to provide valid information on population and health outcomes to monitor progress in achieving national priorities and health programs and to assist policy makers to design effective strategies for improving health outcomes and equity in access to care., Methods: A cross-sectional multi-stage stratified cluster-random survey is conducted through face-to-face household interviews. The sampling frame is developed using Iran's 2006 population and housing census. Provincial samples ranging are from a minimum of 400 households per province to 6400 households in Tehran province. Cluster size is 10 households. The target sample includes 3096 clusters: 2187 clusters in urban and 909 clusters in rural areas. IrMIDHS instruments include three questionnaires: Household questionnaire, women aged 15-54 questionnaire, children under five questionnaire, supervision and quality assessment checklists and data collection sheets and standard weight and height measurement tools for under-five children. A cascading decentralized training method is used for training data collection and supervision teams. Quality assurance procedures are defined for the five steps of conducting the survey including: Sampling, training data collection and training teams, survey implementation, data entry and analysis. A multi-layer supervision and monitoring procedure is established. All the questionnaires are double entered., Conclusions: IrMIDHS will provide valuable data for policymakers in Iran. Designing and implementation of the study involve contributions from academics as well as program managers and policy makers. The collaborative nature of the study may facilitate better usage of its results.

Purpose: In the ever-increasing competitive market of private hospital industry, creating a strong relationship with the customers that shapes patients' loyalty has been considered a key factor in obtaining market share. The purpose of this paper is to test a model of customer loyalty among patients of private hospitals in Iran., Design/methodology/approach: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Tehran, the capital of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2010. The study samples composed of 969 patients who were consecutively selected from eight private hospitals. The survey instrument was designed based on a review of the related literature and included 36 items. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling., Findings: For the service quality construct, three dimensions extracted: Process, interaction, and environment. Both process and interaction quality had significant effects on perceived value. Perceived value along with the process and interaction quality were the most important antecedents of patient overall satisfaction. The direct effect of the process and interaction quality on behavioral intentions was insignificant. Perceived value and patient overall satisfaction were the direct antecedents of patient behavioral intentions and the mediators between service quality and behavioral intentions. Environment quality of service delivery had no significant effect on perceived value, overall satisfaction, and behavioral intentions., Originality/value: Contrary to previous similar studies, the role of service quality was investigated not in a general sense, but in the form of three types of qualities including quality of environment, quality of process, and quality of interaction.

Background: The mother-generated index (MGI) is one of only a few existing specific questionnaires for assessing the postnatal quality of life (QoL). MGI is a single-form questionnaire that asks postnatal mothers to specify up to eight areas of their lives which have been affected by giving birth to a baby. Using this tool, it is possible to score and rank the QoL of mothers. This study aimed to validate the questionnaire for use in Iran., Methods: Forward translation was used to translate the questionnaire from English to Farsi (Persian). The questionnaire was then administered to a sample of postnatal women attending two teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Face validity and criterion validity were performed to establish the validity for the Iranian version of the MGI. Face validity was assessed by asking women to indicate whether they understood the wording of the questions, how easy the questionnaire was, and so on. Criterion validity was examined using the Short Form 36-item (SF-36) Health Survey. It was hypothesized that the MGI would significantly correlate with the SF-36., Results: In all, 124 women were approached. Of these, 119 women were eligible and 96 women agreed to take part in the study. Face validity was good and all of the women found the MGI straightforward to complete; as criterion validity, the MGI scores and the subscales of the SF-36 were moderately correlated (for all subscales: Pearson r > 0.4; P < 0.001). The mean MGI primary score was 5.38 (SD = 3.05). Women who had comorbidity had significantly lower MGI scores than women without comorbidity (P = 0.04). Correlation between aggregate of comments and primary score was high (r = 0.68, P < 0.01)., Conclusions: In general, the Iranian version of the MGI performed well and our data suggest that it is a valid measure to assess health-related QoL among postnatal women.

Aim: To examine the challenges and solutions encountered in the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of an English language quality of life tool in India, China, Iran, Portugal, Brazil, and Poland., Background: Those embarking on research involving translation and cross-cultural adaptation must address certain practical and conceptual issues. These include instrument choice, linguistic factors, and cultural or philosophical differences, which may render an instrument inappropriate, even when expertly translated. Publication bias arises when studies encountering difficulties do not admit to these, or are not published at all. As an educative guide to the potential pitfalls involved in the cross-cultural adaptation process, this article reports the conceptual, linguistic, and methodological experiences of researchers in six countries, who translated and adapted the Mother-Generated Index, a quality of life tool originally developed in English., Data Sources: Principal investigator experience from six stand-alone studies (two published) ranging from postgraduate research to citywide surveys. DISCUSSION/IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: This analysis of a series of stand-alone cross-cultural studies provides lessons about how conceptual issues, such as the uniqueness of perceived quality of life and the experience of new motherhood, can be addressed. This original international approach highlights practical lessons relating to instrument choice, and the resources available to researchers with different levels of experience. Although researchers may be confident of effective translation, conceptual and practical difficulties may be more problematic., Conclusion: Instrument choice is crucial. Researchers must negotiate adequate resources for cross-cultural research, including time, translation facilities, and expert advice about conceptual issues., (© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)