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Introduction: Numerous early-life risk factors are thought to significantly contribute to the development of psychological problems in toddlerhood. However, these factors have seldom been investigated concomitantly and longitudinally, and few studies include both mothers and fathers. This study examines the longitudinal impact of early environmental, parental, and child-specific risk factors on children's internalizing and externalizing symptomatology at age 4., Methods: Families were recruited from a perinatal center at birth and completed self-report questionnaires at birth, 4 weeks postpartum, 6 months postpartum, and annually thereafter. The final population-based sample consisted of n = 560 mothers (and fathers) who gave birth after June 2015, with children who turned 4 years old before March 31, 2021. The primary outcomes, children's internalizing and externalizing symptomatology at age 4, were measured using the Strengthsand Difficulties Questionnaire. Linear mixed effect models were used to estimate growth curves for predictors between 4 weeks and 4 years postpartum, which were subsequently entered into multivariable linear regressions to predict internalizing and externalizing symptomatology at age 4., Results: The study identified several key risk factors: environmental (lack of social support, lower parental education, male sex), parental (poor parental mental health, increased parenting stress, parental sleep difficulties) and child-specific (children's low physical health, children's reduced sleep quality, temperament)., Discussion: The findings underscore that most identified risk factors are related to children's temperament, mental and physical health of parents, their experienced stress, and families' social support networks. These insights highlight the importance of targeted interventions focusing on improving parental mental health, reducing stress, and enhancing social support to mitigate early-life psychological problems in children., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Jarvers, Kandsperger, Ecker, Brandstetter, Kabesch, Köninger, Melter, Kerzel, Kittel, Apfelbacher and Brunner.)

Background: Vitamin A plays a key role in lung development, but there is no consensus regarding the optimal vitamin A dose and administration route in extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants. We aimed to assess whether early postnatal additional high-dose fat-soluble enteral vitamin A supplementation versus placebo would lower the rate of moderate or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death in ELBW infants receiving recommended basic enteral vitamin A supplementation., Methods: This prospective, multicentre, randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled, investigator-initiated phase 3 trial conducted at 29 neonatal intensive care units in Austria and Germany assessed early high-dose enteral vitamin A supplementation (5000 international units [IU]/kg per day) or placebo (peanut oil) for 28 days in ELBW infants. Eligible infants had a birthweight of more than 400 g and less than 1000 g; gestational age at birth of 32 +0 weeks postmenstrual age or younger; and the need for mechanical ventilation, non-invasive respiratory support, or supplemental oxygen within the first 72 h of postnatal age after admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Participants were randomly assigned by block randomisation with variable block sizes (two and four). All participants received basic vitamin A supplementation (1000 IU/kg per day). The composite primary endpoint was moderate or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death at 36 weeks postmenstrual age, analysed in the intention-to-treat population. This trial was registered with EudraCT, 2013-001998-24., Findings: Between March 2, 2015, and Feb 27, 2022, 3066 infants were screened for eligibility at the participating centres. 915 infants were included and randomly assigned to the high-dose vitamin A group (n=449) or the control group (n=466). Mean gestational age was 26·5 weeks (SD 2·0) and mean birthweight was 765 g (162). Moderate or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death occurred in 171 (38%) of 449 infants in the high-dose vitamin A group versus 178 (38%) of 466 infants in the control group (adjusted odds ratio 0·99, 95% CI 0·73-1·55). The number of participants with at least one adverse event was similar between groups (256 [57%] of 449 in the high-dose vitamin A group and 281 [60%] of 466 in the control group). Serum retinol concentrations at baseline, at the end of intervention, and at 36 weeks postmenstrual age were similar in the two groups., Interpretation: Early postnatal high-dose fat-soluble enteral vitamin A supplementation in ELBW infants was safe, but did not change the rate of moderate or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death and did not substantially increase serum retinol concentrations., Funding: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and European Clinical Research Infrastructures Network (ECRIN)., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests We declare no competing interests. The vitamin A study medication and placebo were provided by Aristo Pharma, Berlin, Germany. Aristo Pharma had no influence on study protocol, data compilation, and data analysis., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.)

Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Background: Infants can present in the first year of life with excessive, recurrent crying without an apparent illness or failure to thrive. The excessive crying results in a wide variety of problems for infants, parents and health care service., Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating how often parents of children with excessive crying seek help in the medical and paramedical health care system and which therapies are prescribed., Materials and Methods: This study uses data collected within KUNO Kids health study. Families who participated completed questionnaires 4 weeks after birth and answered questions which screened for excessive crying. Families whose child was screened positive completed an additional questionnaire on symptoms, parental management and health care utilization. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics., Results: We received 238 questionnaires from children with excessive crying, 105 fulfilled the modified Wessel criteria. Of these 37 children (36%) were seen by a pediatrician because of crying. 57 (55%) received medications by the pediatrician. 51 (49%) of the parents specified that they also used paramedical therapies due to crying or whining, most often osteopathy. 45 (43%) adapted their own nutrition or their child's nutrition., Conclusions: Our study shows that parents experience problems in dealing excessive crying. Frequent consultations with pediatricians or use of paramedical therapies are common, demanding additional resources. The parents received different diagnoses for excessive crying. Available drugs like Simeticon, homeopathy or manual therapy are recommended and applied despite largely missing evidence., Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht, (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Background: Foreign body ingestion in children is a clinically important reason for presentation to the emergency department. The individual outcome ranges from benign spontaneous courses to severe complications. Fatal outcomes occur rarely and complications are related to patient's age as well as type and location of the foreign body. The aim of our present study was to evaluate the outcome of children and adolescents with foreign body ingestion with a focus on complications, which mainly occurred after button battery ingestion., Methods: We reviewed medical records of patients between 0 and 18 years of age who had presented to the paediatric emergency department of our hospital with suspected foreign body ingestion between January 2011 and March 2021 (123 months). Clinical, imaging, and endoscopic data as well as treatment modalities were analysed., Results: In the ten10 year period under review, a total of 1,162 children and adolescents (6 months - 18 years) presented to our emergency room with suspected foreign body ingestion. Among those, 398 ingestions (34%) could be verified radiologically and/or endoscopically, while in the remaining 764 cases (66%) the suspicion could not be confirmed. The majority of patients with verified ingestion (n=324; 81%) presented with ingestion of a metallic foreign body. We observed 55 cases with verified ingestion of a button battery. Five of these cases had severe complications, with a near-fatal course in two patients who developed an oesophageal-tracheal fistula., Conclusion: In contrast to all other ingestions of foreign bodies in children, button battery ingestions lead to mucosal damage and severe complications in a significant number of children., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Corrosion causes costs of about 3-4% of each country's gross domestic product, and due to the climate change, the corrosion rates on infrastructure are likely to increase furtherly in the future 1,2 . For corrosion protection, hard chrome plating (HCP) is commercially used since the early 20th 3 . Yet the biggest drawback concerns environmental protection, since toxic and carcinogenic hexavalent chromium Cr 6+ is used. As an alternative, thermal spray (TS) is increasingly used since the last 20 years. Nevertheless, the coatings are technologically constrained in regard to high porosity, low material efficiency and poor bonding to the base material. Therefore, the demand for an environmental friendly and economical process that produces high-quality coatings is increasingly coming into the research focus. With laser, dense, metallurgically bonded and therefore well-adhering coatings with high material efficiency of > 90% can be produced from a large number of metallic alloys without the need to use environmentally harmful chemicals or noise emissions. However, the typical area coating rate of < 0.4 m 2 /h is significantly lower than that of TS of about 10 m 2 /h 4,5 , and is too small for coating large-scale components. In this regard, a novel coating process with laser was developed in this work. By decoupling the melding of powder from the coating speed, the coating speed of < 2 m/min in conventional laser coating can be increased to > 500 m/min. Defect-free layers that metallurgically bond to the base material with a thickness of 50-250 µm and a material efficiency of > 90% can be achieved. According to the results, an area coating rate up to 20 m 2 /h is achievable. The pioneer work of applications in offshore and automobile sectors show, this process is already providing beneficial for the industry., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: NOD2 loss-of-function mutations, that is, R702W [rs2066844], G908R [rs2066845], and Leu1007fsinsC [rs5743293], have been linked to inflammatory bowel diseases. It is yet unknown whether these variants are also associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or focal intestinal perforation (FIP) in infants of very low birth weight (VLBW)., Methods: To test this hypothesis, we genotyped 9082 VLBW infants with European ancestry enrolled in a prospective, population-based cohort study of the German Neonatal Network. We assessed the effect of the NOD2 gene variants on the risk for major morbidities of the gastrointestinal tract, that is, NEC/FIP requiring surgery in multivariable logistic regression analyses., Results: In the whole cohort of VLBW infants, carriers of ≥ 2 NOD2 variant alleles had an increased risk for NEC requiring surgery (odds ratio [OR], 3.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27-10.04; P = 0.03) and NEC or FIP requiring surgery (OR, 3.81; 95% CI, 1.70-8.51; P = 0.004) as compared with wild-type genotypes. In a multivariable logistic regression analysis including gestational age, birth weight, gender, multiple birth, and inborn delivery, the association between ≥ 2 NOD2 variant alleles and NEC surgery (OR, 4.14; 95% CI, 1.41-12.12; P = 0.009), FIP surgery (OR, 3.50; 95% CI, 1.02-12.04; P = 0.047), and NEC or FIP surgery (OR, 4.10; 95% CI, 1.74-9.73; P = 0.001) proved to be independent. We also performed a regression analysis in the subgroup of infants with available information on Lactobacillus acidophilus/Bifidobacterium infantis probiotic supplementation (n = 3638). Although probiotics had a protective effect on NEC and NEC or FIP requiring surgery, the NOD2 variants had no significant impact in this subgroup., Conclusions: VLBW infants carrying ≥ 2 NOD2 genetic risk factors of inflammatory bowel disease in adults have an increased risk for severe gastrointestinal complications, such as NEC requiring surgery. Therefore, infants might benefit from NOD2 genotyping followed by supplementation with probiotics. Replication studies are needed along with genome-wide arrays to allow risk-adapted prevention and therapeutic strategies.