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This study introduces an analytical methodology that combines passive sampling with ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with a high-end quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) for monitoring the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) exposome across various European regions and seasons. The sampling methodology employs the recently developed adsorb pesticide in-hive strips (APIStrip) passive samplers, which use TENAX® TA adsorbent, to collect a wide range of chemicals when placed inside beehives. Following acetonitrile-based desorption, extracts were analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS, equipped with an advanced ion trap -the Zeno trap- that enhances tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS) signals and improves mass accuracy, facilitating efficient feature annotation. A non-targeted analysis (NTA) approach, combined with multivariate analysis, was used to simultaneously identify exposure analytes (e.g.natural products) and effect-related metabolites associated with honeybee health and condition (e.g. pheromones and other compounds emitted by bees). This methodology revealed geographical and seasonal variations in the chemical profiles of honeybee hives. In the evaluated Nordic countries, natural products from plants and pollen, along with bee-emitted substances such us neurotransmitters and pheromones, were prevalent. Seasonal analysis in Denmark revealed distinct chemical profiles associated with blooming flowers and peak brood rearing activity in April. This integrated, non-invasive methodology has proven highly effective in assessing the honeybee exposome, providing valuable insights into how environmental factors influence the chemical profiles emitted by bees., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Amadeo Rodriguez reports equipment, drugs, or supplies was provided by Sciex. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A diverse supply of pollen is an important factor for honey bee health, but information about the pollen diversity available to colonies at the landscape scale is largely missing. In this COLOSS study, beekeeper citizen scientists sampled and analyzed the diversity of pollen collected by honey bee colonies. As a simple measure of diversity, beekeepers determined the number of colors found in pollen samples that were collected in a coordinated and standardized way. Altogether, 750 beekeepers from 28 different regions from 24 countries participated in the two-year study and collected and analyzed almost 18,000 pollen samples. Pollen samples contained approximately six different colors in total throughout the sampling period, of which four colors were abundant. We ran generalized linear mixed models to test for possible effects of diverse factors such as collection, i.e., whether a minimum amount of pollen was collected or not, and habitat type on the number of colors found in pollen samples. To identify habitat effects on pollen diversity, beekeepers' descriptions of the surrounding landscape and CORINE land cover classes were investigated in two different models, which both showed that both the total number and the rare number of colors in pollen samples were positively affected by 'urban' habitats or 'artificial surfaces', respectively. This citizen science study underlines the importance of the habitat for pollen diversity for bees and suggests higher diversity in urban areas.