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We report the results of a joint analysis of data from BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck. BICEP2 and Keck Array have observed the same approximately 400  deg^{2} patch of sky centered on RA 0 h, Dec. -57.5°. The combined maps reach a depth of 57 nK deg in Stokes Q and U in a band centered at 150 GHz. Planck has observed the full sky in polarization at seven frequencies from 30 to 353 GHz, but much less deeply in any given region (1.2  μK deg in Q and U at 143 GHz). We detect 150×353 cross-correlation in B modes at high significance. We fit the single- and cross-frequency power spectra at frequencies ≥150  GHz to a lensed-ΛCDM model that includes dust and a possible contribution from inflationary gravitational waves (as parametrized by the tensor-to-scalar ratio r), using a prior on the frequency spectral behavior of polarized dust emission from previous Planck analysis of other regions of the sky. We find strong evidence for dust and no statistically significant evidence for tensor modes. We probe various model variations and extensions, including adding a synchrotron component in combination with lower frequency data, and find that these make little difference to the r constraint. Finally, we present an alternative analysis which is similar to a map-based cleaning of the dust contribution, and show that this gives similar constraints. The final result is expressed as a likelihood curve for r, and yields an upper limit r&#95;{0.05}<0.12 at 95% confidence. Marginalizing over dust and r, lensing B modes are detected at 7.0σ significance.

The old, red stars that constitute the bulges of galaxies, and the massive black holes at their centres, are the relics of a period in cosmic history when galaxies formed stars at remarkable rates and active galactic nuclei (AGN) shone brightly as a result of accretion onto black holes. It is widely suspected, but unproved, that the tight correlation between the mass of the black hole and the mass of the stellar bulge results from the AGN quenching the surrounding star formation as it approaches its peak luminosity. X-rays trace emission from AGN unambiguously, whereas powerful star-forming galaxies are usually dust-obscured and are brightest at infrared and submillimetre wavelengths. Here we report submillimetre and X-ray observations that show that rapid star formation was common in the host galaxies of AGN when the Universe was 2-6 billion years old, but that the most vigorous star formation is not observed around black holes above an X-ray luminosity of 10(44) ergs per second. This suppression of star formation in the host galaxy of a powerful AGN is a key prediction of models in which the AGN drives an outflow, expelling the interstellar medium of its host and transforming the galaxy's properties in a brief period of cosmic time.

The extragalactic background light at far-infrared wavelengths comes from optically faint, dusty, star-forming galaxies in the Universe with star formation rates of a few hundred solar masses per year. These faint, submillimetre galaxies are challenging to study individually because of the relatively poor spatial resolution of far-infrared telescopes. Instead, their average properties can be studied using statistics such as the angular power spectrum of the background intensity variations. A previous attempt at measuring this power spectrum resulted in the suggestion that the clustering amplitude is below the level computed with a simple ansatz based on a halo model. Here we report excess clustering over the linear prediction at arcminute angular scales in the power spectrum of brightness fluctuations at 250, 350 and 500 μm. From this excess, we find that submillimetre galaxies are located in dark matter haloes with a minimum mass, M(min), such that log(10)[M(min)/M(⊙)] = 11.5(+0.7)(-0.2) at 350 μm, where M(⊙) is the solar mass. This minimum dark matter halo mass corresponds to the most efficient mass scale for star formation in the Universe, and is lower than that predicted by semi-analytical models for galaxy formation.

Gravitational lensing is a powerful astrophysical and cosmological probe and is particularly valuable at submillimeter wavelengths for the study of the statistical and individual properties of dusty star-forming galaxies. However, the identification of gravitational lenses is often time-intensive, involving the sifting of large volumes of imaging or spectroscopic data to find few candidates. We used early data from the Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey to demonstrate that wide-area submillimeter surveys can simply and easily detect strong gravitational lensing events, with close to 100% efficiency.

Reviewing the outcome of 82 patients with differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland operated upon and followed up for more than 5 years, the authors were unable to find any difference between "younger" *under 45) and "older" (above 45) patients. They wonder whether the poorer prognosis of differentiated thyroid gland carcinoma in older patients could be due to to the tumour being usually more advanced in such patients at the time of diagnosis rather than to age itself. II this were the case, there would be no need to tailor the operative procedure to the patient's age.

Prospective study of parathyroid risk in a bulk of 502 consecutive bilateral thyroidectomies. Early post-operative hypocalcemia has been documented in 8,8% of the patients, but persisted in only 1,6% one year later. Late parathyroid risk of total thyroidectomy is 3,3% but increases twofold if neck dissection is simultaneously performed. Methods of this study probably misdiagnose a number of mild hypoparathyroidism. Lack of early hyperphosphoremia seems to be an optimizing criteria for aftermath. In Grave's disease, early post-operative hypocalcemia is more common (6,9%) but often subsides (definitive risk: 0,4%). This acceptable morbidity is compared to the data of literature. To prevent post-operative hypoparathyroidism a painstaking dissection of parathyroid blood supply seems more promising and effective than routine autotransplantation of the glands.

Follow-up of 102 patients operated upon for autonomous thyroid nodules is reported. Retrospective study of operative findings and aftermath of surgery clearly demonstrates that the patho-physiological concept of autonomous nodule does not snugly fit practical problems experienced with the management of such patients. The autonomous nodule can be a malignancy. Ipsilateral thyroid lobectomy seems more suitable than nodulectomy. Gross appearance of the thyroid remnant makes sometimes post-operative hormonotherapy unexpectedly advisable. From a theoretical point of view, post-operative thyroid scan, TSH assay and TRH test are mandatory, to assess recovery.

Thyroidectomy for different thyroid disorders was conducted in 422 patients during 1978, after normal pre-operative laryngoscopy findings. Dissection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was employed systematically in all patients except those having isthmectomy or enucleation operations, with a total number of 556 nerves dissected. Pre-and post-operative laryngoscopic examinations in the alert patient was conducted in all cases. After one year, 8% of the patients with abnormal post-operative laryngoscopic findings had not returned for follow-up. The known rate of recurrent nerve paralysis after one year was 0.7% of the nerves exposed, the maximum rate being 2% if patients not followed-up are included. These results confirm the value of systematic recurrent nerve dissection during thyroid surgery.

A general review is done about 9 observations of pancreatic heterotopia of the stomach coming from statistics of 55 gastric benign tumors. The clinical, para-clinical and anatomo-pathological notions are debated; the local resection is recommended: the pre and per-operative diagnosis are very difficult.

This work presents an evaluation of the diagnostic value of seric beta 2-microglobulin in the follow-up of operated colorectal cancers. Ninety-one patients were operated on with a curative intent between 1976 and 1979. These patients were followed for at least 2 years and divided in 2 groups: a) group NR: 48 patients apparently free of loco-regional recurrence and of distant metastases, b) group R: 43 patients presenting a cancerous relapse. High levels of beta 2-microglobulin were found in 21 patients of group NR (specificity: 56 p. 100) and in 25 patients of group R (sensitivity: 58 p. 100). In the same population, the specificity and the sensitivity of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for the diagnosis of a relapse were 92 p. 100 and 88 p. 100 respectively. No significant statistical correlation was observed between the levels of beta 2-microglobulin and CEA. The sensitivity of the association beta 2-microglobulin + CEA was not superior to the dosage of CEA alone despite its reduced specificity (54 p. 100). These results indicate that the diagnostic value of the dosage of beta 2-microglobulin is inferior to that of CEA and is without interest for the detection of tumoral recurrence in the postoperative follow-up of colorectal cancers.

Results of a retrospective study of 674 frozen sections in thyroid surgery, demonstrated on over all reliability of 98.2%, when compared with final pathological findings, with 651 confirmation in 674 cases. False negatives of malignancy represented 1.6% of lesions thought to be benign, while false positives were obtained in 4.8% of lesions thought to be malignant on frozen sections. Prior to frozen sections, 221 patients had needle punctures and cytological smears studies of the thyroid lesion. When comparing the results after using the two methods, no false positive for malignancy, assessed by cytology, was found on frozen sections, which also corrected but two false negatives of malignancy given by the 177 smears affirmative of benignancy, but reduced the number of equivocal results of cytology from 36 to 1. Both pre-operative cytological examination by needle puncture and intra-operative frozen sections appear, therefore, to be very reliable methods for studying thyroid lesions. Frozen sections are complementary to cytological studies. These results suggest that, in surgical thyroid diseases, frozen sections, need perhaps not to be systematically conducted, but should be selective and reserved for cases in which pre-operative needle cytology affirms malignancy, or raises suspicion.

The authors report the case of a 56 year-old woman presenting with dermatomyositis revealing a cancer of the colon at the ganglial dissemination stage. Exeresis led to the regression of the dermatomyositis and allowed an attenuation of the steroid therapy. The muscular and cutaneous signs reappeared within six months, evidencing a metastatic hepatic dissemination. Death came within six months of the appearance of the dermatomyositis. The authors review the literature concerning dermatomyositis associated with cancers of the digestive tract in general, and of the colon in particular. This association is found in about 6 to 35% of cases of dermatomyositis, which is the most common paraneoplastic skin associated with cancers of the colon.

A retrospective multicenter study involving 12 digestive surgery centers was conducted on 497 cases of colon obstruction. The most frequent cause of colon obstruction was colo-rectal cancer (71 p. cent of cases), but many other etiologies were involved, including 61 cases of torsion and 37 patients with occlusive sigmoiditis. Differential clinical and radiological features in each etiological group are discussed, the results of therapy undertaken analyzed, and a reasonable line of conduct proposed, adapted to each situation, with the objective of attempting to reduce mortality which still affects 25 p. cent of cases operated upon.