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The adsorption ability of hydrogen, hydroxide, and oxygenic intermediates plays a crucial role in electrochemical water splitting. Electron-deficient metal-active sites can prompt electrocatalytic activity by improving the adsorption ability of intermediates. However, it remains a significant challenge to synthesize highly abundant and stable electron-deficient metal-active site electrocatalysts. Herein, we present a general approach to synthesizing a hollow ternary metal fluoride (FeCoNiF 2 ) nanoflake array as an efficient and robust bifunctional electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR). We find that the F anion withdraws electrons from the metal centers, inducing an electron-deficient metal center catalyst. The rationally designed hollow nanoflake array exhibits the overpotential of 30 mV for HER and 130 mV for UOR at a current density of 10 mA cm -2 and superior stability without decay events over 150 h at a large current density of up to 100 mA cm -2 . Remarkably, the assembled urea electrolyzer using a bifunctional hollow FeCoNiF 2 nanoflake array catalyst requires cell voltages of only 1.352 and 1.703 V to afford current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm -2 , respectively, which are 116 mV less compared with that required for overall water splitting.

Direct oxidation of methane over oxo-doped ZIF-204, a bio-mimetic metal-organic framework, is investigated under first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. In the pristine ZIF-204, the tetrahedral methane molecule anchors to an open monocopper site via the so-called η 2 configuration with a physisorption energy of 0.24 eV. This weak binding arises from an electrostatic interaction between the negative charge of carbon in the methane molecule and the positive Cu 2+ cation in the framework. In the modified ZIF-204, the doped oxo species is stabilized at the axial position of a CuN 4 -base square pyramid at a distance of 2.06 Å. The dative covalent bond between Cu and oxo is responsible for the formation energy of 1.06 eV. With the presence of the oxo group, the presenting of electrons in the O_p z orbital accounts for the adsorption of methane via hydrogen bonding with an adsorption energy of 0.30 eV. The methane oxidation can occur via either a concerted direct oxo insertion mechanism or a hydrogen-atom abstraction radical rebound mechanism. Calculations on transition-state barriers show that reactions via the concerted direct oxo insertion mechanism can happen without energy barriers. Concerning the hydrogen-atom abstraction radical rebound mechanism, the C-H bond dissociation of the CH 4 molecule is barrierless, but the C-O bond recombination to form the CH 3 OH molecule occurs through a low barrier of 0.16 eV. These predictions suggest the modified ZIF-204 is a promising catalyst for methane oxidization., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Exploring efficient catalysts for alkaline seawater electrolysis is highly desired yet challenging. Herein, coupling single-atom rhodium with amorphous nickel hydroxide nanoparticles on copper nanowire arrays is designed as a new active catalyst for the highly efficient alkaline seawater electrolysis. We found that an amorphous Ni(OH) 2 nanoparticle is an effective catalyst to accelerate the water dissociation step. In contrast, the single-atom rhodium is an active site for adsorbed hydrogen recombination to generate H 2 . The NiRh-Cu NA/CF catalyst shows superior electrocatalytic activity toward HER, surpassing a benchmark Pt@C. In detail, the NiRh-Cu NA/CF catalyst exhibits HER overpotentials as low as 12 and 21 mV with a current density of 10 mA cm -2 in fresh water and seawater, respectively. At high current density, the NiRh-Cu NA/CF catalyst also exhibits an outstanding performance, where 300 mA cm -2 can be obtained at an overpotential of 155 mV and shows a slight fluctuation in the current density over 30 h.

In this work, we investigate the effects of water on the structural stability of Mn 2 (DSBDC) metal-organic framework (MOF) using DFT-based calculations. It has been found that the adsorption of multiple water molecules forming a hydrogen bond network around the Mn centers plays an important role in the decomposition process. Different effects contribute to the destabilization of the MOF: water molecules that directly coordinate to the open sites displayed by a part of the Mn centers can induce a significant shift in the charge distribution as indicated by the analysis of charge density differences and the Bader charges. This adsorption process leads to a slight elongation of the metal-linker bonds. The direct interaction with the Mn center is the most stable adsorption mode for water in Mn 2 (DSBDC). Once these adsorption sites at the Mn centers are fully occupied, additional water molecules start to bind via hydrogen bonds to the already present water molecules or, more importantly, to the linker molecules. This, in return, leads to a significant weakening of the Mn-linker bonds, thus allowing water insertion into the Mn-linker bonds with a barrier of only 0.16 eV, which is believed to initiate the decomposition of the Mn 2 (DSBDC) framework. Based on a kinetic Monte Carlo model, it can be shown that high temperatures can prevent the adsorption of water molecules around the Mn sites and thus slow down the MOF decomposition.

The microscopic mechanism of the H 2 adsorption of two Mg-MOF-74 isoreticular frameworks, one with a benzenedicarboxylate (BDC) linker and the other with a dihydroxyfumarate (DHF) linker, were studied on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) method. Possible adsorption sites on the internal surface of the two MOFs were detected using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) annealing simulations. The simulations were able to reproduce all adsorption sites which have been experimentally observed for the BDC-based M-MOF-74 frameworks with M = Ni and Zn. In descending order of binding strengths, they are the adsorption sites primarily induced by the open metal sites P 1 , the oxygen atoms of the oxido groups P 2 and the aromatic rings P 3 . The H 2 -framework binding strengths were properly evaluated by taking into account the vibrational zero-point energy (ZPE) contribution. An additional type of adsorption sites induced by the oxygen atoms of the carboxyl groups P 4 is predicted for the Mg-MOF-74 framework. Two types of adsorption sites primarily induced by the open metal sites P 1 and oxygen atoms of the carboxyl groups P 2 were predicted for the DHF-based Mg-MOF-74 framework. Detailed analysis of the electron density showed that the electrostatic interaction of the H 2 molecule with the charge distribution of the local framework environment within a radius of ∼3.5 Å is a key factor to define adsorption positions and binding strength. The absence of the P 4 sites in the BDC-based Zn-MOF-74 framework is caused by the lower charge density at the oxygen atoms induced by less electro-positive metal. The substitution of the nonaromatic DHF linker for the aromatic BDC linker reduces the binding strength at the metal induced adsorption sites by 1.45 kJ mol -1 due to the absence of the aromatic ring., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

In this study, we have examined the adsorption properties of hydrogen on pristine Sc 2 C monolayers by DFT calculations. Based on these calculations, we have proposed a thermodynamic model to estimate the hydrogen storage capability within the typical ranges for the operating temperature and pressure. Our thermodynamic modeling has shown that the maximum uptake of usable hydrogen could reach up to 7.2 wt% under cryogenic conditions. When calculating the usable hydrogen uptake, we have taken into consideration that, under realistic operating conditions, not all hydrogen adsorbed on pristine Sc 2 C can be desorbed from the surface, as some surface-adsorbate interactions are too strong. On the other hand, the interaction between the usable hydrogen and Sc 2 C appears to be too weak to reach the targets for the year 2025 set by the US Department of Energy (5.5 wt% at operating temperatures between 233 K and 358 K and delivery pressures of up to 12 bar). According to the modeling results, one needs to decrease the temperature to 120 K to reach 5.5 wt% hydrogen uptake at 12 bar. The results obtained with the thermodynamic model have been confirmed with a kinetic Monte Carlo simulation, which has also been used to estimate the time scale of the hydrogen adsorption and desorption processes. In addition, we have also evaluated the changes in the electronic structure of the Sc 2 C monolayer upon adsorbing hydrogen. As the band gap of Sc 2 C changes significantly upon adsorbing H 2 , Sc 2 C may have more potential as a hydrogen detector instead of as a hydrogen storage material.

In this article, we describe a C/C++ program called SurfKin (Surface Kinetics) to construct microkinetic mechanisms for modeling gas-surface reactions. Thermodynamic properties of reaction species are estimated based on density functional theory calculations and statistical mechanics. Rate constants for elementary steps (including adsorption, desorption, and chemical reactions on surfaces) are calculated using the classical collision theory and transition state theory. Methane decomposition and water-gas shift reaction on Ni(111) surface were chosen as test cases to validate the code implementations. The good agreement with literature data suggests this is a powerful tool to facilitate the analysis of complex reactions on surfaces, and thus it helps to effectively construct detailed microkinetic mechanisms for such surface reactions. SurfKin also opens a possibility for designing nanoscale model catalysts., (Copyright © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)