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Wireless local area network (WLAN) has gained widespread application as a convenient network access method, demanding higher network efficiency, stability, and responsiveness. High-performance filters are crucial components to meet these needs. Film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) are ideal for constructing these filters due to their high-quality factor (Q) and low loss. In conventional air-gap type FBAR, aluminum nitride (AlN) is deposited on the sacrificial layer with poor crystallinity. Additionally, FBARs with single-crystal AlN have high internal stress and complicated fabrication process. These limit the development of FBARs to higher frequencies above 5 GHz. This paper presents the design and fabrication of FBARs and filters for WLAN applications, combining the high electromechanical coupling coefficient ( K t 2 ) of Al 0.8 Sc 0.2 N film with the advantages of the thin film transfer process. An AlN seed layer and 280 nm-thick Al 0.8 Sc 0.2 N are deposited on a Si substrate via physical vapor deposition (PVD), achieving a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 2.1°. The ultra-thin film is then transferred to another Si substrate by wafer bonding, flipping, and Si removal. Integrating conventional manufacturing processes, an FBAR with a resonant frequency reaching 5.5 GHz is fabricated, demonstrating a large effective electromechanical coupling coefficient ( k eff 2 ) of 13.8% and an excellent figure of merit (FOM) of 85. A lattice-type filter based on these FBARs is then developed for the Wi-Fi UNII-2 band, featuring a center frequency of 5.5 GHz and a -3 dB bandwidth of 306 MHz, supporting high data rates and large throughputs in WLAN applications., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: The author declares no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Traditional orthodontic treatment relies on subjective estimations of orthodontists and iterative communication with technicians to achieve desired tooth alignments. This process is time-consuming, complex, and highly dependent on the orthodontist's experience. With the development of artificial intelligence, there's a growing interest in leveraging deep learning methods to achieve tooth alignment automatically. However, the absence of publicly available datasets containing pre/post-orthodontic 3D dental models has impeded the advancement of intelligent orthodontic solutions. To address this limitation, this paper proposes the first public 3D orthodontic dental dataset, comprising 1,060 pairs of pre/post-treatment dental models sourced from 435 patients. The proposed dataset encompasses 3D dental models with diverse malocclusion, e.g., tooth crowding, deep overbite, and deep overjet; and comprehensive professional annotations, including tooth segmentation labels, tooth position information, and crown landmarks. We also present technical validations for tooth alignment and orthodontic effect evaluation. The proposed dataset is expected to contribute to improving the efficiency and quality of target tooth position design in clinical orthodontic treatment utilizing deep learning methods., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Porous nanoparticles, such as mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), have garnered significant interest for biomedical applications. Recently, MSNs with large radial pores have attracted increased attention because their unique pore structure and large pore size are suitable for delivering large molecules such as proteins and genes. Upon entry into biological systems like the bloodstream, nanoparticles quickly form a 'protein corona,' leading to alterations in their interactions with immune cells. In this study, we investigated the formation of protein corona on MSNs with large radial pores and various surface modifications using mass spectrometry. We also examined the effects of protein corona on the interaction between MSNs and macrophages. We prepared MSNs with large, cone-shaped radial pores (>30 nm) and six different functional groups, resulting in nanoparticles with neutral, negative, and positive surface charges. Our findings indicate that surface functional groups significantly alter the composition of the protein corona, affecting the bio-nano interaction of these surface-modified MSNs with macrophages. Notably, nanoparticles with similar surface charges exhibited distinct corona characteristics and were internalized differently by macrophages. This underscores the crucial role of the protein corona in determining the fate, behavior, and biological responses of nanoparticles. Our research sheds light on the significance of understanding and controlling protein corona formation to optimize the design and functionality of nanoparticle-based biomedical applications.

The strong basicity of fluoride ions leads to detrimental nucleophilic attack on organic components in the electrolytes, such as β-hydrogen elimination reactions with organic cations and solvents, converting "naked" F- into corrosive and unstable bifluoride (HF2-) ions. These reactions significantly constrain the choice of suitable solvents and salts to develop electro(chemical) stable fluoride ion electrolytes. In this work, we replaced the triple water ligands typically present in industrial organic fluoride salts with dual 1,3-diphenylurea (DPU) coordination via hydrogen bonding interaction. This modification successfully suppressed the Lewis basicity of fluoride ions, providing long-term chemical stability (over 1000 hours) across a wide range of aprotic solvents, a broadened electrochemical stability window (-2.5 ~ 0.9 V vs. Ag+/Ag) and high ionic conductivity (1.7 mS cm-1) at room temperature. Additionally, the weaker hydrogen bonding in F--DPU coordination, compared to the conventional boron-based anion acceptor (AA) strategy that relies on intensive Lewis acid-base interactions, facilitates faster (de)fluorination kinetics at the electrode. The proposed room temperature fluoride ion batteries sustain improved electrochemical performance by pairing with the Pb-PbF2 anode and BiF3 or Ag cathode., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

As a ubiquitous and essential posttranslational modification occurring in both plants and animals, protein N-linked glycosylation regulates various important biological processes. Unlike the well-studied animal N-glycoproteomes, the landscape of rice N-glycoproteome remains largely unexplored. Here, by developing a chemical glycoproteomic strategy based on metabolic glycan labeling (MGL), we report a comprehensive profiling of the N-glycoproteome in rice seedlings. The rice seedlings are incubated with N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (GalNAz) - a monosaccharide analog containing a bioorthogonal functional group - to metabolically label N-glycans, followed by conjugation with an affinity probe via click chemistry for enrichment of the N-glycoproteins. Subsequent mass spectrometry analyses identify a total of 403 N-glycosylation sites and 673 N-glycosylated proteins, which are involved in various important biological processes. In particular, the core components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation (ERAD) machinery are N-glycosylated, and the N-glycosylation is important for the ERAD-L function. This work not only provides an invaluable resource for studying rice N-glycosylation, but also demonstrates the applicability of MGL in glycoproteomic profiling for crop species., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Owing to the hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and other beneficial bioactivities of Moringa oleifera seeds (MOS), the antioxidant activities and physicochemical characteristics of deproteinized polysaccharides extracted using hot water (MSWP) and alkali (MSAP) from MOS were systematically studied. MSAP exhibited higher antioxidant activity than MSWP in vitro. Subsequently, the antioxidant capacity was evaluated after oral administration of MSAP in diabetic rats. The results demonstrated a statistically significant increase in serum antioxidant parameters. The two polysaccharides were then purified and characterized. The molecular weights of purified fractions MSAP3 and MSWP1 were 4.582 × 10 4  Da and 1.9058 × 10 5  Da, respectively; the content of uronic acid in MSAP3 was higher than that in MSWP1; and both compounds presented typical infrared spectral absorption peaks of polysaccharides. In conclusion, MSAP exhibits superior antioxidant properties that depend on its structural characteristics, and this study provides data support for further elucidation of the hypoglycemic mechanism of MSAP., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Recently, Mn 2+ -doped metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have been extensively studied as they can improve the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) with minimal self-absorption. However, almost all of them with high efficiency are Pb/Cd-based toxic heavy metal perovskites, which seriously limits their commercial applications. To address the dual needs of high efficiency and environmental protection, this study proposes to incorporate Mn 2+ into the environmentally friendly perovskite CsEuX 3 (X = Cl/Br), and further increases PLQY to 96.9% through the codoping of Tb 3+ , which, to the best of our knowledge, is the highest reported value of all inorganic environmentally friendly perovskites in the visible light region. It is found that the codoping of Tb 3+ can reduce the host defect density and enhance the crystal field strength around Mn 2+ , acting as an energy transfer bridge. Additionally, Mn 2+ /Tb 3+ -codoped CsEuX 3 -based white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) with a high color rendering index (Ra = 91.2) demonstrate potential for lighting applications.

This work investigates a simple synthetic method for producing fused dinitromethyl energetic compounds. Fused compound 2 has a high detonation velocity (9358 m s -1 ) close to that of the well-known high-energy-density explosive CL-20 (9455 m s -1 ), an extremely high density (1.97 cm -1 ), and acceptable sensitivity (IS = 8 J). The good thermal stability of 2 ( T = 181 °C) is rarely reported in the field of dinitromethyl-based high explosives. The results show that compound d = 181 °C) is rarely reported in the field of dinitromethyl-based high explosives. The results show that compound 2 is a promising candidate for high explosives and provide new insight into the synthesis of dinitromethyl compounds.

Natural protein-protein communications, such as those between transcription factors (TFs) and RNA polymerases/ribosomes, underpin cell-free biosensing systems operating on the transcription/translation (TXTL) paradigm. However, their deployment in field analysis is hampered by the delayed response (hour-level) and the complex composition of in vitro TXTL systems. For this purpose, we present a de novo-designed ligand-responsive artificial protein-protein communication (LIRAC) by redefining the connection between TFs and non-interacting CRISPR/Cas enzymes. By rationally designing a chimeric DNA adaptor and precisely regulating its binding affinities to both proteins, LIRAC immediately transduces target-induced TF allostery into rapid CRISPR/Cas enzyme activation within a homogenous system. Consequently, LIRAC obviates the need for RNA/protein biosynthesis inherent to conventional TXTL-based cell-free systems, substantially reducing reaction complexity and time (from hours to 10 minutes) with improved sensitivity and tunable dynamic range. Moreover, LIRAC exhibits excellent versatility and programmability for rapidly and sensitively detecting diverse contaminants, including antibiotics, heavy metal ions, and preservatives. It also enables the creation of a multi-protein communication-based tristate logic for the intelligent detection of multiple contaminants. Integrated with portable devices, LIRAC has been proven effective in the field analysis of environmental samples and personal care products, showcasing its potential for environmental and health monitoring., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

The earlier vertion of AncestryPainter is a Perl program to display the ancestry composition of numerous individuals using a rounded graph. Motivated by the requests of users in practical applications, we updated AncestryPainter to version 2.0 by coding in an R package and improving the layout, providing more options and compatible statistical functions for graphing. Apart from improving visualization functions per se in this update, we added an extra graphing module to visualize genetic distance through radial bars of varying lengths surrounding a core. Notably, AncestryPainter 2.0 implements a method admixture history graph (AHG) to infer the admixture sequence of multiple ancestry populations, and allows for multiple pie charts at the center of the graph to display the ancestry composition of more than one target population. We validated the six AHG metrics using both simulated and real data and implemented a Pearson coefficient-based metric with the best performance in AncestryPainter 2.0. Furthermore, a statistical module to merge ancestry proportion matrices. AncestryPainter 2.0 is freely available at https://github.com/Shuhua-Group/AncestryPainterV2 and https://pog.fudan.edu.cn/#/Software., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.)

Aurochs (Bos primigenius), once widely distributed in Afro-Eurasia, became extinct in the early 1600 s. However, their phylogeography and relative contributions to domestic cattle remain unknown. In this study, we analyzed 16 genomes of ancient aurochs and three mitogenomes of ancient bison (Bison priscus) excavated in East Asia, dating from 43,000 to 3,590 years ago. These newly generated data with previously published genomic information on aurochs as well as ancient/extant domestic cattle worldwide through genome analysis. Our findings revealed significant genetic divergence between East Asian aurochs and their European, Near Eastern, and African counterparts on the basis of both mitochondrial and nuclear genomic data. Furthermore, we identified evidence of gene flow from East Asian aurochs into ancient and present-day taurine cattle, suggesting their potential role in facilitating the environmental adaptation of domestic cattle., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Antibiotic resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health challenge, with swine farms recognized as major reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Recently, bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) have emerged as novel carriers mediating horizontal gene transfer. However, little is known about the ARGs carried by BMVs in swine farm environments and their transfer potential. This study investigated the distribution, sources, and microbiological origins of BMVs in three key microbial habitats of swine farms (feces, soil, and fecal wastewater), along with the ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) they harbor. Characterization of BMVs revealed particle sizes ranging from 20 to 500 nm and concentrations from 10 8 to 10 12 particles/g, containing DNA and proteins. Metagenomic sequencing identified BMVs predominantly composed of members of the Proteobacteria phyla, including Pseudomonadaceae, Moraxellaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae, carrying diverse functional genes encompassing resistance to 14 common antibiotics and 74,340 virulence genes. Notably, multidrug resistance, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol resistance genes were particularly abundant. Furthermore, BMVs harbored various MGEs, primarily plasmids, and demonstrated the ability to protect their DNA cargo from degradation and facilitate horizontal gene transfer, including the transmission of resistance genes. In conclusion, this study reveals widespread presence of BMVs carrying ARGs and potential virulence genes in swine farm feces, soil, and fecal wastewater. These findings not only provide new insights into the role of extracellular DNA in the environment but also highlight concerns regarding the gene transfer potential mediated by BMVs and associated health risks., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

During the past 3000 years, cattle on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau have developed adaptive phenotypes under the selective pressure of hypoxia, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and extreme cold. The genetic mechanism underlying this rapid adaptation is not yet well understood. Here, we present whole-genome resequencing data for 258 cattle from 32 cattle breeds/populations, including 89 Tibetan cattle representing eight populations distributed at altitudes ranging from 3400 m to 4300 m. Our genomic analysis revealed that Tibetan cattle exhibited a continuous phylogeographic cline from the East Asian taurine to the South Asian indicine ancestries. We found that recently selected genes in Tibetan cattle were related to body size (HMGA2 and NCAPG) and energy expenditure (DUOXA2). We identified signals of sympatric introgression from yak into Tibetan cattle at different altitudes, covering 0.64%-3.26% of their genomes, which included introgressed genes responsible for hypoxia response (EGLN1), cold adaptation (LRP11), DNA damage repair (LATS1), and UV radiation resistance (GNPAT). We observed that introgressed yak alleles were associated with noncoding variants, including those in present EGLN1. In Tibetan cattle, three yak introgressed SNPs in the EGLN1 promoter region reduced the expression of EGLN1, suggesting that these genomic variants enhance hypoxia tolerance. Taken together, our results indicated complex adaptation processes in Tibetan cattle, where recently selected genes and introgressed yak alleles jointly facilitated rapid adaptation to high-altitude environments., (Copyright © 2024 Science China Press. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Vaccines are one of the most important means to prevent and control the epidemic of infectious diseases. Commercial vaccines not only include corresponding antigens, but also need vaccine adjuvants. Immune adjuvants play an increasingly important role in the research, development and manufacture of vaccines. Adjuvants combined with antigens can improve the stability, safety and immune efficiency of vaccines. Some substances that can enhance the immune response have been found in nature(mainly plants) and used as adjuvants in vaccines to improve the immune effect of vaccines. These plant-derived immune adjuvants often have the advantages of low toxicity, high stability, low price, etc., providing more possibilities for vaccine development. We summarized and analyzed the advantages, application research, particulate delivery systems, existing problems and future research focus of botanical adjuvant. It is hoped to provide new ideas for the research and development of immune adjuvants in the future., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Neuronal differentiation and neurite growth are essential processes in nervous system development and are regulated by several factors. Although all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been shown to mediate the differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells via the activation of several pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin signaling, the mechanism remains unclear. The pyruvate kinase, muscle (PKM) plays an important role in the glycolysis of neuroblastoma cells and regulates the Wnt signaling pathway in various cancer cells. In this study, we hypothesized that the Wnt/PKM axis regulates the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2a and N1E-115). To test this hypothesis, we used inhibitors and activators of the Wnt/β-catenin and glycolytic pathways in ATRA-induced differentiated Neuro-2a and N1E-115 cells and established cell lines with silenced or a mutant replacement of Pkm. Western blot and qPCR showed that ATRA treatment activated the Wnt signaling pathway and inhibited PKM-mediated glycolysis. The oxygen consumption rate (indicating oxidative phosphorylation) significantly increased, whereas the extracellular acidification rate (indicating glycolysis) significantly decreased during differentiation; these effects were reversed upon PKM inhibition. The Wnt inhibitor ICG-001 and PKM activator ML-265 inhibited ATRA-induced Neuro-2a and N1E-115 differentiation, whereas RNA interference-mediated Pkm silencing promoted Neuro-2a and N1E-115 differentiation, which was reversed by PKM overexpression. Treatment with the Wnt activator kenpaullone promoted Neuro-2a and N1E-115 differentiation, which was reversed by ML-265 administration. These results indicate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes Neuro-2a and N1E-115 differentiation by inhibiting PKM-mediated glycolysis during ATRA-induced differentiation. These findings may provide a new theoretical basis for the role of glycolysis in nerve differentiation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest I have nothing to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex infection, is a leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious agent. The emergence of drug resistance Mtb clinical strains makes the situation more serious. The role of Mtb outer membrane protein A (OmpA) in antimicrobial resistance remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of OmpA expression on mycobacterial drug resistance. In this study, a Mycobacterium smegmatis (Ms) strain overexpressing OmpA (Ms-OmpA) and a Mycobacterium bovis (Mb) strain overexpressing OmpA (Mb-OmpA) were constructed, and their susceptibility to anti-TB drugs was determined by performing the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), the plate assay and the macrophage infection assays., Results: The streptomycin MIC of the overexpressing strain was 2-fold lower than those of the wide-type (Ms) and empty plasmid strains (pMV-261) as well as amikacin and gentamicin. Moreover, both the plate and the macrophage infection assays indicate that overexpression of OmpA increases streptomycin sensitivity in Mycobacteria. The other aminoglycosides like amikacin and gentamicin have the same phenotypes as streptomycin on the plates for the virulent strain Mb-OmpA. The porin inhibitor spermidine can increase streptomycin tolerance in the overexpressing strain, and overexpressing OmpA can increase the intracellular accumulation of hydrophilic ethidium bromide, which indicates that porin protein OmpA contributes to aminoglycosides sensitivity in Mycobacteria., Conclusions: In this study, we have characterized the contribution of OmpA in the antimicrobial resistance phenotype of Mycobacteria, which may provide valuable insights for understanding antibiotic resistance and designing new strategies for TB treatment., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

An in-depth understanding of the links between the phase structure and electrochemical property is crucial for the advancement of high-performance anode materials. Herein, the sodium storage performance and mechanisms of MnO 2 with four distinct phase structures (α, β, γ, and δ) as anodes are systematically investigated. Among the four materials, the layered δ-MnO 2 nanoflowers exhibit the best sodium storage performances, characterized by a specific capacity of 303.6 mA h g -1 after 100 cycles at 200 mA g -1 , cyclability of 247.3 mA h g -1 after 500 cycles at 1000 mA g -1 , and high-rate performance of 184.5 mA h g -1 at 3000 mA g -1 . Furthermore, δ-MnO 2 shows the most pronounced pseudocapacitance behavior during discharge/charge processes among the four materials. Ex situ XRD and TEM analyses reveal that the sodium storage reactions of α-, β-, and γ-MnO 2 proceed via a conversion reaction mechanism, while the sodium storage reaction of δ-MnO 2 is controlled by an insertion/deinsertion mechanism. The findings presented in this study may offer insights into the structure regulation and performance promotion of MnO 2 -based anode materials for SIBs.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and HER2 expression, making traditional hormone and targeted therapies ineffective. Chemotherapy remains the primary treatment for TNBC; however, it has failed to adequately address the high rates of recurrence and metastasis, underscoring the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. This study investigates Saikosaponin A (SSA), a compound extracted from traditional Chinese medicine, for its potential to enhance the efficacy of doxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy while reducing TNBC metastasis and mitigating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. We first confirmed SSA's cardioprotective effects against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, highlighting its potential as an adjunctive therapy for TNBC chemotherapy. Subsequently, through network pharmacology analysis, we identified that SSA may inhibit TNBC progression and metastasis by downregulating integrin β3, a key regulatory factor in tumor development. This was further validated through both in vivo and in vitro experiments. To address the poor bioavailability of SSA, we developed a novel drug delivery system utilizing hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles for the co-delivery of SSA and DOX. This nano-drug system exhibited excellent stability and high drug-loading capacity, with loading efficiencies of 40.07 % for SSA and 43.07 % for DOX. After 24 h of nano-drug administration, the DOX concentration in the group using the nano-delivery system was 5.01 times higher than control group, demonstrated enhanced tumor-targeting capability. Furthermore, after 14 days of treatment, the tumor volume was reduced by 80.8 % compared to the control group, indicating significantly improved therapeutic efficacy (all P < 0.05). This study systematically evaluates the potential of this dual drug-loaded nanocarrier in improving TNBC treatment, reducing DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, and inhibiting metastasis, offering a novel therapeutic approach that integrates traditional medicine with advanced nanotechnology., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Importance: The homepage of medical records holds significant importance for national performance assessments, DIP settlement lists, and DRG payments. Coders, as auditors of the codes, wield a crucial influence on the quality of the medical records' homepage., Objective: To analyze the general situation of the allocation of medical record full-time coders in China., Data Source: CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed and other databases were searched from database inception to November 31, 2023., Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the allocation of medical records to full-time coders, with the workload of the coders being the primary focus. Secondary outcomes encompassed the professional background of the coders, including their academic qualifications, professional titles, possession of medical coding certificates, and years of experience in coding., Results: Eleven studies, comprising data from 1783 hospitals and 4448 coders, were analyzed. Among the coders, 61% had a medical-related professional background, 62% held a bachelor's degree or higher, 54% possessed an intermediate title or higher, 61% had coding certificates, and 51% had less than 5 years of work experience. The summary findings regarding the number of coders and coded medical records in secondary and tertiary hospitals indicated an average discharge rate of 22,704.0 per hospital in China. The number of coded cases averaged around 11,300. Specifically, coders in tertiary hospitals coded approximately 12,049 medical records on average, while those in secondary hospitals coded around 7,399 medical records., Conclusion and Relevance: Our study highlights the shortage of medical record coding personnel in the majority of hospitals, coupled with a significant coding workload, low educational qualifications among staff, short working hours, and an imbalanced title structure. Given these findings, hospitals and relevant management authorities should prioritize the recruitment of highly educated professionals, streamline the assessment process for professional titles, alleviate the coding workload, and enhance coding quality., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Nowadays, thousands of energetic materials have been synthesized, but only a few compounds meet all the high standards of detonation performance comparable to that of the widely used military explosive RDX, thermal stability comparable to that of the most widely used heat-resistant explosive HNS, and impact sensitivity comparable to that of the traditional explosive TNT. Also, as a goal, a novel and unexpected one-step method for constructing the furoxan-bridged energetic compound 3,4-bis(3,8-dinitropyrazolo[5,1- c ][1,2,4]triazin-4-amino-7-yl)-1,2,5-oxadiazole 2-oxide (OTF) has been achieved under the conventional TFA/100% HNO 3 nitration reaction system from the acetic acid intermediate. In this work, OTF with a high density of 1.90 g cm -3 , the highest decomposition temperature of 310 °C (onset) among furoxan-based high explosives to date, superior detonation velocity ( D V : 9109 m s -1 ), and low sensitivity (IS: 25 J) is reported. This work is a giant step forward in the development of advanced high-energy heat-resistant explosives and could improve future possibilities for the design of furoxan-based energetic materials.

Vanillin is an inhibitor of lignocellulose hydrolysate, which can reduce the ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to utilize lignocellulose, which is an important factor limiting the development of the ethanol fermentation industry. In this study, mutants of vanillin-tolerant yeast named H6, H7, X3, and X8 were bred by heavy ion irradiation (HIR) combined with adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE). Phenotypic tests revealed that the mutants outperformed the original strain WT in tolerance, growth rate, genetic stability and fermentation ability. At 1.6 g/L vanillin concentration, the average OD 600 value obtained for mutant strains was 0.95 and thus about 3.4-fold higher than for the wild-type. When the concentration of vanillin was 2.0 g/L, the glucose utilization rate of the mutant was 86.3 % within 96 h, while that of the original strain was only 70.0 %. At this concentration of vanillin, the mitochondrial membrane potential of the mutant strain recovered faster than that of the original strain, and the ROS scavenging ability was stronger. We analyzed the whole transcriptome sequencing map and the whole genome resequencing of the mutant, and found that DEGs such as FLO9, GRC3, PSP2 and SWF1, which have large differential expression multiples and obvious mutation characteristics, play an important role in cell flocculation, rDNA transcription, inhibition of DNA polymerase mutation and protein palmitoylation. These functions can help cells resist vanillin stress. The results show that combining HIR with ALE is an effective mutagenesis strategy. This approach can efficiently obtain Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with improved vanillin tolerance, and provide reference for obtaining robust yeast strains with lignocellulose inhibitor tolerance., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest All the authors declare no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Natural small-molecule drugs have been used for thousands of years for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. Most of the natural products available on the market have been modified into various polymer materials for improving the solubility, stability, and targeted delivery of drugs. However, these nanomedicines formed based on polymer carriers would produce severe problems such as systemic toxicity and kidney metabolic stress. In contrast, the carrier-free nanomedicines formed by their self-assembly in water have inherent advantages such as low toxicity, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability. This review summarizes the assembly process and application of natural small-molecule products, which are mainly driven by multiple non-covalent interactions, and includes single-molecule assembly, bimolecular assembly, drug-modified assembly, and organogels. Meanwhile, the molecular mechanism involved in different self-assembly processes is also discussed. Self-assembly simulation and structural modification of natural small-molecule products or traditional Chinese medicine molecules using molecular dynamics simulation and computer-assisted methods are proposed, which will lead to the discovery of more carrier-free nanomedicine drug delivery systems. Overall, this review provides an important understanding and strategy to study single-molecule and multi-molecule carrier-free nanomedicines.

The synergistic approach of combining photodynamic immunotherapy with endogenous clearance of PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy holds promise for enhancing survival outcomes in glioblastoma (GBM) patients. The observed upregulation of O-GlcNAc glycolysis in tumors may contribute to the stabilization of endogenous PD-L1 protein, facilitating tumor immune evasion. This study presents a pH-adapted excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT)-isomerized β-ketoamide-based covalent organic framework (COF) nanoplatform (denoted as OT@COF-RVG). Temozolomide (TMZ) and OSMI-4 (O-GlcNAc transferase inhibitor) were integrated into COF cavities, then modified on the surface with polyethylene glycol and the rabies virus peptide RVG-29, showing potential for sensitizing TMZ chemotherapy and initiating photodynamic therapy (PDT). By inhibiting O-GlcNAc and promoting lysosomal degradation of PD-L1, OT@COF-RVG enhanced the effectiveness of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Additionally, treatment with OT@COF-RVG led to a notable elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, thereby re-establishing an immunostimulatory state, inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD). In summary, our research unveiled a correlation between O-GlcNAc in GBM and the evasion of immune responses by tumors, while showcasing the potential of OT@COF-RVG in reshaping the immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM and offering a more effective approach to immunotherapy in clinical settings., Competing Interests: Qingsong Ye is an editorial board member for Bioactive Materials and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Saikosaponin-b2 (SS-b2), an active ingredient derived from the root of Radix Bupleuri, possesses antitumour, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and hepatoprotective properties. We investigated the inhibition of tumour proliferation by SS-b2 and the underlying molecular mechanisms, including the MACC1/p-c-Met/p-Akt pathway expression in HepG2 liver cancer cells and H22 tumour-bearing mice. Animal experiments showed that SS-b2 significantly decreased the levels of MACC1, p-c-MET and p-Akt in tumour tissue transplanted with H22 liver cancer cells in mice, while it increased the expression of p-BAD. The results also revealed a concentration-dependent suppression of MACC1, p-c-Met and p-Akt expression in the SS-b2 treatment group compared with the control group. Additionally, the suppression of MACC1 activation by SS-b2 resulted in a reduction in the viability and proliferation of HepG2 liver cancer cells, and this reduction was comparable to that by doxorubicin (DOX). This suggests that SS-b2 has significant efficacy in liver cancer, comparable to DOX. Meanwhile, Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and western blot analysis of cleaved caspase 9 and cleaved caspase 3 demonstrated that SS-b2 induced apoptosis of HepG2 liver cancer cells. These findings provide experimental evidence suggesting that SS-b2 is a promising anticancer agent for liver cancer., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Yanxue Zhu et al.)

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the causative agent of infectious bronchitis (IB), a severe disease that primarily affects young chickens and poses a significant challenge to the global poultry industry. Understanding the complex interaction between the virus and its host is vital for developing innovative antiviral strategies. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays a crucial role in regulating host antiviral immune responses. Our previous studies have shown that IBV infection disrupts the stability of lncRNA in host cells, indicating a potential regulatory role for lncRNA in IBV pathogenesis. It is still not clear how lncRNA precisely modulates IBV replication. In this study, we observed down-regulation ofMSTRG.26120.58 (named lncRNA-DRNR) expression in various chicken cell lines upon IBV infection. We demonstrated that silencing lncRNA-DRNR using siRNA enhances intracellular replication of IBV. Through exploring genes encoding proteins upstream and downstream of lncRNA-DRNR within a 100 kb range, we identified chJMJD6 (chicken JMJD6) as a potential target gene negatively regulated by lncRNA-DRNR expression levels. Furthermore, chJMJD6 inhibits STAT1 methylation, thereby affecting the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) through the activation of the IFN-β-mediated JAK-STAT signalling pathway, ultimately promoting the intracellular replication of IBV. In summary, our findings reveal the critical role played by lncRNA-DRNR during IBV infection, providing novel insights into mechanisms underlying coronavirus-induced disruption in lncRNA stability., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Lung cancer accounts for the large majority of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide for decades. The dysbiotic microbiome and its metabolite secretions in the gut have been regarded as the dominant biological factors in oncogenesis, development, and progression, adding probiotic components of which have come to be potential therapeutic regimes. However, there still exists little knowledge about whether probiotic microorganisms in lower airways inhibit lung cancer by lung microenvironment remodulation. In this study, we performed bioinformatics analysis from previous sequencing data and specific microbiome databases to identify the potent protective microbes in lower airways, followed by bacterial cultivation and morphological verifications in vitro . We found that Paenibacillus odorifer was correlated closely with the anti-tumorous by-product acetic acid in lower respiratory tract. Additionally, the enrichment of this microorganism in the health, rather than in lung neoplasms from public data sets, further confirmed its protective activity in preserving pulmonary homeostasis. Colony cultivation of this strain and targeted metabolite analysis indicated that Paenibacillus odorifer proliferation was weakened at 37°C but lasted longer than it did at the optimal temperature. And performing as a candidate origin of acetic acid, this strain was liable to inhibit the growth of lung cancer cells in time- and dose-dependent approaches which was validated by colony formation assays. These results suggested that Paenibacillus odorifer functions as a candidate probiotic in lower airways to restrict lung cancer cell growth by releasing protective molecules, indicating a potential preventive microbial strategy.IMPORTANCEVarious types of microorganisms in lower respiratory tracts protect local homeostasis against oncogenesis. Although extensive efforts engaged in gut microbiome-mediated pulmonary carcinogenesis, emerging evidence suggested the crucial role of microbial metabolites from respiratory tracts in modulating carcinogenesis-related host inflammation and DNA damage in lung cancer, which was still not fully understood in lower respiratory tract microbes and its metabolite-mediated microecological environment homeostasis in preventing or alleviating lung cancer. In this study, we analyzed the lower respiratory tract microbiome and SCFAs expression among different lung segments from the same participants, further identifying that Paenibacillus odorifer was correlated closely with anti-tumorous by-product, acetate acid in lower respiratory tract by multi-omics analysis. And previous experiments showed this strain could inhibit the growth of lung cancer cells in vitro . These findings indicated that Paenibacillus odorifer in lower respiratory tracts might perform as a candidate probiotic against lung carcinogenesis by releasing protective factor acetate, which further presented a promising diagnostic and interventional approach in clinical settings of lung cancer., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The inducer β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) is capable of immune response in various plants. However, the specific mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade involved in BABA-induced resistance (BABA-IR) has not yet been elucidated. Here, peach fruits treated with the BABA exhibited a pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) defense against Rhizopus stolonifer, accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of MAPK cascade. Transcriptome sequencing suggested a total of fifteen PpMAPKKK/PpMAPKK/PpMAPK genes involved in BABA-IR in peach fruit. Further qRT-PCR analysis showed that the transcript profiles of PpMAPKKK3, PpMAPKK5 and PpMAPK1 were obviously potentiated. Subsequently, yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), luciferase complementation imaging (LCI), pull-down and in vitro phosphorylation assays were conducted to characterize the complete MAPK cascade (PpMAPKKK3-PpMAPKK5-PpMAPK1) involved in peach fruit. Moreover, the downstream events of MAPK1 include the involvement of SNARE13 and the corresponding NPR1-responsive defense. Single silencing of MAPKKK3, MAPKK5 or MAPK1 and double silencing of MAPKKK3/MAPKK5 or MAPKK5/MAPK1 resulted in enhanced susceptibility to the fungus R. stolonifer in mutants and attenuated salicylic acid (SA)-dependent defense gene expression; in contrast, the homologous or heterologous overexpression of PpSNARE13 in peach fruit or Arabidopsis led to an enhanced SA pool and elevated expression of PR genes. Reciprocally, the ppsnare13cas9 mutants are generally compromised in the priming of SA-dependent resistance. Therefore, the MAPKKK3-MAPKK5-MAPK1 cascade contributes to PTI signal transduction in BABA-elicited peach fruit, by combination with downstream events such as SNARE13, NPR1, and SA-dependent signaling., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Urban heat island (UHI) and urban pollution island (UPI) effects are two major challenges that affect the liveability and sustainability of cities under the circumstance of climate change. However, existing studies mostly addressed them separately. Urban green infrastructure offers nature-based solutions to alleviate urban heat, enhance air quality and promote sustainability. This review paper provides a comprehensive synthesis of the roles of urban green spaces, street trees, street hedges, green roofs and vertical greenery in mitigating UHI and UPI effects. These types of green infrastructure can promote the thermal environment and air quality, but also potentially lead to conflicting impacts. Medium-sized urban green spaces are recommended for heat mitigation because they can provide a balance between cooling efficiency and magnitude. Conversely, street trees pose a complex challenge since they can provide cooling through shading and evapotranspiration while hindering pollutant dispersion due to reduced air ventilation. Integrated research that considers simultaneous UHI and UPI mitigation using green infrastructure, their interaction with building features, and the urban geographical environment is crucial to inform urban planning and maximize the benefits of green infrastructure installations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The livestock industry has long been a hotspot environment for antibiotic resistance genes, with smallholder farming still holding a significant position in pig farming. However, the microbial antibiotic resistance and pathogen risks in pigs under the smallholder farming model remain unclear. We systematically analyzed the antibiotic resistance and microbial composition of pig feces from smallholder and large-scale farming models in Sichuan. The results indicated a lower abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and similar microbial composition in smallholder farming compared to large-scale farming. Beneficial bacteria were more abundant in small-scale farming, whereas large-scale farming exhibited more ARGs, virulence genes, and human pathogenic bacteria (HPBs), including ESBL Escherichia coli strains closely related to human strains, indicating higher zoonotic risk. The findings suggest that smallholder farming presents a relatively better microbial composition and resistance profile, highlighting its advantages over large-scale farming in terms of pig and human health. It is noteworthy that a considerable proportion of HPBs carrying ARGs still exist in the feces from smallholder farming, and given the openness of fecal handling, there remains a high risk of transmitting ARGs and pathogens to humans., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study conducted a four-month monitoring of carbapenem resistance in a broiler breeding farm in China. A total of 185 carbapenem-resistant bacterial isolates were obtained from 2298 cloacal swabs from broiler breeders and their offspring within a production cycle. The detection rate of carbapenem-resistant isolates was higher during the brooding period. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 133 isolates based on sampling stages, including 113 carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) isolates and 20 Stenotrophomonas pavanii isolates, which have intrinsic resistance to carbapenems. A total of 69 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including bla NDM-1 , mcr-1, and bla NDM-5 , were identified among the sequenced CRE isolates. Notably, bla NDM-5 (92.0 %, 104/113) was the primary contributor to carbapenem resistance. CRE isolates from the same breeding stage exhibited close genomic relationships, and the bla NDM-5 genes were observed in similar genetic backgrounds, indicating the transmission of CRE strains and bla NDM-5 during the broiler breeding process. No CRE was isolated from 0 d broiler offspring, suggesting that broiler breeders were not the direct source of CRE in their offspring. Tracing the feeding process revealed that brooder and rearing houses were likely key factors in the cross-transmission of CRE between broiler breeders and their offspring. CRE pose a significant threat to public health and food safety. China is one of the world's leading poultry producing and consuming countries. This study provided insights into the epidemiological trends and key transmission nodes of carbapenem resistance and CRE within the broiler breeding process, which could help the control of antibiotic resistance and bacterial infections in the broiler industry., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen that can be transmitted from livestock and poultry to humans through the food chain. Due to the widespread use of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance Salmonella has become an important factor threatening food safety. Combining antibiotic and non-antibiotic agents is a promising approach to address the widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. In this study, we investigated the antibiotic resistance profile and molecular characterization of different serotypes of Salmonella isolated from large-scale egg farms using drug susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing. The synergistic effect of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) with antibiotics was evaluated using the checkerboard test and time-kill curve. The molecular mechanism of α-linolenic acid synergism was explored using biochemical assays, pull-down assays, and molecular docking. In vivo efficacy of ALA in combination with florfenicol (FFC) or tetracycline (TET) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium was also investigated using a mouse model. We found that ALA reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline and florfenicol in all strains tested. When ALA (512 mg/L) was combined with florfenicol (32 mg/L) or tetracycline (16 mg/L), we observed disruption of cell membrane integrity, increased outer membrane permeability, lowered cell membrane potential, and inhibition of proton-drive-dependent efflux pumps. The synergistic treatment also inhibited biofilm production and promoted oxidative damage. These changes together led to an increase in bacterial antibiotic susceptibility. The improved efficacy of ALA combination treatment with antibiotics was validated in the mouse model. Molecular docking results indicate that ALA can bind to membrane proteins via hydrogen bonding. Our findings demonstrated that combined treatment using ALA and antibiotics is effective in preventing infections involving MDR bacteria. Our results are of great significance for the scientific and effective prevention and control of antibiotic resistance Salmonella, as well as ensuring food safety., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest This manuscript has not been published or presented elsewhere in part or in entirety and is not under consideration by another journal. We have read and understood your journal's policies, and we believe that neither the manuscript nor the study violates any of these. There are no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The sluggish kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via water reduction limits the efficiency of alkaline water electrolysis. The HER kinetics is not only intimately related to the catalyst surface structure but also relevant to the cation identity of the electrolyte. The cation dependence also relies on the surface electronic structure and applied potential, but this interrelated effect and its underlying mechanism awaits elucidation. Herein, differently-charged molybdenum sulfide (MoS x ) cluster supports ([Mo 3 S 13 ] 2- and [Mo 3 S 7 ] 4+ ) are utilized to hybridize with the identical metallic Ru centers. The specific electrostatic interaction between MoS x clusters and Ru precursors induces different Ru valences of the hybrids, with a higher valence state for Ru/Mo 3 S 13 endowing a higher activity. The Ru/Mo 3 S 13 and Ru/Mo 3 S 7 exhibited drastically-different cation dependence, in which the charged support determines the local accumulation of cations and resulting water structures. The more negatively-charged Mo 3 S 13 support induces the facile accumulation of cations, especially for less-hydrated K + cations. The water activation capability by Ru valences and cation accumulation from the support effect in-together determine the cation-dependent alkaline HER activity. This work not only enriches the understanding about the cation-dependent HER mechanism but also shines a light on the rational optimization strategy of electrode/electrolyte interfaces., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Porcine rotavirus (PoRV), a member of the Reoviridae family, constitutes a principal etiological agent of acute diarrhea in piglets younger than eight weeks of age, and it is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality within the swine industry. The G5 genotype rotavirus strain currently predominates in circulation. To develop a safe and effective porcine rotavirus vaccine, we generated an insect cell-baculovirus expression system, and successfully expressed these three viral proteins and assembled them into virus-like particles (VLPs) co-displaying VP2, VP6, and VP7. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that the VP2-VP6-VP7 VLPs exhibited a "wheeled" morphology resembling that of native rotavirus particles, with an estimated diameter of approximately 65 nm. To evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these VP2-VP6-VP7 VLPs, we immunized BALB/C mice with four escalating doses of the VLPs, ranging from 5 to 40 μg of VLP protein per dose. ELISA-based assessments of PoRV-specific antibodies and T cell cytokines, including IL-4, IL-2, and IFN-γ, demonstrate that immunization with VP2-VP6-VP7 VLPs can effectively elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, resulting in a notable induction of neutralizing antibodies. On days 4, 6, 8, and 10 post-infection (dpi), the VLP-vaccinated group exhibited significantly reduced levels of PoRV RNA copy numbers when compared to the PBS controls. Histological examination of the duodenum, ileum, and kidneys revealed that VP2-VP6-VP7 VLPs provided effective protection against PoRV induced intestinal injury. Collectively, these findings indicate that the VLPs generated in this study possess strong immunogenicity and suggest the considerable promise of the VLP-based vaccine candidate in the prevention and containment of Porcine Rotavirus infections., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Exosome therapy has garnered significant attention due to its natural delivery capabilities, low toxicity, high biocompatibility, and potential for personalised treatment through engineering modifications. Recent studies have highlighted the ability of tumour cell-derived exosomes (TDEs) to interact with immune cells or modify the immune microenvironment to suppress host immune responses, as well as their unique homing ability to parental cells. The core question of this study is whether this immunomodulatory property of TDEs can be utilised for the immunotherapy of inflammatory diseases. In our experiments, we prepared exosomes derived from murine colon cancer cells CT26 (CT26 exo) using ultracentrifugation, characterised them, and conducted proteomic analysis. The therapeutic potential of CT26 exo was evaluated in our dextran sulphate sodium salt (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mouse model. Compared to the control and 293 T exo treatment groups, mice treated with CT26 exo showed a reduction in the disease activity index (DAI) and colon shortening rate, with no noticeable weight loss. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of colon paraffin sections revealed reduced inflammatory infiltration and increased epithelial goblet cells in the colons of CT26 exo-treated group. Furthermore, we conducted preliminary mechanistic explorations by examining the phenotyping and function of CD4 + T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) in the colonic lamina propria of mice. The results indicated that the ameliorative effect of CT26 exosomes might be due to their inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by colonic DCs and selective suppression of Th17 cell differentiation in the colon. Additionally, CT26 exo exhibited good biosafety. Our findings propose a novel exosome-based therapeutic approach for IBD and suggest the potential application of TDEs in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Cattle are sensitive to temperature fluctuations but adapt well to inclement weather conditions. When environmental temperatures exceed specific thresholds, heat stress becomes a critical concern for cattle. The TRPM2 gene, which resides on cattle chromosome 1 encodes a TRP channel protein, holding a unique capacity to sense temperature changes and facilitate rapid response to avoid heat stress. Here, we utilized the Bovine Genome Variation Database (BGVD) (http://animal.omics.pro/code/index.php/BosVar), and identified a missense mutation site, c.805A > G: p. Met269Val (rs527146862), within the TRPM2 gene. To elucidate the functional assessment of this mutation in temperature adaptation attributes of Chinese cattle, we genotyped 407 samples from 20 distinct breeds representing diverse climatic zones across China. The association analysis incorporates three temperature parameters and revealed compelling insights in terms of allele frequency. Interestingly, the prevalence of the wild-type allele A was notably higher among northern cattle breeds and this trend diminished gradually as observed in southern cattle populations. Conversely, the mutant-type allele G demonstrated a contrasting trend. Moreover, southern cattle exhibited markedly higher frequencies of GG and GA genotypes (P < 0.01). The presence of heterozygous and homozygous mutations appears to confer an enhanced capacity for adaptation to elevated temperatures. These results provide unequivocal correlation evidence between TRPM2 genotypes (AA, GA, GG) and environmental temperature parameters and comprehend the genetic mechanisms governing temperature adaptation in cattle. This provides valuable insights for strategic breed selection across diverse climatic regions, thereby aiding livestock production amid evolving climate challenges.

Retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury (RI/R) is a common pathological process in ophthalmic diseases, which can cause severe visual impairment. The mechanisms underlying RI/R damage and repair are still unclear. Scholars are actively exploring effective intervention strategies to restore impaired visual function. With the development of nucleic acid nanomaterials, tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) have shown promising therapeutic potential in various fields such as stem cells, biosensors, and tumour treatment due to their excellent biological properties. Besides, miRNA-22-3p (miR-22), as an important regulatory factor in neural tissue, has been proven to have positive effects in various neurodegenerative diseases. By stably constructing a complex of tetrahedral framework nucleic acids miR22 (tFNAs-miR22), we observed that tFNAs-miR22 had a positive effect on the repair of RI/R injury in retinal neural tissue. Previous studies have shown that tFNAs can effectively deliver miR-22 into damaged retinal neurons, subsequently exerting neuroprotective effects. Interestingly, we found that there was a certain synergistic effect between tFNAs and miR-22. tFNAs-miR22 can selectively activated the ERK1/2 signalling pathway to reduce neuronal apoptosis, accelerate cell proliferation, and restore synaptic functional activity. In this study, we established a simple yet effective small molecule drug for RI/R treatment which may become a promising neuroprotectant for treating this type of vision impairment disease in the future., (© 2024 The Author(s). Cell Proliferation published by Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Previous researches revealed a copy number variation (CNV) region in the bovine fibroblast growth factor 13 ( FGF13 ) gene. However, its effects remain unknown. This study detected the various copy number types in seven Chinese cattle breeds and analysed their population genetic characteristics and effects on growth traits and transcription levels. Copy number Loss was more frequent in Caoyuan Red cattle and Xianan cattle than in the other breeds. Association analysis between CNV and growth traits of Qinchuan indicated that the CNV was significantly related to chest depth, hip width and hucklebone width ( P  < 0.05). Additionally, the growth traits of individuals with copy number Loss were significantly inferior to those with copy number Gain or Median ( P  < 0.05). Besides, we found two splicing isoforms, AS1 and AS2, in FGF13 gene, which resulted from alternative 5' splicing sites of intron 1. These isoforms showed varied expression levels in various tissues. Moreover, CNV was significantly and negatively associated with the mRNA expression of AS1 ( r  = -0.525, P  < 0.05). The CNVs in bovine FGF13 gene negatively regulated growth traits and gene transcription. These observations provide new insights into bovine FGF13 gene, delivering potentially useful information for future Chinese cattle breeding programs.

Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular program in eukaryotic cells which mediates the degradation of cytoplasmic components through the lysosome, also named the vacuole in plants. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the fusion of autophagosomes with the vacuole remain unclear. Here, we report the functional characterization of a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant with defects in storage protein transport in endosperm cells and accumulation of numerous autophagosomes in root cells. Cytological and immunocytochemical experiments showed that this mutant exhibits a defect in the fusion between autophagosomes and vacuoles. The mutant harbors a loss-of-function mutation in the rice homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana MONENSIN SENSITIVITY1 (MON1). Biochemical and genetic evidence revealed a synergistic interaction between rice MON1 and AUTOPHAGY-RELATED 8a in maintaining normal growth and development. In addition, the rice mon1 mutant disrupted storage protein sorting to protein storage vacuoles. Furthermore, quantitative proteomics verified that the loss of MON1 function influenced diverse biological pathways including autophagy and vacuolar transport, thus decreasing the transport of autophagic and vacuolar cargoes to vacuoles. Together, our findings establish a molecular link between autophagy and vacuolar protein transport, and offer insights into the dual functions of the MON1-CCZ1 (CAFFEINE ZINC SENSITIVITY1) complex in plants., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Integrative Plant Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.)

To achieve high efficiency in microbial cell factories, it is crucial to redesign central carbon fluxes to ensure an adequate supply of precursors for producing high-value compounds. In this study, we employed a multi-omics approach to rearrange the central carbon flux of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) bypass, thereby enhancing the supply of intermediate precursors, specifically acetyl-CoA. This enhancement aimed to improve the biosynthesis of acetyl-CoA-derived compounds, such as terpenoids and fatty acid-derived molecules, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Through transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses, we identified ALD4 as a key regulatory gene influencing lipid metabolism. Genetic validation demonstrated that overexpression of the mitochondrial acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) gene ALD4 resulted in a 20.1% increase in lipid production. This study provides theoretical support for optimising the performance of S. cerevisiae as a "cell factory" for the production of commercial compounds., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background and Study Aims: Flavonoids have been shown to exhibit significant potential in treating ulcerative colitis (UC), and their mechanism of action is receiving increasing attention. This study was devoted to the bibliometric analysis of articles and review articles in flavonoid therapy for UC research between 2011 and 2022 to show publication trends and research hotspots., Material and Methods: The literature search data for the bibliometric analysis were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection by searching for the terms "Flavonoids" and "Ulcerative colitis or Idiopathic Proctocolitis or colitis gravis or Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Ulcerative Colitis Type." Three software programs, Bibliometrix, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer, were used to perform a bibliometric analysis of the retrieved literature data., Results: There were 181 publications on flavonoids for UC during the 12 years, with an upward trend in annual publications and an annual growth rate of 27.11 %. China had the highest cumulative number of publications, and Kyung Hee University was the academic institution with the most publications in this research area. In recent years, intestinal flora, intestinal barrier, apoptosis, tight protein junctions, and TLR4/ NF-κB pathway have become hot spots for research on flavonoids for UC. Grape seed analogs have been extensively investigated for treating UC in the past three years., Conclusion: The results of this bibliometric study demonstrate the current status and trends of research on flavonoids for the treatment of UC and provide relevant researchers with hot topics and the latest research directions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Pan-Arab Association of Gastroenterology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study was performed on Micropterus salmoides to determine growth-linked gene and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers under carbohydrate diet and varying temperature through RNA-seq and whole-genome re-sequencing. The results showed that growth-related genes were primarily enriched in the fat digestion and absorption signaling pathway, playing a role in lipid transport and metabolism. Fatty acid binding protein 6, bile salt-activated lipase-like, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2, phospholipase A2, minor isoenzyme-like, and phospholipase A2, group IB (pancreas) were identified as the crucial genes. The differentially expressed genes between high and low temperatures were enriched in the pentose phosphate pathway, with carbohydrate transport and metabolism were most affected by temperature. Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 10, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1a, and spinster homolog 3 transcript variant X1(spns3) were the shared genes affected by temperature. From all the common genes, 10 growth-associated SNP markers were identified. The TT genotype at rs7781 was associated with lower body weight, while AA genotype at rs31434173 and CC genotype at rs31435313 showed positive correlation with body weight. Analogously, the GG genotype at rs31436887 and AA genotype at rs31438769 also found to characterize better growth performance. At low temperature, individuals with the AA genotype at rs11506587 and rs31435313 exhibited the slowest growth. For the genotypes labeled with rs11510589, the GG individual grew faster than the AA individual, whereas the opposite phenomenon occurred in these genotypes when labeled with rs11511314. The genotypes at rs32970704 and rs32967921 showed no growth correlation. The AA genotype at rs31435313 in spns3 had the slowest growth under a carbohydrate-rich diet regardless of the temperature. Our study presents candidate genes and SNP markers associated with growth influenced by carbohydrate and temperature, providing basis for the development of M. salmoides strain that better accepts carbohydrate diets at varying temperature., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Segment anything model (SAM) has attracted extensive interest as a potent large-scale image segmentation model, with prior efforts adapting it for use in medical imaging. However, the precise segmentation of cell nucleus instances remains a formidable challenge in computational pathology, given substantial morphological variations and the dense clustering of nuclei with unclear boundaries. This study presents an innovative cell segmentation algorithm named CellSAM. CellSAM has the potential to improve the effectiveness and precision of disease identification and therapy planning. As a variant of SAM, CellSAM integrates dual-image encoders and employs techniques such as knowledge distillation and mask fusion. This innovative model exhibits promising capabilities in capturing intricate cell structures and ensuring adaptability in resource-constrained scenarios. The experimental results indicate that this structure effectively enhances the quality and precision of cell segmentation. Remarkably, CellSAM demonstrates outstanding results even with minimal training data. In the evaluation of particular cell segmentation tasks, extensive comparative analyzes show that CellSAM outperforms both general fundamental models and state-of-the-art (SOTA) task-specific models. Comprehensive evaluation metrics yield scores of 0.884, 0.876, and 0.768 for mean accuracy, recall, and precision respectively. Extensive experiments show that CellSAM excels in capturing subtle details and complex structures and is capable of segmenting cells in images accurately. Additionally, CellSAM demonstrates excellent performance on clinical data, indicating its potential for robust applications in treatment planning and disease diagnosis, thereby further improving the efficiency of computer-aided medicine., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Heavy ion beam (HIB) irradiation is widely utilized in studies of cosmic rays-induced cellular effects and microbial breeding. Establishing an accurate dose-survival relationship is crucial for selecting the optimal irradiation dose. Typically, after irradiating logarithmic-phase cell suspensions with HIB, the survival fraction (SF) is determined by the ratio of clonal-forming units in irradiated versus control groups. However, our findings indicated that SF measurements were time sensitive. For the Saccharomyces cerevisiae model, the observed SF initially declined and subsequently increased in a eutrophic state; conversely, in an oligotrophic state, it remained relatively stable within 120 minutes. This time effect of SF observations in the eutrophic state can be ascribed to HIB-exposed cells experiencing cell cycle arrest, whereas the control proliferated rapidly, resulting in an over-time disproportionate change in viable cell count. Therefore, an alternative involves irradiating oligotrophic cells, determining SF thereafter, and transferring cells to the eutrophic state to facilitate DNA repair-mutation. Transcriptomic comparisons under these two trophic states yield valuable insights into the DNA damage response. Although DNA repair was postponed in an oligotrophic state, cells proactively mobilized specific repair pathways to advance this process. Effective nutritional supplementation should occur within 120 minutes, beyond this window, a decline in SF indicates an irreversible loss of repair capability. Upon transition to the eutrophic state, S. cerevisiae swiftly adapted and completed the repair. This study helps to minimize time-dependent variability in SF observations and to ensure effective damage repair and mutation in microbial breeding using HIB or other mutagens. It also promotes the understanding of microbial responses to complex environments.IMPORTANCEMutation breeding is a vital means of developing excellent microbial resources. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms through which microorganisms respond to complex environments characterized by mutagens and specific physiological-biochemical states holds significant theoretical and practical values. This study utilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a microbial model and highly efficient heavy ion beam (HIB) radiation as a mutagen, it revealed the time dependence of observations of survival fractions (SF) in response to HIB radiation and proposed an alternative to avoid the indeterminacy that this variable brings. Meanwhile, by incorporating an oligotrophic state into the alternative, this study constructed a dynamic map of gene expression during the fast-repair and slow-repair stages. It also highlighted the influence of trophic states on DNA repair. The findings apply to the survival-damage repair-mutation effects of single-celled microorganisms in response to various mutagens and contribute to elucidating the biological mechanisms underlying microbial survival in complex environments., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Introduction: Emergency providers risk encountering firearms in the emergency department, but a minority report familiarity with handling firearms. It may be unsafe if unfamiliar, untrained providers attempt to remove a firearm from the clinical care space. This study assessed the efficacy of an educational intervention training resident physicians in this task., Methods: Five emergency medicine residency programs conducted a prospective, single-blinded randomized controlled trial assessing performance of safely removing a firearm from the clinical care space during a simulated patient encounter. The primary outcome was completion of critical actions previously assessed in a pilot study. Residents viewed a 5-minute educational video developed for this study detailing the principles of safely removing a firearm from the clinical care space. The training video was emailed to prospective participants in the intervention group ahead of the simulation session. Afterward, a debriefing session was held with all participants to review the safe handling of firearms., Results: Sixty-six of 170 prospective participants (38.8%) consented to participate. There were no significant differences in gender, clinical training level, environment of upbringing, confidence in handling firearms, firearm usage frequency, or prior firearm training. Twenty-nine participants handled the firearm during simulation. The intervention group performed significantly better than the control group, completing a median of 7 critical actions (interquartile range, 7-8) versus 6 critical actions (interquartile range, 5-7), P = 0.035. This effect held among participants who handle firearms outside of work and/or have prior firearms training., Conclusions: This study demonstrates how a brief educational intervention was associated with improvement in participants' ability to safely remove a firearm from a simulated clinical care space. This approach can be integrated into existing curricula, and its success suggests broad applicability., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Society for Simulation in Healthcare.)

A photonic-assisted scheme based on optical frequency shift heterodyne and low-frequency power mapping is proposed and experimentally demonstrated to measure the Doppler frequency shift (DFS) and Angle-of-arrival (AOA) of the microwave signals. In the proposed system, the optical signal is divided into two paths. The upper optical signal is injected into a dual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator (DDMZM) and modulated by the two echo signals with a phase difference. The lower path optical signal is frequency-shifted by an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) and then modulated by the transmitted signal via a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). After an optical filter, the two first-order sideband optical signals heterodyne in the photodetector. The DFS without direction ambiguity and AOA are mapped to the frequency shift and power of the low-frequency microwave signal. By adjusting the DC bias of the DDMZM, two power-phase mapping curves are obtained to eliminate phase ambiguity in AOA measurement. The measurement accuracy is enhanced by adjusting the identity of the two power mapping curves in different measurement ranges. A proof-of-concept experiment demonstrates a DFS measurement at 20 GHz with errors less than ± 8 Hz in the range of ±100 kHz and an AOA measurement from -62.5° to 62.5° with no more than ±2.5° errors.

The ability to reliably detect enrofloxacin in animal-derived food products has important health implications. In the present study, a nanobody-horseradish peroxidase fusion specific for ENR was generated to enable a sensitive and rapid competitive ELISA suitable for detecting enrofloxacin in samples of milk and animal tissue. An enrofloxacin hapten generated via the glutaraldehyde method was initially used to immunize an adult Bactrian camel as a means of constructing a phage library. Enrofloxacin-specific nanobodies were then selected through three rounds of biopanning, and HRP-fused versions of these nanobodies were then expressed. Lastly, these nanobodies were used to develop a sensitive cELISA for enrofloxacin detection in milk and animal tissues, with the resultant assay exhibiting an IC 50 of 37.41 ng/mL and a linear detection range (IC 20 -IC 80 ) of 10.89 to 244.34 ng/mL. The limit of detection for this cELISA was 6.48 ng/mL, with 4.66 % cross-reactivity with ciprofloxacin, and recovery rates that ranged from84.99 % to 107.72 % together with an RSD below 10.70 %., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Capitalizing on the extensive spectral capacity and minimal crosstalk properties inherent in optical signals, photoelectric synapses are poised to assume a pivotal stance in the realm of neuromorphic computation. Herein, a photoelectric synapse based on Lewis acid-doped semiconducting tungsten diselenide (WSe 2 ) is introduced, exhibiting tunable short-term and long-term plasticity. The device consumes a mere 0.1 fJ per synaptic operation, which is lower than the energy required by a single synaptic event observed in the human brain. Furthermore, these devices demonstrate high-pass filtering capabilities, highlighting their potential in image-sharpening applications. In particular, by synergistically modulating the photoconductivity and electrical gate bias, versatile logic capabilities are demonstrated within a single device, enabling it to flexibly perform both Boolean AND and OR gate operations. This work demonstrates a viable approach for Lewis acid-treated TMDs to realize multifunctional photoelectric synapses for neuromorphic computing., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)