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Studying the complex interactions between different brain regions is crucial in neuroscience. Various statistical methods have explored the latent communication across multiple brain regions. Two main categories are the Gaussian Process (GP) and Linear Dynamical System (LDS), each with unique strengths. The GP-based approach effectively discovers latent variables with frequency bands and communication directions. Conversely, the LDS-based approach is computationally efficient but lacks powerful expressiveness in latent representation. In this study, we merge both methodologies by creating an LDS mirroring a multi-output GP, termed Multi-Region Markovian Gaussian Process (MRM-GP). Our work establishes a connection between an LDS and a multi-output GP that explicitly models frequencies and phase delays within the latent space of neural recordings. Consequently, the model achieves a linear inference cost over time points and provides an interpretable low-dimensional representation, revealing communication directions across brain regions and separating oscillatory communications into different frequency bands.

Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) experience a decline in cardiac function, resulting in poor prognosis. Therefore, restoration of cardiac function and improvement of myocardial fibrosis is an important treatment goal for patients with T2DM., Material and Methods: The chemical structure of oleanolic acid(OA) was downloaded from PubChem and uploaded to PharmMapper. GeneCards and OMIM databases were searched for genes related to OA and disease and plotted into a Venn diagram. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed using R software. Then, a mouse model of diabetes mellitus was established, and ELISA, echocardiographic analysis of cardiac function, TUNEL assay, and reactive oxygen species assay were performed., Results: Network pharmacology analysis identified the related targets and potential molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of OA in T2DM. ELISA, echocardiographic analysis of cardiac function, and TUNEL assay results showed that OA inhibits apoptosis and improves apoptotic indexes in mice with T2DM-induced myocardial injury., Conclusion: The results demonstrate the myocardial protective effect of OA in this mouse model., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Ziheng Wang is the assocaited editor of Heliyon If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Seeking organic cathode materials with low cost and long cycle life that can be employed for large-scale energy storage remains a significant challenge. This work has synthesized an organic compound, triphenazino[2,3-b](1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene) (TPHATP), with as high as 87.16% yield. This compound has a highly π-conjugated and rigid molecular structure, which is synthesized by capping hexaketocyclohexane with three molecules of 2,3-diaminophenazine derived from low-cost o-phenylenediamine, and is used as a cathode material for assembling aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries. Both experiments and DFT calculations demonstrate that the redox mechanism of TPHATP is predominantly governed by H + storage. The Zn-intercalation product of nitride-type compound, is too unstable to form in water. Moreover, the TPHATP cathode exhibits a capacity of as high as 318.3 mAh g -1 at 0.1 A g -1 , and maintained a stable capacity of 111.9 mAh g -1 at a large current density of 10 A g -1 for 5000 cycles with only a decay of 0.000512% per cycle. This study provides new insights into understanding pyrazine as an active redox group and offers a potential affordable aqueous battery system for grid-scale energy storage., (© 2023 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Rhizoma Panacis Japonici (RPJ) is an ancient herbal medicine from China that has long been employed for its medicinal benefits in relieving arthritis physical debility and diverse afflictions. The primary bioactive constituents found in RPJ are triterpene saponins, which exhibit numerous pharmacological actions, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulating effects. The present study established a straightforward and effective approach for characterizing triterpene saponins in RPJ. An offline HILIC × RP LC/QTOF-MS method was developed, along with a self-constructed in-house database containing 612 saponins reported in the Panax genus and 228 predicted metabolites. The approach achieved good chromatographic performance in isolating triterpene saponins of RPJ, with the HILIC column as the first dimension ( 1 D) and the BEH C18 column as the second dimension ( 2 D). The developed two-dimensional liquid chromatography system exhibited an orthogonality of 0.61 and a peak capacity of 1249. Detection was performed using a QTOF mass spectrometer in a data-independent manner (MS E ) in a negative ion mode. Using the in-house database, the collected MS data were processed by an automatic workflow on UNIFI 1.8.2 software, which included data correction, matching of precursor and product ions, and peak annotation. In this study, 307 saponins were characterized from RPJ and 76 saponins were identified for the first time in Panax japonicus . This research not only enhances our understanding of the chemical characteristics of RPJ but also offers a simple and efficient method for analyzing the complex composition of herbal medicine.

The issue of hypersonic boundary layer transition prediction is a critical aerodynamic concern that must be addressed during the aerodynamic design process of high-speed vehicles. In this context, we propose an advanced mesoscopic method that couples the gas kinetic scheme (GKS) with the Langtry-Menter transition model, including its three high-speed modification methods, tailored for accurate predictions of high-speed transition flows. The new method incorporates the turbulent kinetic energy term into the Maxwellian velocity distribution function, and it couples the effects of high-speed modifications on turbulent kinetic energy within the computational framework of the GKS solver. This integration elevates both the transition model and its high-speed enhancements to the mesoscopic level, enhancing the method's predictive capability. The GKS-coupled mesoscopic method is validated through a series of test cases, including supersonic flat plate simulation, multiple hypersonic cone cases, the Hypersonic International Flight Research Experimentation (HIFiRE)-1 flight test, and the HIFiRE-5 case. The computational results obtained from these cases exhibit favorable agreement with experimental data. In comparison with the conventional Godunov method, the new approach encompasses a broader range of physical mechanisms, yielding computational results that closely align with the true physical phenomena and marking a notable elevation in computational fidelity and accuracy. This innovative method potentially satisfies the compelling demand for developing a precise and rapid method for predicting hypersonic boundary layer transition, which can be readily used in engineering applications.

Synthesis of regular morphology catalysts with self-growing substrates is one of the effective methods to solve the problem of easy shedding of heterogeneous catalysts. In this study, Fe-doped Ni 12 P 5 nanorods were prepared by depositing 1,1' -bis (diphenylphosphine) ferrocene (DPPF) on N-doped C/NF. The bottom-up growth of the nanorod is ascribed to the preferential adsorption of DPPF with a P site to NF that is surface-doped with the solid-solving C, and the length of nanorods can reach tens of microns and has good robustness. The N-doped carbon-constrained rod-shaped Fe-doped Ni 12 P 5 catalyst (Fe-Ni 12 P 5 /N d C/NF-800) that grows on NF has excellent catalytic performance for the urea oxidation reaction. In addition, the current density can be maintained as high as 100 mA cm -2 and the current attenuation is weak for 12 h, and the rod shape remains good. This work provides a new idea for synthesizing self-growing catalysts with regular morphology to improve the performance of heterogeneous catalysts., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Small-molecule induction can lead to the oriented migration of metal elements, which affords functional materials with synergistic components. In this study, phosphating nickel foam (NF)-supported octahedral WO 3 with phosphine affords P-WO 3 /NF electrocatalyst. Ni is found to form Ni-P bonds that migrate from NF to WO 3 under the induction of P, resulting in the complex oxides W 1.3 Ni 0.24 O 4 and Ni 2 P 2 O 7 in the particle interior and nickel phosphide on the octahedral grain surface. The catalytic activity of P-WO 3 /NF in the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is improved by synergistic action of the components in the synthesized hybrid particles. A current density of 10 mA cm -2 can be reached at a potential of 1.305 V, the double layer capacitance of the catalyst is significantly increased, and the electron transfer impedance in catalytic UOR is reduced. This work demonstrates that small-molecule induction is suitable for constructing co-catalysts with complex components in a simple protocol, which provides a new route for the design of highly efficient urea oxidation electrocatalysts., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer associated with an unstable prognosis. Thus, there is an urgent demand for the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as targeted drugs for LUAD. The present study aimed to identify potential new biomarkers associated with the pathogenesis and prognosis of LUAD. Three microarray datasets (GSE10072, GSE31210, and GSE40791) from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were integrated to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in normal and LUAD samples using the limma package. Bioinformatics tools were used to perform functional and signaling pathway enrichment analyses for the DEGs. The expression and prognostic values of the hub genes were further evaluated by Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, we mined the "Connectivity Map" (CMap) to explore candidate small molecules that can reverse the tumoral of LUAD based on the DEGs. A total of 505 DEGs were identified, which included 337 downregulated and 168 upregulated genes. The PPI network was established with 1,860 interactions and 373 nodes. The most significant pathway and functional enrichment associated with the genes were cell adhesion and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, respectively. Seven DEGs with high connectivity degrees (ZWINT, RRM2, NDC80, KIF4A, CEP55, CENPU, and CENPF) that were significantly associated with worse survival were chosen as hub genes. Lastly, top 20 most important small molecules which reverses the LUAD gene expressions were identified. The findings contribute to revealing the molecular mechanisms of the initiation and progression of LUAD and provide new insights for integrating multiple biomarkers in clinical practice., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: None., (© 2022 Chengrui Li et al., published by De Gruyter.)

Oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)/re-oxygenation (OGDR) induces profound oxidative injury and neuronal cell death. It mimics ischemia-reperfusion neuronal injury. CPI-1189 is a novel tumor necrosis factor alpha-inhibiting compound with potential neuroprotective function. Here in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells and primary murine cortical neurons, CPI-1189 pretreatment potently inhibited OGDR-induced viability reduction and cell death. In OGDR-stimulated neuronal cells, p38 phosphorylation was blocked by CPI-1189. In addition, CPI-1189 alleviated OGDR-induced reactive oxygen species production, lipid peroxidation, and glutathione consumption. OGDR-induced neuronal cell apoptosis was also inhibited by CPI-1189 pretreatment. Furthermore, in SH-SY5Y cells and cortical neurons, CPI-1189 alleviated OGDR-induced programmed necrosis by inhibiting mitochondrial p53-cyclophilin D-adenine nucleotide translocase 1 association, mitochondrial depolarization, and lactate dehydrogenase release to the medium. In summary, CPI-1189 potently inhibited OGDR-induced oxidative injury and neuronal cell death.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of cochlear-facial dehiscence (CFD) and to examine the influence of otic capsule area, age, sex, and race on CFD., Study Design: Descriptive study of archived temporal bone specimens., Materials and Methods: Targeted sections from 1,020 temporal bone specimens were scanned and examined for CFD. Cochlear-facial partition width (CFPW) and otic capsule area (OCA), a marker of bone thickness, were measured using image analysis software. Demographic data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis., Results: The mean CFPW was 0.23 mm (range, 0-0.92 mm; SD, 0.15 mm). Six patients were completely dehiscent (0.59%). Fallopian canal width, age, sex, race, and OCA were found to be significant predictors of CFPW. Age was found to be negatively correlated with CFPW (β = -0.001) (p < 0.005). Thicker CFPW was associated with males (β = 0.024) and non-Caucasian individuals (β = 0.031). The mean OCA for dehiscent specimens (mean, 9.48 mm; range, 6.65-11.58 mm; SD 3.21 mm) was significantly smaller than the mean OCA for nondehiscent specimens, (mean, 12.88 mm; range, 6.63-21.92 mm; SD, 2.47 mm) (p < 0.01)., Conclusion: CFD occurred in nearly 0.6% of specimens in this temporal bone collection. Close to 35% of patients were sufficiently thin (<0.1 mm) to appear dehiscent on computed tomography scanning. Smaller OCA correlated with thinner CFPW, suggesting a developmental factor. Older, female, and Caucasian patients may have a greater risk for CFD and its associated symptoms.