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The current study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise combined with undenatured type II collagen (UCII) administration on endurance capacity, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and antioxidant status in rats. Twenty-one male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups as follows: (1) Sedentary control, (2) Exercise (E), (3) Exercise + UCII (4 mg/kg BW/day; E + UCII). The findings showed that the exhaustive running time in the UCII group was significantly prolonged compared to that of the non-supplemented group ( p < 0.001). When compared to the control group, total serum cholesterol (TC, p < 0.05) and triglyceride (TG, p < 0.05) levels decreased, while creatinine kinase (CK) levels increased in the E group ( p < 0.001). Serum creatinine kinase levels were reduced in the E + UCII group compared to the E group ( p < 0.01). Serum lactate, myoglobin ( p < 0.01), and osteocalcin levels ( p < 0.01) increased significantly in exercised rats compared to sedentary control rats, while serum lactate ( p < 0.01) and myoglobin ( p < 0.0001) levels decreased in the E + UCII group compared to control. Additionally, UCII supplementation caused significant increases in antioxidant enzyme activities [SOD ( p < 0.01) and GSH-Px ( p < 0.05)] and decreases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) levels ( p < 0.001). Muscle lipogenic protein (SREBP-1c, ACLY, LXR, and FAS) levels were lower in the E + UCII group than in other groups. In addition, UCII supplementation decreased muscle MAFbx, MuRF-1, myostatin and increased MyoD levels in exercised rats. Moreover, the E + UCII group had lower muscle inflammatory markers [TNF-α ( p < 0.0001) and IL-1β ( p < 0.01)] than the control group. These results suggest exercise combined with UCII (4 mg/kg BW/day) modulates lipid, muscle, and antioxidant status in rats.

Rationale: Citrus aurantium L. is a plant belonging to the Rutaceae family, whose extracts are extensively used in weight management products and as thermogenic agents. Here we present two methodologies to analyse the extracts obtained from the peels of Citrus aurantium L. that usually require multiple sample preparation and detection steps., Methods: Polar compounds of the crude extract from the peels of Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) were investigated by direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled to desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS). ESI-MS was performed in both positive and negative ion modes. Molecular imaging of the HPTLC plates was used for the direct analysis of the phytocompounds present in the crude extract from the peels of Citrus aurantium L. by DESI-MS imaging., Results: Characteristic mass spectra with many diagnostic ions were obtained from the extract analysis, allowing a fast and reliable identification of these species. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was employed to confirm the identity of specific metabolites., Conclusions: HPTLC/DESI-MS imaging is a relatively fast, versatile, and efficient technique for natural product analysis, since many more ions are observed than with the direct infusion ESI-MS. The MS/MS technique provided information about the component structures, revealing the presence of important bioactive components. The application of DESI-MS imaging may contribute to the improvement identification and characterization of pharmacologically active compounds in phytochemistry., (Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

The crude ethanolic extract from aerial parts of Pothomorphe umbellata L. (Piperaceae) and fractions obtained by partitions sequentially among water-methanol, methylene chloride, and ethyl acetate, as well as the major constituent, 4-nerolidylcatechol, were, respectively, evaluated and evidenced for antioxidant and cytotoxic effects through fluorometric microplate and microculture tetrazolium assays in HL-60 cells. The crude ethanolic extract demonstrated the preeminent antioxidant activity (IC50 = 1.2  μg/mL) against exogenous cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species, followed by the water-methanolic (IC50 = 4.5  μg/mL), methylene chloride (IC50 = 5.9  μg/mL), ethyl acetate (IC50 = 8.0  μg/mL), 4-nerolidylcatechol (IC50 = 8.6  μg/mL), and the sterol fractions (IC50 > 12.5  μg/mL). Vitamin C, the positive control used in this assay, presented IC50 value equivalent to 1.7  μg/mL. 4-Nerolidylcatechol (IC50 = 0.4  μg/mL) and methylene chloride fraction (IC50 = 2.3  μg/mL) presented considerable cytotoxicity probably because of the presence of an o-quinone, an auto-oxidation by product of the catechol. Polar compounds, present in the ethanol extract, appear to increase the solubility and stability of the major active constituent, acting synergistically with 4-nerolidylcatechol, improving its pharmacokinetic parameters and increasing significantly its antioxidant activity which, in turn, suggests that the aqueous-ethanolic extract, used in folklore medicine, is safe and effective.