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Background: The medial prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in regulating consciousness. However, the specific functions of its excitatory and inhibitory networks during anesthesia remain uncertain. Here we explored the hypothesis that somatostatin interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex enhance the effects of sevoflurane anesthesia by increasing GABA transmission to pyramidal neurons., Methods: EEG was utilized to reflect the depth of anesthesia. Immunostaining and fiber photometry were employed to assess neuronal activities and GABA delivery. The regulation of neuronal activity was achieved by chemogenetics and optogenetics., Results: The expression of c-Fos was increased in somatostatin neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex during sevoflurane anesthesia (air versus sevoflurane: 26.4 ± 6.5 % versus 48 ± 6.2 %, P=0.0007, n=5 mice). Chemogenetic inhibition or activation of somatostatin neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex reduced (from 84 ± 24 s to 51 ± 18 s, P=0.008, n=7 mice) or prolonged (from 97 ± 31 s to 140 ± 30 s, P=0.006, n=7 mice) the sevoflurane anesthesia recovery time. Increased GABA input to pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex precedes sevoflurane-induced loss of consciousness (ΔF/F: from 0.46 ± 0.57 % to 2.25 ± 1.42 %, P=0.031, n=10 mice). Activation of somatostatin neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex, leading to a significant reduction in calcium signals within local pyramidal neurons (ΔF/F: from -0.14 ± 0.52 % to -10.08 ± 4.44 %, P=0.002, n=10 mice), and GABA input on pyramidal neurons increased (ΔF/F: from -0.001 ± 0.001 % to 0.28 ± 0.03 %, P=0.002, n=7 mice) in a time-locked manner. Chemogenetic inhibition of pyramidal neurons prolonged the recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia in mice (from 101 ± 46 s to 136 ± 54 s, P=0.017, n=19 mice)., Conclusions: Cortical somatostatin neurons may inhibit local pyramidal neurons by enhancing GABA transmission, which increases the effectiveness of sevoflurane anesthesia., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2025 American Society of Anesthesiologists. All Rights Reserved.)

The zona incerta (ZI) predominantly consists of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) neurons, located adjacent to the lateral hypothalamus. GABA, acting on GABAA receptors, serves as a crucial neuromodulator in the initiation and maintenance of general anesthesia. In this study, we aimed to investigate the involvement of ZI GABAergic neurons in the general anesthesia process. Utilizing in-vivo calcium signal optical fiber recording, we observed a decrease in the activity of ZI GABAergic neurons during isoflurane anesthesia, followed by a significant increase during the recovery phase. Subsequently, we selectively ablated ZI GABAergic neurons to explore their role in general anesthesia, revealing no impact on the induction of isoflurane anesthesia but a prolonged recovery time, accompanied by a reduction in delta-band power in mice under isoflurane anesthesia. Finally, through optogenetic activation/inhibition of ZI GABAergic neurons during isoflurane anesthesia, we discovered that activation of these neurons facilitated emergence without affecting the induction process, while inhibition delayed emergence, leading to fluctuations in delta band activity. In summary, these findings highlight the involvement of ZI GABAergic neurons in modulating the emergence of isoflurane anesthesia., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

High-temperature CMAS corrosion has become a crucial factor inhibiting the further development of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) because of the increasing service temperature of aero-engines. Herein, a novel mid-entropy rare-earth hafnate (Y 0.3 Gd 0.3 Yb 0.4 ) 4 Hf 3 O 12 (YGYbH) was prepared by ultrafast high-temperature sintering (UHS) technology, and its CMAS corrosion behavior and mechanism were investigated. During corrosion, the Ca 2 RE 8 (SiO 4 ) 6 O 2 apatite phase with a lower formation enthalpy and entropy-stabilized effect had a more intense tendency to be generated, which improves the density and stability of the reaction layer, hindering the further penetration of molten CMAS. Moreover, the significant lattice distortion caused by the rare-earth ions with different radii impeded the ionic diffusion, which delayed the CMAS corrosion reaction. In general, YGYbH, with excellent CMAS corrosion resistance, has the potential to serve as a next-generation TBC material.

Aims: The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) promotes wakefulness states under general anesthesia. Recent studies have shown that glutamatergic neurons within the PBN play a crucial role in facilitating emergence from anesthesia. Our previous study indicates that vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vglut2) expression neurons of the PBN extend into the extended amygdala (EA). However, the modulation of PBN vglut2 -EA in general anesthesia remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the role of PBN vglut2 -EA in alterations of consciousness during sevoflurane anesthesia., Methods: We first validated vglut2-expressing neuron projections from the PBN to the EA using anterograde tracing. Then, we conducted immunofluorescence staining of c-Fos to investigate the role of the EA involved in the regulation of consciousness during sevoflurane anesthesia. After, we performed calcium fiber photometry recordings to determine the changes in PBN vglut2 -EA activity. Lastly, we modulated PBN vglut2 -EA activity under sevoflurane anesthesia using optogenetics, and electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded during specific optogenetic modulation., Results: The expression of vglut2 in PBN neurons projected to the EA, and c-Fos expression in the EA was significantly reduced during sevoflurane anesthesia. Fiber photometry revealed that activity in the PBN vglut2 -EA pathway was suppressed during anesthesia induction but restored upon awakening. Optogenetic activation of the PBN vglut2 -EA delayed the induction of anesthesia. Meanwhile, EEG recordings showed significantly decreased δ oscillations and increased β and γ oscillations compared to the EYFP group. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of the PBN vglut2 -EA resulted in an acceleration of awakening from anesthesia, accompanied by decreased δ oscillations on EEG recordings. Optogenetic inhibition of PBN vglut2 -EA accelerated anesthesia induction. Surprisingly, we found a sex-specific regulation of PBN vglut2 -EA in this study. The activity of PBN vglut2 -EA was lower in males during the induction of anesthesia and decreased more rapidly during sevoflurane anesthesia compared to females. Photoactivation of the PBN vglut2 -EA reduced the sensitivity of males to sevoflurane, showing more pronounced wakefulness behavior and EEG changes than females., Conclusions: PBN vglut2 -EA is involved in the promotion of wakefulness under sevoflurane anesthesia. Furthermore, PBN vglut2 -EA shows sex differences in the changes of consciousness induced by sevoflurane anesthesia., (© 2024 The Author(s). CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Study Objective: To investigate whether a single dosage of esketamine injection in the anesthesia period could improve postoperative negative emotions and early cognitive function in patients undergoing non-cardiac thoracic surgery., Design: A prospective single center double blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial., Setting: Perioperative period; operating room, post anesthesia care unit and hospital ward., Patients: 129 adult patients that underwent elective non-cardiac thoracic surgery under general anesthesia., Interventions: During the operation, pharmacologic prevention of postoperative negative emotion and early cognitive disorder with 0.2 mg/kg (Low esketamine group) and 0.5 mg/kg esketamine (High esketamine group) vs. placebo., Measurements: Emotion and early cognitive performance were assessed on the day before surgery (POD-1), postoperative day 1 (POD1) and day 3 (POD3) using HADS-A, HADS-D, Pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and serum biomarkers (S100β, BDNF, IL-6, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine)., Main Results: The high esketamine group showed significantly lower HADS-A and HADS-D scores than control group on POD1 and POD3. No significant differences were observed between the low esketamine group and the control group. The esketamine-treated groups showed lower pain VAS scores than the control group at 2 h and on the first day after operation. There were no significant differences among the three groups in CAM and MMSE scores. However, the high esketamine group had lower S100β and IL-6 levels, and higher BDNF levels postoperatively, while serum acetylcholine and norepinephrine were not significantly different., Conclusions: A single intraoperative injection of 0.5 mg/kg esketamine can alleviate postoperative anxiety, depression, and pain to some extent. Although cognitive function behavioral evaluation did not show obvious benefits, it can also reduce the production of pro-inflammatory and brain injury-related factors while promoting the generation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Registration Trial registry: http://www.chictr.org.cn/; Identifier: ChiCTR2100047067., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

To reduce the amount of energy consumed in integrated circuits, high efficiency with the lowest energy is always expected. Self-drive device is one of the options in the pursuit of low power nanodevices. It is a typical strategy to form an internal electric field by constructing a heterojunction in self-drive semiconductor system. Here, a two-step method is proposed to prepare high quality centimeter-sized 2D tellurium (Te) thin film with hall mobility as high as 37.3 cm 2  V -1  s -1 , and the 2D Te film is further assembled with silicon to form a heterojunction for self-drive photodetector, which can realize effective detection from visible to near infrared bands. The photodetectivity of the heterojunctions can reach 1.58×10 11 Jones under the illumination of 400 nm@ 1.615 mW/cm 2 and 2.08×10 8 Jones under the illumination of 1550 nm@ 1.511 mW/cm 2 without bias. Our experiments demonstrate the potential of 2D tellurium thin films for wide band and near infrared integrated device applications., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

It has been suggested that the function of sleep is to actively clear metabolites and toxins from the brain. Enhanced clearance is also said to occur during anesthesia. Here, we measure clearance and movement of fluorescent molecules in the brains of male mice and show that movement is, in fact, independent of sleep and wake or anesthesia. Moreover, we show that brain clearance is markedly reduced, not increased, during sleep and anesthesia., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: An increasing amount of evidence suggests that gastrointestinal diseases are risk factors for herpes zoster (HZ) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Among them, the gut microbiota may play a crucial role in this process. Therefore, this study aims to explore the potential causal association between the gut microbiota and HZ and PHN., Methods: Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to detect the causal effect between HZ and PHN and the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota data were derived from the MiBioGen consortium, while HZ and PHN data were obtained from the FinnGen database. We selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables with a threshold of p < 1 × 10⁻⁵ for the association with the gut microbiota in forward MR analysis and p < 5 × 10 ⁻8 for the association with HZ or PHN in reverse MR analysis and then removed SNPs in linkage disequilibrium ( r 2 < 0.001) within a distance of 10,000 kb for both the gut microbiota and HZ and PHN. These SNPs were utilized to assess the causal effect between exposures and outcomes using inverse-variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted mean, and weighted median tests., Results: The class Deltaproteobacteria, order Desulfovibrionales, family Desulfovibrionaceae, and genus Coprococcus 2 were found to reduce the risk of HZ, while the phylum Cyanobacteria, genus Eubacterium rectale group appeared to increase it. The class Coriobacteriia, order Coriobacteriales, family Coriobacteriaceae, genus Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 and genus Ruminococcaceae UCG011 were found to reduce the risk of PHN, while the genus Candidatus Soleaferrea , genus Eubacterium rectale group, and genus Methanobrevibacter appeared to increase it. Moreover, the onset of HZ was found to increase the level of the genus Eubacterium rectale group. These findings remained robust and unaffected by heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy among SNPs in both forward and reverse MR analysis., Conclusion: This MR study provided evidence supporting a potential causal relationship between the gut microbiota and HZ and PHN. Moreover, we found that the causal effect between the gut microbiota and HZ is bidirectional. Further studies are required to clarify the biological mechanisms linking the gut microbiota and these conditions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Deng, Liu, Wang and Luo.)

Hibernation is a prolonged state of low metabolism that animals enter in response to extreme environmental conditions to enhance their survival in harsh environments. Recent studies have shown that non-hibernating species can also be induced to enter a hibernation-like state. 2-methyl-2-thiazoline (2MT), a potent analog of fox odor, can induce fear-related behavior in mice with low body temperature and low metabolism, and has specific organ-protective effects. A systematic understanding of 2MT-induced hibernation and its underlying mechanisms may aid in expanding its applications in medicine and other fields., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.)

The fabrication of α-FAPbI 3 perovskite films usually requires high temperature annealing above 150 °C, and the residual tensile strain in the films seriously affects the stability of α-FAPbI 3 by converting to δ-phase FAPbI 3 . Here, we use MASCN surface treatment of FAPbI 3 films to induce a rotation of the coplanar octahedron [PbI 6 ] 4- to the metric octahedron for the strong interaction of SCN - with Pb 2+ , converting δ-FAPbI 3 into α-FAPbI 3 highly crystalline films at room temperature. The optimized FAPbI 3 films have high stability due to releasing residual tensile strains after MASCN treatment. The efficiency of the MASCN-treated unannealed FAPbI 3 PSC is 19.03%, while the optimized FAPbI 3 annealed at 100 °C shows a maximum PCE of 21.95% on a small area. The solar cell stability for humidity, light, and thermal stability are significantly improved. The MASCN treated FAPbI 3 achieves a PCE of 15.32% on a PSC module with an effective area of 9.6 cm 2 and maintains an initial efficiency of 94.1% after 100 days of ageing at 85 °C and 85% humidity.

This study examines the impact of Omnibus Immigration Laws on the mental health of the Hispanic populations in the U.S. We use a Difference-in-Differences framework and data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the 2000-2016 period that contains information on more than 400 thousand Hispanics residing in the U.S. We find that the most stringent provision, namely, "show me your papers" laws, adversely affects the mental health of Hispanics and contributes to an increase of 12%-16% in the number of unhealthy mental days and an increase of 13%-18% in the probability of having frequent mental distress in the states with "show me your papers" laws. OIL provisions that enforced the use of E-Verify or limited the use of public benefits to unauthorized immigrants did not have any effect on mental health. The study also examines (1) police stops, (2) physical health, insurance, and employment status, (3) co-ethnic density, and (4) immigration enforcement awareness as potential mechanisms that could lead to a deterioration in the mental health of Hispanics. The evidence indicates their vulnerability to strict immigration enforcement. The social and public health cost should be carefully evaluated when formulating and implementing immigration policies., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

SnO 2 is widely used as the electron transport layer (ETL) in n-i-p perovskite solar cells. However, the deep-level defects at the interface between SnO 2 and the perovskite film will lead to energy loss, reducing the open-circuit voltage. Therefore, the interface optimization is essential to raise the efficiency and enhance the stability of perovskite solar cells. In this work, we introduce NH 4 F into the SnO 2 electron transport layers, and the optimized SnO 2 films reduce the interface defect density, improve the charge extraction, and reveal a better energy-level arrangement. Compared to the conventional SnO 2 perovskite solar cell, the average V oc is improved by 70 mV with the champion efficiency up to 22.12%. Moreover, the unencapsulated F-doped SnO 2 perovskite solar cells show better thermal stability (maintained 86.2%) and humidity stability (maintained 80.8%) after 35 days.

Since 2010, Arizona's immigration law (SB 1070) has produced unintended racial profiling consequences for Hispanics. Earlier empirical evidence establishes its adverse mental health effects on young Hispanics. This study expands the analysis by introducing obesogenic repercussions. Using Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System data from 2001 to 2017, Synthetic Control Method techniques are employed to isolate the law's health consequences. Results indicate significant post-2010 deviations from indistinguishable pre-2010 trends in health indicators for Arizona and its synthetic states. After 2010, Arizona's Hispanic youths registered relatively significantly higher incidences of mutually reinforcing mental and physical (obesogenic) indicators, even after accounting for nutritional improvements. Our findings do not discredit weight reduction benefits of favorable diet choices, but rather emphasize the stronger offsetting influence of SB 1070-induced obesogenic health behaviors. Thus, there is a need for policy re-evaluation to curb the law's unintended ramifications and launch more targeted youth-oriented health support programs., (© 2022. This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

Purpose: The aim of the current study was to explore the role of the basal forebrain (BF) in propofol anaesthesia., Methods: In the present study, we observed the neural activities of the BF during propofol anaesthesia using calcium fibre photometry recording. Subsequently, ibotenic acid was injected into the BF to verify the role of the BF in propofol anaesthesia. Finally, to test whether GABA A receptors in the BF were involved in modulating propofol anaesthesia, muscimol (GABA A receptor agonist) and gabazine (GABA A receptor antagonist) were microinjected into the BF. Cortical electroencephalogram (EEG), time to loss of righting reflex (LORR), and recovery of righting reflex (RORR) under propofol anaesthesia were recorded and analysed., Results: The activity of BF neurons was inhibited during induction of propofol anaesthesia and activated during emergence from propofol anaesthesia. In addition, non-specifical lesion of BF neurons significantly prolonged the time to RORR and increased delta power in the frontal cortex under propofol anaesthesia. Next, microinjection of muscimol into the BF delayed emergence from propofol anaesthesia, increased delta power of the frontal cortex, and decreased gamma power under propofol anaesthesia. Conversely, infusion of gabazine accelerated emergence times and decreased EEG delta power., Conclusions: The basal forebrain is involved in modulating frontal cortex delta activity and emergence from propofol anaesthesia. Additionally, the GABA A receptors in the basal forebrain are involved in regulating emergence propofol anaesthesia.

Treatment of central nervous system (CNS) demyelination is greatly hindered by lack of the knowledge regarding to underlying molecular mechanisms as well as therapeutic agents. Here, we report a novel small molecule agent, gastrodin (GAS), which can significantly promote CNS myelination in in vivo mice models. By using high-throughput sequencing analysis, we discover a key long non-coding RNA Gm7237 that can enhance CNS myelination and is up-regulated by GAS. Through using bioinformatic analysis and experimental validations, we further unravel that microRNA-142a (miR-142a) and its target myelin gene regulatory factor (MRF) is under the direct regulation by Gm7237. Finally, we demonstrate that Gm7237/miR-142a/MRF axis is the key pathway involved in CNS myelination mediated by GAS. Overall, our results provide not only a novel agent for therapeutic treatment of CNS demyelination but also a molecular basis responsible for GAS-promoted CNS myelination.

Since their introduction in the 1840s, one of the largest mysteries of modern anesthesia are how general anesthetics create the state of reversible loss of consciousness. Increasing researchers have shown that neural pathways that regulate endogenous sleep-wake systems are also involved in general anesthesia. Recently, the Lateral Habenula (LHb) was considered as a hot spot for both natural sleep-wake and propofol-induced sedation; however, the role of the LHb and related pathways in the isoflurane-induced unconsciousness has yet to be identified. Here, using real-time calcium fiber photometry recordings in vivo , we found that isoflurane reversibly increased the activity of LHb glutamatergic neurons. Then, we selectively ablated LHb glutamatergic neurons in Vglut2-cre mice, which caused a longer induction time and less recovery time along with a decrease in delta-band power in mice under isoflurane anesthesia. Furthermore, using a chemogenetic approach to specifically activate LHb glutamatergic neurons shortened the induction time and prolonged the recovery time in mice under isoflurane anesthesia with an increase in delta-band power. In contrast, chemogenetic inhibition of LHb glutamatergic neurons was very similar to the effects of selective lesions of LHb glutamatergic neurons. Finally, optogenetic activation of LHb glutamatergic neurons or the synaptic terminals of LHb glutamatergic neurons in the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) produced a hypnosis-promoting effect in isoflurane anesthesia with an increase in slow wave activity. Our results suggest that LHb glutamatergic neurons and pathway are vital in modulating isoflurane anesthesia., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Liu, Liu, Zhou, He, Zhang, Cai, Yuan, Luo, Zheng, Yu and Zhang.)

This study investigates the impact of the enforcement of SB 1070, a stringent immigration law, on the mental health, health-risk behaviors, and academic performance of Hispanic adolescent residents in Arizona. Using the difference-in-differences method, this study finds that SB 1070 increases their probability of feeling sad and decreases their physical activeness. The impact of SB 1070 on sad feelings and level of physical activity could have serious repercussions while it lasts. In addition, obese male Hispanic adolescents are more likely than their female or non-obese counterparts to develop mental health problems and engage in health-risk behaviors attributable to the stringent immigration policy. This study's empirical evidence on adverse mental health repercussions for Hispanic adolescents of state-level immigration enforcement suggests the need to be careful in formulating and implementing immigration policies., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Electroencephalogram monitoring during propofol (PRO) anesthesia typically features low-frequency oscillations, which may be involved with thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) modulation. TRN receives noradrenergic inputs from the locus coeruleus (LC). We hypothesized that specific noradrenergic connections in the TRN may contribute to the emergence from PRO anesthesia. Intranuclei norepinephrine (NE) injections ( n = 10) and designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) ( n = 10) were used to investigate the role of noradrenergic inputs from the LC to the TRN during PRO anesthesia. Whole-cell recording in acute brain slice preparations was used to identify the type of adrenoceptor that regulates noradrenergic innervation in the TRN. An intracerebral injection of NE into the TRN delays arousal in mice recovering from PRO anesthesia (means ± sd; 486.6 ± 57.32 s for the NE injection group vs. 422.4 ± 48.19 s for the control group; P = 0.0143) and increases the cortical-δ (0.1-4 Hz, 25.4 ± 2.9 for the NE injection group vs. 21.0 ± 1.7 for the control group; P = 0.0094) oscillation. An intra-TRN injection of NE also decreased the EC 50 of PRO-induced unconsciousness (57.05 ± 1.78 mg/kg for the NE injection group vs. 72.44 ± 3.23 mg/kg for the control group; P = 0.0096). Moreover, the activation of LC-noradrenergic nerve terminals in the TRN using DREADDs increased the recovery time [466.1 ± 44.57 s for the clozapine N-oxide (CNO) injection group vs. 426.1 ± 38.75 s for the control group; P = 0.0033], decreased the EC 50 of PRO-induced unconsciousness (64.77 ± 3.40 mg/kg for the CNO injection group vs. 74.00 ± 2.08 mg/kg for the control group; P = 0.0081), and increased the cortical-δ oscillation during PRO anesthesia (23.29 ± 2.58 for the CNO injection group vs. 19.56 ± 1.9 for the control group; P = 0.0213). In addition, whole-cell recording revealed that NE augmented the inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the TRN neurons via the α1-adrenoceptor. Our data indicated that enhanced NE signaling at the noradrenergic terminals of the LC-TRN projection delays arousal from general anesthesia, which is likely mediated by the α1-adrenoceptor activation. Our findings open a door for further understanding of the functions of various LC targets in both anesthesia and arousal.-Zhang, Y., Fu, B., Liu, C., Yu, S., Luo, T., Zhang, L., Zhou, W., Yu, T. Activation of noradrenergic terminals in the reticular thalamus delays arousal from propofol anesthesia in mice.

General anesthesia has been used clinically for more than 170 years, yet its underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) in the brainstem has been known to be crucial for regulating wakefulness and signs of arousal on the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG). Lesions of the parabrachial complex lead to unresponsiveness and a monotonous high-voltage, and a slow-wave EEG, which are the two main features of general anesthesia. However, it is unclear whether and how the PBN functions in the process of general anesthesia. By recording the levels of calcium in vivo in real-time, we found that the neural activity in PBN is suppressed during anesthesia, while it is robustly activated during recovery from propofol and isoflurane anesthesia. The activation of PBN neurons by "designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs" (DREADDs) shortened the recovery time but did not change the induction time. Cortical EEG recordings revealed that the neural activation of PBN specifically affected the recovery period, with a decrease of δ-band power or an increase in β-band power; no EEG changes were seen in the anesthesia period. Furthermore, the activation of PBN elicited neural activation in the prefrontal cortex, basal forebrain, lateral hypothalamus, thalamus, and supramammillary nucleus. Thus, PBN is critical for behavioral and electroencephalographic arousal without affecting the induction of general anesthesia.

This article analyzes issues related to U.S. hired farmworkers' utilization of health care services and their specific choices among health care provider and health bill payment method options. Using data from the National Agricultural Workers Surveys for the years 2000-2012, this article employs propensity score matching and probit estimation techniques to examine the health care utilization of hired farmworkers. This study's results indicate that undocumented hired farmworkers are 10.7 and 3% less likely to use U.S. and foreign health care, respectively, compared to documented farmworkers. Health insurance is found to significantly increase hired farmworkers' use of U.S. health care by 22.3%. Notably, compared to their documented working peers, undocumented workers are much less likely to patronize private clinics. They are even less likely to rely on migrant health centers even when these providers are their most viable sources of health care service.