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Competing Interests: Competing interests: CH: Fujifilm Co. (consultancy); Medtronic Co. (consultancy), Alessandro Repici: Fujifilm Co. (consultancy); Olympus Corp (consultancy); Medtronic Co. (consultancy). Other authors: nothing to disclose.

Competing Interests: Competing interests: AC is a consultant for ERBE. CH is a consultant for Fujifilm, Medtronic and Olympus. RM is a consultant for ERBE, Fujifilm, 3DMatrix and Boston Scientific. AR is a consultant for Medtronic, ERBE, Fujifilm and Olympus. RdS, DM, LA, LB, VV, FM, SM, AF, AA, and PB have nothing to declare.

Introduction: Various endoscopic resection techniques have been proposed for the treatment of nonpedunculated colorectal polyps sized 6-20 mm, however the optimal technique still remains unclear., Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), investigating the efficacy of endoscopic treatments for the management of 6-20 mm nonpedunculated colorectal polyps. Primary outcomes were complete and en bloc resection rates and adverse event rate was the secondary. Effect size on outcomes is presented as risk ratio (RR; 95% confidence interval [CI])., Results: Fourteen RCTs (5219 polypectomies) were included. Endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR) significantly outperformed cold snare polypectomy(CSP) in terms of complete [(RR 95%CI): 1.04(1.00-1.07)] and en bloc resection rate [RR:1.12(1.04-1.21)]. EMR was superior to hot snare polypectomy (HSP) [RR:1.04(1.00-1.08)] regarding complete resection, while underwater EMR (U-EMR) achieved significantly higher rate of en bloc resection compared to CSP [RR:1.15(1.01-1.30)]. EMR yielded the highest ranking for complete resection(SUCRA-score 0.81), followed by cold-snare EMR(CS-EMR,SUCRA-score 0.76). None of the modalities was different regarding adverse event rate compared to CSP, however EMR and CS-EMR resulted in fewer adverse events compared to HSP [RR:0.44(0.26-0.77) and 0.43(0.21-0.87),respectively]., Conclusion: EMR achieved the highest performance in resecting 6-20 mm nonpedunculated colorectal polyps, with this effect being consistent for polyps 6-9 and ≥10 mm; findings supported by very low quality of evidence., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None declared., (Copyright © 2022 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Thermal damage to the muscle layer during mucosal application of argon plasma coagulation (APC) may be avoided by creating a fluid cushion within the submucosal layer, but the minimum injection volume needed or the ideal injection fluid are yet to be established. We conducted a systematic ex vivo study with this aim., Methods: All experiments were performed in an ex vivo porcine gastrointestinal tract model. Five different fluids (saline, Glyceol, Gelafundin, Voluven, and Eleview) of different volumes were injected into the submucosa of different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. APC was applied to the mucosa at different power settings. Immediately after APC treatment, the temperature was measured through a thermocouple placed inside the fluid cushion, just on top of the muscle layer. The minimum volume of fluid needed to protect the muscle layer from thermal damage was determined., Results: There was no difference in the temperature measured among the different injection fluids at the surface of the muscle, in all the locations, at equal injection volumes and power settings. The minimum amounts of fluid needed to protect the muscle layer were 2 and 3 mL for power settings of 30-90 W and 90-120 W, respectively., Conclusions: Normal saline and 4 commercially available submucosal injection fluids possess similar thermal protective effects. To reduce the likelihood of thermal damage to deeper layers when APC is applied, a minimum injection volume of 3 mL is recommended if less than 90 W power will be utilized over 3 sec., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: Roberta Maselli, Paul J. Belletrutti, Marco Spadaccini, Piera Alessia Galteri, Milena Di Leo and Alessandro Repici have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose; Thomas Stäbler, Michael Ederer, Alexander Neugebauer, Markus D. Enderle are employees at the Research Department of Erbe Elektromedizin GmbH, (Copyright: © Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology.)

Background: According to guidelines, all visible lesions in Barrett's esophagus (BE) should be endoscopically resected. Available methods of endoscopic resection include the cap-assisted technique and, more recently, multiband mucosectomy (MBM). Data on the efficacy and safety of MBM have yet to be systematically reviewed. We performed the first systematic review with pooled analysis to evaluate the outcomes of MBM in patients with BE., Methods: Electronic databases (Medline, Scopus, EMBASE) were searched up to August 2019. Studies including patients with BE who underwent MBM were eligible. The primary outcome was the adverse events rate. Secondary outcomes were the proportions of complete resections and R0 resections. Outcomes were assessed by pooling data using a random or fixed-effect model, according to the degree of heterogeneity, to obtain a proportion with a 95% confidence interval., Results: Fourteen studies were eligible (1334 procedures, 986 patients). The adverse event rate was 5.3%. Immediate and post-procedural bleeding, perforations and strictures occurred in 0.2%, 0.7%, 0.3% and 3.9% of procedures, respectively. Focal lesions were resected at a complete rate of 97.6% with an R0 resection rate of 94.1%., Conclusion: MBM is a safe and effective technique for treating visible lesions in BE., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None, (Copyright: © Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology.)

Zenker's diverticulum (ZD) is a rare outpouching of the esophageal mucosa herniating posteriorly through Killian's triangle. Treatments of ZD aim to dissect the cricopharyngeal muscle to remove the underlying dysfunctional condition. In the last decade, a septotomy performed utilizing a flexible endoscope has been reported as a safe and effective alternative to both open surgery and rigid endoscopic diverticulotomy. More recently, Li et al described a novel endoscopic technique to treat ZD, named "submucosal tunneling endoscopic septum division", inspired by the peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) procedure developed for achalasia. Subsequently, the term Z-POEM was introduced and has become the most frequently used acronym to define the tunneling technique for ZD. This article describes the flexible therapeutic endoscopic strategies for treating ZD, including the novel third space approach, which seems to show promising potential in terms of clinical efficacy and safety., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None, (Copyright: © 2021 Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology.)