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This study determined the effects of administering a glycoprotein with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)-like activity (eCG-like) on corpus luteum (CL) area, serum progesterone concentrations, incidence of multiple ovulations (MOV), estrus expression rate (EER), and pregnancy to timed AI (P/TAI) in Angus cattle synchronized with a 5-d Co-Synch protocol. On Day -8, cattle were body condition scored (BCS), and received a 1.0 g progesterone intravaginal device (IVD) and 100 μg GnRH. On Day -3, the IVDs were removed and 500 μg cloprostenol was administered intramuscularly (i.m.). Cattle were randomly assigned into one of two groups: eCG-like (heifers, n = 232, primiparous, n = 148, and multiparous cows = 485; 300 IU (heifers) and 400 IU (cows) eCG-like i.m. on Day -3), or Control (heifers, n = 240, primiparous, n = 151, and multiparous cows, n = 478; no eCG-like). On Day -2, cattle received a second dose of 500 μg cloprostenol, and on Day 0, 100 μg GnRH was given concurrently with TAI. Estrus expression rate was assessed by observing the tail paint rubbed off in a subset of heifers (n = 372) and all cows on Day 0. Transrectal ultrasonography was used to evaluate the presence of CL on Day -8 and to diagnose P/TAI on Day 30-35. In a subset of cattle (heifers = 194 and multiparous cows = 87), CL area, serum progesterone concentrations, and incidence of MOV were evaluated on Day 7. Heifers, primiparous, and multiparous cows were analyzed separately. Treatment with eCG-like did not affect (P > 0.1) EER in heifers. Estrus expression rate was increased (P ≤ 0.03) in primiparous (68.9 % vs 45.0 %) and multiparous (75.5 % vs. 68.8 %) cows treated with eCG-like compared with Controls. Pregnancy/TAI was increased (P < 0.01) in heifers (65.2 % vs 48.3 %) and primiparous cows (48.3 % vs. 35.1 %) treated with eCG-like than Controls. In multiparous cows with a BCS ≤4 P/TAI was increased (P = 0.03) in the eCG-like group (47.7 %) than the Control group (34.8 %) but was similar (P > 0.1) between treatment groups in multiparous cows with a BCS ≥4.5. The eCG-like treatment increased (P < 0.05) CL area in heifers and multiparous cows and tended (P = 0.10) to elevate serum progesterone concentrations only in heifers. However, it did not affect (P > 0.1) the incidence of MOV in heifers and multiparous cows. Glycoprotein eCG-like administration increased fertility in heifers and primiparous cows, but in multiparous the effect of eCG-like on fertility was associated with BCS., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Rumen fistulation is a widely used procedure that allows for collection of ruminal contents. However, fistulation is an invasive and costly procedure that generally limits the number of animals that can be recruited for experiments, thus encouraging the use of alternative techniques such as the intra-esophageal tube technique. One of the challenges of this technique is the limited ability to collect solid fractions from the rumen content pool, which may affect the microbial community structure in the sample, particularly affecting the recovery and characterization of solid adherent bacteria. We developed an intra-esophageal tube rumen sampling technique and device referred to as the "Rumen Sampler MG" with the aim of increasing the recovery of solid fractions from rumen content compared with other oro-ruminal sampling methods. The Rumen Sampler MG device consists of a manual pump fitted with a barometer and an intra-esophageal flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube with beveled terminal edge allowing for minimal clogging of the sampling tubing and a rapid flux of contents being sampled. Nine lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (554.6 ± 25.2 kg of BW; 8.3 ± 3.3 DIM; ± SD) were recruited to evaluate the proposed method. During the procedure, animals were safely restrained in a chute and administered with a low dosage of a neuroleptic drug to reduce animal stress during sampling. An endoscopic camera was inserted into the reticulo-rumen through the esophagus to identify the sampling location and determine the length of the sampling tube necessary to reach the desired location. Following, the intra-esophageal sampling tube connected to a manual pump was inserted for collection of rumen contents. Samples collected did not present visual evidence of saliva contamination (e.g., high viscosity) and their pH ranged within expected values (6.33-7.04) for samples collected from the reticulo-rumen. Each sample contained 35% to 40% wet solids volume. Individual dry matter intake and milk production of cows continued to increase after sampling as expected for cows in the early postpartum period, suggesting that the sampling procedure did not affect cow performance. Results from microbiome analysis of rumen content samples suggest that the relative abundances of the main bacterial phyla are consistent with those from samples collected from dairy cows via rumen fistula in previous studies. The device and technique proposed allow for adequate samples of ruminal liquid and solid contents to be collected for microbiome analysis without disruption of animal performance., (© 2024.)

The aim of this study was to investigate the growth and development of animals produced from demi-embryos and compare them with whole embryos from fetus to adult life. To achieve this, calves produced from fresh demi-embryos and whole embryos were individually transferred and monitored from 60 days of pregnancy until slaughter at 550 days. Ultrasound scans were conducted on fetuses at 60 and 90 days to evaluate the biparietal, abdominal, umbilical cord, orbital, and aorta diameters. Subsequently, morphological traits of newborn calves were measured at 0, 7, and 21 days (N = 18). Live weight was recorded at birth, weaning, and every 30 days thereafter until slaughter at 550 days. The growth curve of each group was modeled using logistic regression, and the factors of the respective functions were compared. As early as 60 days of pregnancy, ultrasound evaluations revealed no morphometric differences between fetuses produced from demi-embryos and those from whole embryos. This lack of differentiation persisted in the morphometric evaluations of newborns up to 21 days of age, as well as in live weight and the growth curve from birth to slaughter. Moreover, there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of rib eye area and fat thickness evolution. Consequently, individuals from demi-embryos exhibited no discernible disparities to those whole embryos in growth and development from 60 days of gestation, through birth, and into adulthood., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors report no declarations of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

A numerical evaluation is conducted to assess the impact of distributing radio frequency (RF) signals through optical fiber links on the performance of a coherent multi-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system. The analysis focuses on scenarios where the antennas are widely separated in comparison to the employed signal wavelengths. The development of a model to quantify the phase noise (PN) induced on each RF band due to the signal transmission through optical fiber links between the centralized base station and each radar peripheral is described. Monte Carlo simulation results are collected to estimate the key performance indicators (KPIs) for varying standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) length and different PN contributions. The main contributors to the PN are revealed to be chromatic dispersion (CD), double Rayleigh scattering (DRS), and mechanical vibrations. In a shipborne scenario, a significant performance degradation occurs only when the length of the fiber links reaches approximately 20 km. Further, the PN impact has also been studied in a shipborne scenario to analyze the robustness of the system for worse phase noise level assumptions. The results reveal excellent robustness of the proposed centralized acquisition and processing approach in the presence of both very long fiber links and economically employed RF oscillators.

Two experiments were conducted to compare, follicle diameter (FD) on Day -1, corpus luteum (CL) area on Day 7, progesterone (P4) concentration on Day 7 and 18, pregnancy per timed artificial insemination (TAI) on Day 30, and pregnancy loss (PL) between Days 30 and 60 after TAI (TAI, Day 0) using two different synchronization protocols. In Experiment 1, Angus cows (n = 1148) were randomly assigned to either 7-d progesterone CO-Synch (7-d CO-Synch) or 8-d progesterone + estradiol (8-d P + ES) synchronization protocols for TAI. On Day -10, cows in the 7-d CO-Synch treatment group (n = 574) received a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PIVD; 0.5 g P4) and GnRH (0.105 mg), on Day -3 the PIVD was removed and cows received cloprostenol (0.150 mg), then, on Day 0 (64 h after PIVD removal), cows received GnRH (0.105 mg) and were TAI. On Day -10, cows in the 8-d P + ES treatment group (n = 574) received a PIVD (0.5 g P4) and estradiol benzoate (2.0 mg), on Day -2 the PIVD was removed, and cows received cloprostenol (0.150 mg) and estradiol cypionate (0.5 mg), then, on Day 0 (48 h after PIVD removal), cows were TAI. Pregnancy per TAI was determined on Days 30 and 60. In a subset of cows (7-d CO-Synch, n = 41; 8-d P + ES, n = 40), serum P4 concentration was evaluated on Day 18. In Experiment 2, anestrus (n = 34) and cyclic (n = 34) suckled beef cows were selected and submitted at random on Day -10, to either 7-d CO-Synch or 8-d P + ES treatment groups. Follicle diameter on Day -1, CL area, and serum P4 concentration on Day 7 were determined. In Experiment 1, pregnancy per TAI on Day 30 did not differ (7-d CO-Synch = 48.9%; 8-d P + ES = 45.6%) between treatments but it was greater for cows with BCS ≥5 (P < 0.01). Pregnancy loss between Days 30 and 60 did not differ between treatment groups but tended to be greater in cows with BCS <5.0 (P < 0.1). In a subset of cows, serum P4 concentration on Day 18 did not differ between treatment groups but tended to be lower (P < 0.1) in cows that had PL between Days 30 and 60 compared to cows that had no PL. In Experiment 2, FD tended to be greater (P < 0.1) and CL area was greater (P = 0.05) in anestrus cows from 7-d CO-Synch treatment. In cyclic cows, the treatment did not affect the FD or CL area. In conclusion, there was no difference in pregnancy per TAI on Day 30 and PL between Days 30 and 60 between cows using 7-d CO-Synch + PIVD or 8-d estradiol-based + PIVD protocols for estrus synchronization and TAI., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

(1) Purpose: To compare the diagnostic accuracy between full multiparametric contrast-enhanced prostate MRI (mpMRI) and abbreviated dual-sequence prostate MRI (dsMRI) in men with clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) who were candidates for active surveillance. (2) Materials and Methods: Fifty-four patients with a diagnosis of low-risk PCa in the previous 6 months had a mpMRI scan prior to a saturation biopsy and a subsequent MRI cognitive transperineal targeted biopsy (for PI-RADS ≥ 3 lesions). The dsMRI images were obtained from the mpMRI protocol. The images were selected by a study coordinator and assigned to two readers blinded to the biopsy results (R1 and R2). Inter-reader agreement for clinically significant cancer was evaluated with Cohen's kappa. The dsMRI and mpMRI accuracy was calculated for each reader (R1 and R2). The clinical utility of the dsMRI and mpMRI was investigated with a decision-analysis model. (3) Results: The dsMRI sensitivity and specificity were 83.3%, 31.0%, 75.0%, and 23.8%, respectively, for R1 and R2. The mpMRI sensitivity and specificity were 91.7%, 31.0%, 83.3%, and 23.8%, respectively, for R1 and R2. The inter-reader agreement for the detection of csPCa was moderate (k = 0.53) and good (k = 0.63) for dsMRI and mpMRI, respectively. The AUC values for the dsMRI were 0.77 and 0.62 for the R1 and R2, respectively. The AUC values for the mpMRI were 0.79 and 0.66 for R1 and R2, respectively. No AUC differences were found between the two MRI protocols. At any risk threshold, the mpMRI showed a higher net benefit than the dsMRI for both R1 and R2. (4) Conclusions: The dsMRI and mpMRI showed similar diagnostic accuracy for csPCa in male candidates for active surveillance.

Objectives: To compare the effect of different PSA density (PSAD) thresholds on the accuracy for clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) of the Prostate Imaging Reporting And Data System v.2.1 (PI-RADSv2.1)., Methods: We retrospectively included 123 biopsy-naïve men who underwent multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and transperineal mpMRI-targeted and systematic prostate biopsy between April 2019 and October 2020. mpMRI, obtained on a 3.0T magnet with a PI-RADSv2.1-compliant protocol, was read by two radiologists (>1500/>500 mpMRI examinations). csPCa was defined as International Society of Urogenital Pathology grading group ≥2. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to calculate per-index lesion sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) of PI-RADSv.2.1 categories after adjusting for PSAD ≥0.10,≥0.15, and ≥0.20 ng/mL ml -1 . Per-adjusted category cancer detection rate (CDR) was calculated, and decision analysis performed to compare PSAD-adjusted PI-RADSv.2.1 categories as a biopsy trigger., Results: csPCa prevalence was 43.9%. PSAD-adjustment increased the CDR of PI-RADSv2.1 category 4. Sensitivity/specificity/AUC were 92.6%/53.6%/0.82 for unadjusted PI-RADS, and 85.2%/72.4%/0.84, 62.9%/85.5%/0.83, and 92.4%/53.6%/0.82 when adjusting PI-RADS categories for a 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 ng/ml ml -1 PSAD threshold, respectively. Triggering biopsy for PI-RADS four lesions and PSAD ≥0.10 ng/mL ml -1 was the strategy with greatest net benefit at 30 and 40% risk probability (0.307 and 0.271, respectively)., Conclusions: PI-RADSv2.1 category four with PSAD ≥0.10 ng/mL ml -1 was the biopsy-triggering cut-off with the highest net benefit in the range of expected prevalence for csPCa., Advances in Knowledge: 0.10 ng/mL ml -1 is the PSAD threshold with higher clinical utility in stratifying the risk for prostate cancer of PI-RADSv.2.1 categories.

Background: The onset of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an essential outcome in Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevention trials and a compelling milestone for clinically meaningful change. Determining MCI, however, may be variable and subject to disagreement. Adjudication procedures may improve the reliability of these determinations. We report the performance of an adjudication committee for an AD prevention trial., Methods: The TOMMORROW prevention trial selected cognitively normal participants at increased genetic risk for AD and randomized them to low-dose pioglitazone or placebo treatment. When adjudication criteria were triggered, a participant's clinical information was randomly assigned to a three-member panel of a six-member independent adjudication committee. Determination of whether or not a participant reached MCI due to AD or AD dementia proceeded through up to three review stages - independent review, collaborative review, and full committee review - requiring a unanimous decision and ratification by the chair., Results: Of 3494 participants randomized, the committee adjudicated on 648 cases from 386 participants, resulting in 96 primary endpoint events. Most participants had cases that were adjudicated once (n = 235, 60.9%); the rest had cases that were adjudicated multiple times. Cases were evenly distributed among the eight possible three-member panels. Most adjudicated cases (485/648, 74.8%) were decided within the independent review (stage 1); 14.0% required broader collaborative review (stage 2), and 11.1% needed full committee discussion (stage 3). The primary endpoint event decision rate was 39/485 (8.0%) for stage 1, 29/91 (31.9%) for stage 2, and 28/72 (38.9%) for stage 3. Agreement between the primary event outcomes supported by investigators' clinical diagnoses and the decisions of the adjudication committee increased from 50% to approximately 93% (after around 100 cases) before settling at 80-90% for the remainder of the study., Conclusions: The adjudication process was designed to provide independent, consistent determinations of the trial endpoints. These outcomes demonstrated the extent of uncertainty among trial investigators and agreement between adjudicators when the transition to MCI due to AD was prospectively assessed. These methods may inform clinical endpoint determination in future AD secondary prevention studies. Reliable, accurate assessment of clinical events is critical for prevention trials and may mean the difference between success and failure., Competing Interests: LSS received personal fees from Takeda Pharmaceuticals during the conduct of the study and served as Chair of the TOMMORROW study Cognitive Impairment Adjudication Committee. DAB received personal fees from Takeda Pharmaceuticals during the conduct of the study. Outside of the submitted work, LSS reports grants and personal fees from Eli Lilly, Merck, Roche/Genentech; personal fees from Avraham Ltd, Boehringer Ingelheim, Neurim Ltd, Neuronix Ltd, Cognition, Eisai, Takeda, vTv, Abbott, and Samus; grants from Biogen, Novartis, Biohaven, and Washington University/ NIA DIAN-TU. CC, DKB, SH, and AMS were full-time employees of Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals during study conduct. In addition, AMS has a patent TOMM40 Biomarker Algorithm issued, a patent Low Dose Pioglitazone in MCI issued, and a patent Extended Release Formulation Low Dose Pioglitazone issued. RCA, MC, JO, and RW were full-time employees of Takeda Pharmaceuticals during study conduct. KAW-B received funding from Takeda Pharmaceuticals for her work on the project as part of the Neuropsychology Lead Office at Duke University. Outside the submitted work, KAW-B reports personal fees from Biogen and a grant from VeraSci. MWL received consulting fees from Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals.

This study aimed to determine the effects of age at first gestation on offspring growth performance, glucose metabolism, and IGF1 concentration. Heifers impregnated by AI from a single bull at 15 months of age (15 M, n = 20), or 27 months of age (27 M, n = 20), and multiparous cows (adult, n = 20) were used. Dams from all groups were managed in a single group during gestation and lactation. Gestational length was longer in the 15 M and 27 M than in adult dams ( p = 0.009). Bodyweight at birth, at weaning and ADG during lactation were higher in calves from adult dams than in those from 27 M dams, and higher in calves from the latter than in 15 M calves ( p < 0.001). Calves from 15 M dams had an increased head circumference/BW ratio compared to calves from 27 M dams, while calves from this latter group had an increased ratio compared to calves from adults ( p = 0.005). Body mass index was greater in calves from adults than in those from 15 M and 27 M dams ( p = 0.002). Milk production from 15 M and 27 M dams was similar but lower than that from adults ( p = 0.03). Calves born from adult dams had greater blood glucose concentrations than those from 15 M and 27 M dams ( p < 0.05). Serum IGF1 concentrations were higher in calves from adults than in calves from 15 M and 27 M dams ( p = 0.01). This study showed that age at first gestation affects offspring postnatal growth performance, glucose metabolism and IGF1 concentration.

To determine if Cu injection during late gestation can affect fetal and postnatal growth, hematology and immune function of progeny, 70 multiparous pregnant Angus cows, at 219 ± 15 d of gestation, were ranked by BW and BCS and randomly assigned to one of two treatments: Cu + (n = 35) in total 160 mg of Cu were administered subcutaneously in two moments (80 mg per moment) at 64 ± 15 d and 54 ± 15 d prepartum; and Cu- (n = 35), in total of 16 ml of sterile NaCl solution (9 g / l) were administered subcutaneously in two moments (8 ml per moment) at 64 ± 15 d and 54 ± 15 d prepartum. Calves from both treatments were weaned at 260 ± 15 d of age, male calves were separated from female calves and stockered on natural pastures until 690 ± 15 d of age, then placed into a feedlot for 104 d before slaughter. At the beginning of the experiment, cows Cu serum concentration was similar (P = 0.34) between treatments and these reflected a severe Cu deficiency (Cu + = 24.2 ± 1.5 μg/dl; Cu- = 22.2 ± 1.4 μg/dl). At calving, Cu serum concentration was greater (P < 0.01) in Cu + cows than Cu- cows. Copper serum concentration in calves from Cu + cows was greater at birth (P = 0.02) and 75 ± 15 d of age (P < 0.01) and tended (P = 0.07) to be greater at 160 ± 15 d of age compared to calves from Cu- cows. Calf BW at birth did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatments, however, calf BW adjusted at 75 d of age tended to be greater (P = 0.10) in calves from Cu + cows compared to calves from Cu- cows. Calf ADG from birth to 75 d of age was greater (P = 0.04) in calves from Cu + cows compared to calves from Cu- cows. Calf hematological parameters and titers of neutralizing antibodies against BHV-1 after primary and secondary vaccination against respiratory diseases did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatments. During finishing period, steers BW, 12th rib fat thickness and LM area were not affected (P > 0.10) by treatments. In summary, inorganic Cu injection during late gestation in Cu deficient beef cows allows to increase Cu serum concentration in calves from birth to 160 d of age. This event was associated with an increase in ADG and a tendency to increase BW during the first 75 days of life. After 75 days of age, any effect on the offspring performance was not observed., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Sixty-seven pregnant Angus cows and their subsequent calves were used in a randomized design to evaluate the effect of inorganic Se injection from 80 d of gestation until weaning on cow reproductive parameters, BW and BCS evolution, milk yield and quality, calf growth and calf hematology parameters. The treatments were as follows: 1) Se+: cows were administered Se as sodium selenite at doses of 0.05 mg/Kg of BW at 80, 140, 200, 260 d of gestation and 30, 90, 150 and 240 d of lactation. Calves from Se + cows were Se as sodium selenite subcutaneously injected with a dose of 0.05 mg/Kg of BW at 70, 104, 144 d of age; 2) Control: cows and calves were administered sterile NaCl solution (9 g/l) at the same volume and intervals as Se + treatment. At the start of the experiment, forage Se concentration was 58.6 ppb ± 7.6 ppb, and cow whole blood Se concentration was similar (P > 0.10) between treatments (Se+, 29.3 ± 0.3 ppb; Control, 28.1 ± 0.5 ppb). After Se injection, cow whole blood Se concentration was increased (P < 0.01) in Se + cows in relation to control cows until the end of the experiment. Calf whole blood Se concentration was increased (P < 0.01) at birth and 30 d of age in calves from Se + cows compared to calves from Control cows. However, calf whole blood Se concentration was not different (P > 0.10) between treatments at d 70 after birth. After the first Se injection (70 d of age), calf whole blood Se concentration was increased (P < 0.01) at 104 and 144 d of age in calves from Se + cows compared to calves from Control cows. Cow BW and BCS did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatments throughout the experiment. Ovarian follicle diameter measured by ultrasound 47 d postpartum was greater (P = 0.03) in Se + cows compared to Control cows. Pregnancy rate to fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI), overall pregnancy rate (P > 0.10) and pregnancy loss (P = 0.19) did not differ between groups. Selenium injection did not affect (P > 0.10) milk yield and composition. Calf morphometric parameters, BW at birth and growth rate during lactation were not affected (P > 0.10) by treatments. No significant effect (P > 0.10) was observed between treatments on hematological results of blood samples from calves at weaning. Results of this study shown that inorganic Se injection was an efficient tool to improve Se-status in cow-calf operation under extensive management. Selenium injection increased follicle diameter in postpartum beef cow, however, did not affect the rest of the variables studied., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The objective of this study was to determine how weaning age, days on supplements, and lipid supplementation affected the growth and marbling deposition of steers. Steers from a single sire were early weaned (n = 24) at 150 ± 11 days of age or traditionally weaned (n = 24) at 210 ± 11 days of age. Steers were assigned to control (n = 12/weaning group) or an isocaloric, isonitrogenous rumen by-pass lipid (RBL, n = 12/weaning group) for either 45 (n = 6/treatment) or 90 (n=6/treatment) days then harvested. Steer body weight (BW) was recorded on days -14 and -7, then BW and blood samples were collected on days 0, 22, 45, 66, and 90. The right rib section of each animal was collected for proximate analysis. Longissimus dorsi from RBL steers had increased lipids compared with control steers (3.6 ± 0.2 vs. 2.4 ± 0.2% on a wet basis; p < 0.0001). Steers fed for 90 days had greater ( p = 0.02) concentrations of Longissimus dorsi lipid (3.3 ± 0.2%) than those fed for 45 days (2.7 ± 0.2%). There was a weaning age by treatment by days on feed interaction for intramuscular adipocyte diameter ( p = 0.02) in which early weaned RBL fed for 90 days steers had an increased adipocyte diameter compared to the early weaned control fed for 90 and early weaned fed for 45 days steers with all other treatment groups as intermediates. Supplementation of RBL increased concentrations of C18:2, C20:4, and total fatty acids on days 45 and 90 ( p ≤ 0.05). Data show that RBL supplementation increased the marbling content of the Longissimus dorsi . Furthermore, a longer period of supplementation resulted in increased adipose diameter.

The conventional concept of radar is based on stand-alone and independent apparatuses. Superior performance is possible, exploiting distributed points of view (i.e., distributed radars) and centralized data fusion, but systems based only on radio-frequency technology are not able to guarantee the requested degree of coherence and high capacity links among radars. In the current distributed systems, radars act almost independently from each other. Thus, data fusion, which must be performed on locally pre-processed information, can only exploit partial information content, harming the imaging capability of the distributed system. Here we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first extended analysis and experiment of a distributed coherent multiple input-multiple output radar system, enabled by photonics, which maximizes the information content extracted by a centralized data fusion, providing unprecedented resolution capabilities. Stepping from previous achievements, where photonics has been demonstrated in single radars, here photonics is used also for providing coherence and high capacity links among radars. The numerical analysis also demonstrated the benefits of coherent multi-band operation for sidelobe reduction, i.e., false alarms reduction.

The objetive of the current study was to determine the effect of maternal energy status during late gestation on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of steer progeny. At 180 ± 4 d of gestation 56 multiparous Angus cows were blocked by BW and expected calving date and asigned to three levels of nutrition energy: SR (severe restricted; 50% of NRC requirement), MR (moderate restricted; 75% of requirement) and NR (no restricted; 100% of requirement). After parturition, all cows were managed in a single group during lactation. A total of 25 male calves (SR = 8 calves; MR = 9 calves; NR = 8 calves) were born from pregnant cows and all pens had at least one male calf. After weaning, male calves were separated of female calves and were stockered on native range until 24 ± 0.1 months of age then placed into a feedlot for 104 d before harvest. Cow BW and BCS decreased linearly (P < .01) as nutritional energy restriction increased. Calves from SR dams were lighter (P = .04) than calves from MR and NR dams at parturition, however, at weaning and harvest BW was similar for SR and NR steers and decreased in MR steers. Steers from SR dams demonstrated catch-up growth with a tendecy to increased ADG from birth to harvest compared to MR and NR steers (P = .06). Hot carcass weigth was similar in SR and NR steers and increased in MR steers (P = .01). Longissimus muscle area was not affected (P > .10) by maternal energy status, however, 12 rib fat thickness was greater in SR and MR compared to NR steers (P < .01). Tenderness of Longissimus muscle was decreased in MR compared to SR and NR steers after 3d of aging. No treatment differences (P > .10) were observed in sarchomere length or collagen content. Adipocyte diameter was similar (P > .10) between treatments suggesting that decreased 12th rib fat thicness in MR steers could be due to decreased fat tissue hyperplasia. These results indicate that level of energy restriction during late gestation does no have linear response on growth performance and carcass quality of steers progeny., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors whose names were listed previously certify that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers' bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The objective of this study was to determine whether the amount of protein provided to cows during late gestation would affect postnatal growth and lead to changes in glucose and insulin concentrations. At 129 d of gestation, 10 mature multiparous Angus cows were stratified by body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) and allotted to either low protein level (LP, 6% crude protein [CP]) or high protein level (HP, 12% CP) groups. After calving, cows were managed together on improved pastures, which provided forage in excess of requirements until weaning. Male calves were maintained as a group after weaning on native range until 23 mo of age when individual steers were placed in single pens and fed a finishing diet for 84 d. The 12th rib fat thickness and longissimus muscle area were measured during finishing phase by ultrasound. Twenty days before the end of the finishing phase, steers were subjected to an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Steers were harvested and carcass characteristics collected. Cows' BW and BCS were similar at the initiation of treatment. During treatment HP dams gained 21 kg, whereas LP dams lost 7 kg (P = 0.04). Protein nutrition during late gestation did not influence calf birth weight, BW at weaning, adjusted 205 d BW, or average daily gain during lactation (P > 0.10). Longissimus muscle area measure by ultrasound was greater (P = 0.02) in HP steers at the beginning and end of finishing phase. Fat thickness of the 12th rib was not different (P > 0.10) between treatments. Glucose concentration after intravenous administration decreased (P = 0.002) in LP compared with HP steers. Peak of serum insulin concentration was greater (P = 0.04) and serum insulin concentration tended to decrease (P = 0.08) more rapidly in LP compared with HP steers after glucose infusion. At harvest, hot carcass weight was similar between treatments, but dressing percentage was increased (P = 0.05) in HP compared with LP steers. These data demonstrate that a lower protein nutrition level of dams during late gestation affect carcass characteristics and alter glucose regulation enhancing insulin secretion in steer progeny., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The objective of this study was to determine whether crude protein intake during the last three months of gestation affects growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of steer progeny. At 134 ± 14 d of gestation, 68 multiparous Angus cows were blocked by BW and expected calving date and randomly assigned to diets that contained either low or high dietary crude protein concentrations and were allotted in 12 pens per treatment. After calving, cows were managed together on improved pastures during lactation. After weaning at 219 ± 13 d of age, steers calves were stockered on natural pastures until 687 ± 13 d of age then placed into a feedlot for 83d before slaughter. Maternal dietary protein concentration had no influence on offspring body weight and growth rate during rearing or finishing phases (P > .10). Rib fat thickness of steers was not affected (P = .38) by maternal nutrition treatments, however, LM area was greater in HP steers than LP steers at entrance into the feedlot (P = .01) and end of finishing phase (P = .04). Hot carcass weight was similar between treatments (P = .69), however dressing percentage was increased in HP relative to LP steers (P = .01). Tenderness of Longissimus muscle was increased in HP compared to LP steers after 3 and 14d (P < .001) of aging. No treatment differences in troponin-t degradation (P = .77) and collagen content (P = .58) were observed. Muscle fiber diameter was similar in LP and HP steers (P = .20), suggesting that increase of LM area in HP steers could be due to muscle hyperplasia. These data indicated that level of protein during mid to late gestation does not affect offspring growth but has impacts on carcass composition and meat quality of steer progeny., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequencies of Neospora caninum horizontal and vertical transmissions in beef cow-calf operations under three different extensive management systems: group A: 0.75 head per hectare pasturing on natural grass; group B: 1.1 head per hectare on natural grass and improved cultured pastures; and group C: 2 head per hectare on natural grass, improved cultured pasture and whole corn silage. Serum samples from 72 multiparous cows assigned to each beef cow-calf operations were obtained every 3 months during 2 years. A group of 30 replacement heifers from each group were tested similarly since they were 10-21 months old. Twenty four, 20 and 34 calves from groups A, B and C respectively, were bled before colostrum intake and again 6 months later. The samples were analyzed by indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for detection of total IgG against N. caninum at a serological titre ≥ 200 for multiparous cows and replacement heifers, and a serological titre ≥ 25 for calves. Serum samples from seropositive cows were assessed by ELISA to evaluate the avidity of their specific antibodies. There were no differences in the proportion of seropositive cows from groups A, B and C at the beginning of the trial (p>0.05). Interestingly, the lowest serological titres in seropositive cows from all groups were observed during the first trimester (p<0.05). Although seropositive cows had medium to high avidity antibodies, suggesting chronic infection; seroconversion associated with low antibody avidity was found in 2, 3 and 3 seropositive cows from groups A, B and C. All replacement heifers remained seronegative. No abortions were recorded but 2, 1, and 2 calves from groups A, B and C were seropositive before colostrum intake, respectively. Seropositive calves born from cows having intermediate or high avidity remained with the same serostatus at 6 months of age. Even under varying extensive management conditions, both N. caninum horizontal and vertical transmission methods do occur in beef cow-calf operations., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.)