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Rationale: Leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle tumor which is rarely found in urethra. We hereby report a case of a 44-year-old female who presented with complaints of dysuria., Patient Concerns: A 44-year-old female patient presented to the urology outpatient clinic with symptoms of dysuria. The patient described the presence of a protrusion from the urethra during urination., Diagnosis: Urethral leiomyoma., Interventions: Physical examination confirmed a solid urethral mass. CT scan and USG reports indicated that the mass originated from the mid-urethra with vascularity at the base. We performed a complete resection of the urethral mass. The patient was discharged after 3 days of observation., Outcome: During a follow-up after 1 month, the patient reported improved urinary flow and no occurrence of hematuria. The patient recovered well after discharge., Lesson: Urethral leiomyoma is a rare benign tumor that is often misdiagnosed in clinical practice. Diagnosis requires careful clinical examination. Surgical removal usually works well. It is important to remember that in some cases of acute urinary retention, it can be caused by a complete obstruction of a mass in the urethra. Urologists should be more cautious and experienced in handling such cases., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Genetic polymorphisms in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling axis can influence the susceptibility of cancer. The relationship between mTOR gene variants rs2295080 T/G and rs1883965 G/A and the risk of cancer remains inconsistent. The present study is aimed at comprehensively investigating the association between mTOR polymorphisms and susceptibility to cancer., Methods: We conducted a comprehensive assessment using odds ratios (ORs), corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and in silico tools to evaluate the effect of mTOR variations. Immunohistochemical staining (IHS) and GSEA analysis were used to investigate the expression of mTOR in urinary system cancer., Results: The pooled analysis involved 22 case-control studies including 14,747 cancer patients and 16,399 controls. The rs2295080 T/G polymorphism was associated with the risk of cancer (G-allele versus T-allele, OR = 0.89, 95%CI = 0.80-0.98, P = 0.023; GT versus TT, OR = 0.88, 95%CI = 0.81-0.96, P = 0.004; GG+GT versus TT, OR = 0.87, 95%CI = 0.78-0.96, P = 0.008), especially for cancers of the urinary system, breast, and blood. Variation rs1883965 G/A was associated with cancer susceptibility, especially for digestive cancer. IHS analysis showed that mTOR was upregulated in prostate and bladder cancer. GSEA revealed that the insulin signaling pathway, lysine degradation pathway, and mTOR signaling pathway were enriched in the high mTOR expression group., Conclusions: The mTOR rs2295080 T/G polymorphism may be associated with susceptibility of urinary cancer. The expression of mTOR is positively correlated with tumor malignancy in prostate cancer., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2022 Zhichao Min et al.)

Recently, a C>T polymorphism (rs1434536) in a miR-125b binding site in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of bone morphogenetic protein membrane receptor type IB gene (BMPR1B) has been found to contribute to cancer susceptibility. To investigate whether it plays an important role in the development of prostate cancer in southern Chinese Han population, we performed a case-control study. 247 prostate cancer and 278 control subjects were included in the cancer association study and dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to test the binding ability of miR-125b to BMPR1B-C or -T vectors. The effect of CT/TT genotype on prostate cancer risk was found to be significant for localized disease (OR=1.60, 95% CI=1.01-2.53, P=0.044) and among subgroups of aged>70 years (OR=1.90, 95% CI=1.15-3.15, P=0.015) compared with CC genotype. Moreover, C-allele gave a reduced luciferase activity relative to T-allele in dual-luciferase reporter assay. Our findings show that rs1434536 in the 3'UTR of BMPR1B gene affects the binding ability of miR-125b to BMPR1B mRNA and contributes to the genetic predisposition to localized prostate cancer and patients aged>70 years.

Objectives: To identify predictors for repeat biopsies in Chinese men with increasing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels or other risk factors for prostate cancer., Methods: The study included 129 patients who underwent transrectal sonography-guided repeat biopsies. Potential predictors, including age, body mass index, symptoms, digital rectal examination (DRE), total PSA, free PSA, free/total PSA ratio, prostate volume, PSA density, PSA velocity, PSA doubling time, and volume/biopsy ratio, were subjected to univariate analysis. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression was performed to identify major independent predictors for repeat biopsies, and a scoring system for predicting cancer was devised. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to test the sensitivity and specificity of the scoring system., Results: Thirty-four patients (26.36%) had cancer. On univariate analysis, the DRE (P = .002), total PSA (P = .020), free/total PSA ratio (P < .001), prostate volume (P < .001), PSA density (P = .003), and volume/biopsy ratio (P < .001) were significant predictors of cancer. On multivariate analysis, the DRE, total PSA, free/total PSA ratio, and volume/biopsy ratio were independently significant predictors, with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of 4.61 (1.62-13.07), 1.02 (1.00-1.04), 0.87 (0.78-0.96), and 0.56 (0.43-0.79). Using ROC analysis, we determined a cutoff value of 2.5 for the scores, at which the sensitivity and specificity of the scoring system for predicting positive repeat biopsy results were 76.50% and 74.70%, with an area under the curve of 0.816 (P < .001). Patients with scores of 3 to 5 had higher cancer detection rates than those with scores of 0 to 2 (52.00% versus 10.13%; P < .001)., Conclusions: Key predictors may exist to help formulate a scoring system to identify Chinese men who need repeat prostate biopsies. More studies are required to learn its applicability to broader populations.

Objective: The association between ribonuclease L (RNASEL) gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk has been widely reported, but the results of these studies remained controversial and underpowered. We performed a meta-analysis of 28 studies to evaluate the association between Arg462Gln and Asp541Glu polymorphisms in the RNASEL gene and prostate cancer risk., Methods: Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to assess the association between RNASEL polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk., Results: A significantly increased prostate cancer risk was found for the Arg462Gln polymorphism in Africans (Gln/Gln vs Arg/Arg: OR = 2.50, 95%CI = 1.28-4.87; Gln/Gln vs Gln/Arg + Arg/Arg: OR = 2.54, 95%CI = 1.30-4.95), but not in Europeans and Asians. Additionally, the Asp541Glu polymorphism was associated with increased total prostate cancer risk (Glu-allele vs Asp-allele: OR = 1.04, 95%CI = 1.01-1.07; Glu/Glu vs Asp/Asp: OR = 1.22, 95%CI = 1.03-1.46; Glu/Glu vs Glu/Asp + Asp/Asp: OR = 1.09, 95%CI = 1.02-1.16). In the stratified analysis for the Asp541Glu polymorphism, there was a significantly increased prostate cancer risk in Africans and Europeans, and in hospital-based prostate cancer cases., Conclusion: The meta-analysis results showed evidence that RNASEL Arg462Gln and Asp541Glu polymorphisms are associated with prostate cancer risk and could be low-penetrance prostate cancer susceptibility biomarkers.

Background: To explore the reported association of SNP marker rs10993994 with prostate cancer identified by two independent in two genome-wide association studies (GWAS) further, we performed a case-control study in southern Chinese Han population. Consequently, we detected the serum levels of MSMB expression with different genotypes in the cases and controls to characterize the functional consequences of rs10993994., Materials and Methods: Two hundred fifty-one prostate cancer and 258 control subjects were included in the cancer association study and 90 serum samples were used to test the expression of the MSMB by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)., Results: We found that the T allele displayed an increased prevalence of prostate cancer compared with the C allele (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.01-1.67, P = 0.040). Moreover, the prostate cancer patients carrying CT/TT genotype had significantly decreased serum MSMB levels compared to those with CC genotype (16.32 +/- 3.98 microg/L vs. 19.33 +/- 4.27 microg/L, P = 0.022)., Conclusions: rs10993994 in MSMB promoter affects serum MSMB expression, contributes to the genetic predisposition to prostate cancer in southern Chinese Han population.