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Shigellosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children, especially in developing countries. The increased extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) resistance in Shigella poses a challenge for effective treatment. To examine the antibiotic resistance and ESBL profile of Shigella isolates from children with acute diarrhea. Shigella was isolated from stool cultures from pediatric patients suffering from acute diarrhea. The isolates were identified by bacteriological tests, serotyping, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The antimicrobial resistance was examined by disc diffusion. Phenotypic tests and PCR examined the ESBLs and CTX-M, SHV, and TEM genes. A total of 100 Shigella (10% prevalence rate) were isolated. The S. sonnei and S. dysenteries were the most prevalent species (33% and 31%, respectively), followed by S. flexneri (27%), and only 9% were S. boydii. The isolates had complete resistance (100%) to ampicillin. There was lower resistance to ciprofloxacin (24%), and no resistance to imipenem. By phenotypic tests, 54% of isolates had ESBL. By PCR, bla-CTX-M gene was the most prevalent (50%), followed by bla-TEM (48.1%). Only one isolate (1.9%) had the bla-SHV gene. The alarmingly high rates of antibiotic resistance and ESBL resistance among Shigella spp highlight the urgent need to restrict the unguided use of these drugs. Continuous monitoring of local and global antibiotic resistance patterns is required to prevent the spread of resistance., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a prevalent yet incurable hematologic malignancy. Despite the proven efficacy of proteasome inhibitors in treating MM, resistance to Bortezomib-based treatments persists in a subset of patients. This case control study explores the potential of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) as biomarkers for predicting response to Proteasome Inhibitor based therapy combined with Dexamethasone in MM patients. This study was conducted on 105 MM patients receiving bortezomib plus dexamethasone therapy and 90 healthy individuals as a control group. Utilizing 8-color multi-parameter flow cytometry, we assessed the levels of circulating EPCs, identified through CD34 FITC and CD309 PE markers at diagnosis and after one treatment cycle (4 weeks). Our findings revealed that patients exhibiting poor response to therapy showed significantly higher CD34/CD309 values than those with a good response ( p  < 0.001). The delineation of response based on CD34/CD309 expression was established with a cutoff ≤ 0.9 for percentage (yielding 100% sensitivity and 94.1% specificity) and ≤ 12.5 for absolute value (also with 100% sensitivity and 94.1% specificity). These results underscore the potential of EPC population levels, as quantified by CD34/CD309, to serve as a predictive biomarker for immunomodulatory treatment in MM patients undergoing Proteasome Inhibitor and Dexamethasone therapy.

The resistance to antibiotics in Gram-negative bacilli causing sepsis is a warning sign of failure of therapy. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) represent major Gram-negative bacilli associated with sepsis. Quinolone resistance is an emerging resistance among E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Therefore, the present study aimed to study the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolated from pediatric patients with sepsis. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study that included pediatric patients with healthcare-associated sepsis. The E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were identified by microbiological methods. PMQR genes namely qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS were detected in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates by PCR. The results were analyzed by SPPS24, and the qualitative data was analyzed as numbers and percentages and comparison was performed by Chi-square test, P was significant if < 0.05. The most prevalent gene detected by PCR was qnrA (75%), followed by qnrB (28.1%), and qnrS (25%). The most frequently detected qnr gene in E coli and K. pneumoniae was qnrA (28.8%, and 16.3% respectively). The present study highlights the high prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance among E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolated from pediatric patients with healthcare-associated sepsis. There was a high frequency of PMQR genes in E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolated from pediatric patients. Therefore, it is important to monitor the spread of PMQR genes in clinical isolates to ensure efficient antibiotic use in those children. The finding denotes the importance of an antibiotics surveillance program., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is a major risk for morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The change in the concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) may play a role in PEW. The aim of this work was to study the possible relationship between serum DHEA-S levels and various nutritional and inflammatory parameters in a cohort of HD patients. In total, 78 HD patients (47 males and 31 females) were included in this crosssectional observational study. In addition to taking their history, clinical examinations, and routine laboratory investigations, the nutritional status was assessed, and their serum DHEA-S was measured. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric measures, bioelectrical impedance analysis, malnutrition inflammation scores, and subjective global assessments. A diagnosis of malnutrition was made based on the recommendations of the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism. The relationship between DHEA-S and various nutritional parameters was analyzed. Eighteen patients (23.1%) suffered from PEW. Those with PEW had a longer duration of HD (P = 0.04), and lower serum levels of creatinine (P = 0.003), hemoglobin (P = 0.01), albumin (P <0.0001), cholesterol (P = 0.02), and DHEA-S (P = 0.01). Among the variables, serum DHEA-S levels were significant predictors of PEW in this cohort (odds ratio: 0.976; 95% confidence interval: 0.954-1.0; P = 0.04). PEW is frequently encountered in HD patients. Decreased serum DHEA-S levels were associated with PEW in male HD patients. Further studies are needed to assess the effect of hormone supplementation on this serious disorder in HD patients., (Copyright © 2022 Copyright: © 2022 Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation.)

Background and Aim: Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) is known to be lower in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and in those with cardiac disease, and correlates with a poor cardiovascular outcome. This study aimed to assess the correlation between DHEA-S and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) as a predictor of cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis (HD) patients., Methods: A total of 88 HD patients were included in this cross-sectional study. They included 53 male (group I) and 35 female patients (group II). In addition to conventional history taking, clinical examination, and routine laboratory investigations, serum DHEA-S and CIMT were measured for all patients. CIMT was measured using B-mode ultrasonography, and the mean of maximum CIMT was recorded. The 2 patient groups were further classified according to the level of DHEA-S. The correlation between serum DHEA-S and CIMT was studied., Results: In male patients, CIMT and age were significantly higher in the group with low DHEA-S level (p = 0.003 and 0.001, respectively), while there was no significant difference in both parameters in females. A higher percentage of HCV-positive patients is present in the male group with low DHEA-S level (p = 0.009). Serum DHEA-S is significantly negatively correlated with CIMT in males (p = 0.003) but not in females, and has a significant negative correlation to age in both genders (p = 0.001 and 0.04, respectively)., Conclusion: Endocrinal disturbance representing as lower serum DHEA-S is associated with increased CIMT, which is considered a predictor of cardiovascular disease in male HD patients, although it is largely explained by advancing age., (© 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Introduction: Acinetobacterb aumannii ( A. baumannii ) is an important pathogen in health care associated infections. Quinolone resistance has emerged in this pathogen., Aims & Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of mutations of gyrA gene and parC genes by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Polymerase Chain Reaction (RFLP-PCR) among clinical isolates of A. baumanii ., Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 140 clinical isolates of A. baumannii . The isolates were subjected to molecular study of mutations of gyrA gene and parC genes by RFLP-PCR beside determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by macro dilution tube method., Results: The isolates of A. baumannii were resistant to ciprofloxacine and levofloxacin at MIC >4 µg/ml. The most isolates had MIC >128 µg/ml (42.3%). All resistant strains to ciprofloxacin of A. baumannii had mutations in gyrA and parC . The most frequent mutations were combined mutations in both genes (85.5%) and 5% had single mutation either in gyrA or parC . The most frequently combined mutations were associated with MIC >128 µg/ml (42.3%)., Conclusion: From this study we can conclude that resistance to ciprofloxacin was common in clinical isolates of A. baumannii . The most frequent mutations were present in gyrA and parC . However, mutations in parC alone were not uncommon. Further large scale studies are required to elucidate the resistance pattern of A. baumannii and its molecular mechanisms.