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Background Objectives: In view of anecdotal reports of sudden unexplained deaths in India's apparently healthy young adults, linking to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection or vaccination, we determined the factors associated with such deaths in individuals aged 18-45 years through a multicentric matched case-control study., Methods: This study was conducted through participation of 47 tertiary care hospitals across India. Cases were apparently healthy individuals aged 18-45 years without any known co-morbidity, who suddenly (<24 h of hospitalization or seen apparently healthy 24 h before death) died of unexplained causes during 1 st October 2021-31 st March 2023. Four controls were included per case matched for age, gender and neighborhood. We interviewed/perused records to collect data on COVID-19 vaccination/infection and post-COVID-19 conditions, family history of sudden death, smoking, recreational drug use, alcohol frequency and binge drinking and vigorous-intensity physical activity two days before death/interviews. We developed regression models considering COVID-19 vaccination ≤42 days before outcome, any vaccine received anytime and vaccine doses to compute an adjusted matched odds ratio (aOR) with 95 per cent confidence interval (CI)., Results: Seven hundred twenty nine cases and 2916 controls were included in the analysis. Receipt of at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine lowered the odds [aOR (95% CI)] for unexplained sudden death [0.58 (0.37, 0.92)], whereas past COVID-19 hospitalization [3.8 (1.36, 10.61)], family history of sudden death [2.53 (1.52, 4.21)], binge drinking 48 h before death/interview [5.29 (2.57, 10.89)], use of recreational drug/substance [2.92 (1.1, 7.71)] and performing vigorous-intensity physical activity 48 h before death/interview [3.7 (1.36, 10.05)] were positively associated. Two doses lowered the odds of unexplained sudden death [0.51 (0.28, 0.91)], whereas single dose did not., Interpretation Conclusions: COVID-19 vaccination did not increase the risk of unexplained sudden death among young adults in India. Past COVID-19 hospitalization, family history of sudden death and certain lifestyle behaviors increased the likelihood of unexplained sudden death., (Copyright © 2023 Copyright: © 2023 Indian Journal of Medical Research.)

Introduction: The effects of COVID-19 infection persist beyond the active phase. Comprehensive description and analysis of the post COVID sequelae in various population groups are critical to minimise the long-term morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. This analysis was conducted with an objective to estimate the frequency of post COVID sequelae and subsequently, design a framework for holistic management of post COVID morbidities., Methods: Follow-up data collected as part of a registry-based observational study in 31 hospitals across India since September 2020-October 2022 were used for analysis. All consenting hospitalised patients with COVID-19 are telephonically followed up for up to 1 year post-discharge, using a prestructured form focused on symptom reporting., Results: Dyspnoea, fatigue and mental health issues were reported among 18.6%, 10.5% and 9.3% of the 8042 participants at first follow-up of 30-60 days post-discharge, respectively, which reduced to 11.9%, 6.6% and 9%, respectively, at 1-year follow-up in 2192 participants. Patients who died within 90 days post-discharge were significantly older (adjusted OR (aOR): 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.03), with at least one comorbidity (aOR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.31, 2.35), and a higher proportion had required intensive care unit admission during the initial hospitalisation due to COVID-19 (aOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.06) and were discharged at WHO ordinal scale 6-7 (aOR: 49.13 95% CI: 25.43, 94.92). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (at least one dose) was protective against such post-discharge mortality (aOR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.03)., Conclusion: Hospitalised patients with COVID-19 experience a variety of long-term sequelae after discharge from hospitals which persists although in reduced proportions until 12 months post-discharge. Developing a holistic management framework with engagement of care outreach workers as well as teleconsultation is a way forward in effective management of post COVID morbidities as well as reducing mortality., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background & Objectives: The post-acute effects of COVID-19 are continually being updated. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the determinants of post discharge mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, especially 18-45 yr of age., Methods: A series of three nested case-control analyses was conducted on follow up data collected in the National Clinical Registry for COVID-19 between September 2020 and February 2023 from 31 hospitals. Matching (1:4) was done by the date of hospital admission ±14 days for the following comparisons: (i) case-patients reported as dead vs. controls alive at any contact within one year follow up; (ii) the same in the 18-45 yr age group and (iii) case-patients reported as dead between the first and one year of follow up vs. controls alive at one year post discharge., Results: The one year post discharge mortality was 6.5 per cent (n=942). Age [≤18 yr: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) (95% confidence interval [CI]): 1.7 (1.04, 2.9); 40-59 yr: aOR (95% CI): 2.6 (1.9, 3.6); ≥60 yr: aOR (95% CI): 4.2 (3.1, 5.7)], male gender [aOR (95% CI): 1.3 (1.1, 1.5)], moderate-to-severe COVID-19 [aOR (95% CI): 1.4 (1.2, 1.8)] and comorbidities [aOR (95%CI): 1.8 (1.4, 2.2)] were associated with higher odds of post-discharge one-year mortality, whereas 60 per cent protection was conferred by vaccination before the COVID-19 infection. The history of moderate-to-severe COVID-19 disease [aOR (95% CI): 2.3 (1.4, 3.8)] and any comorbidities [aOR (95% CI): 3 (1.9, 4.8)] were associated with post-discharge mortality in the 18-45-yr age bracket as well. Post COVID condition (PCC) was reported in 17.1 per cent of the participants. Death beyond the first follow up was associated with comorbidities [aOR (95%CI): 9.4 (3.4, 26.1)] and reported PCC [aOR (95% CI): 2.7 (1.2, 6)]., Interpretation & Conclusions: Prior vaccination protects against post discharge mortality till one year in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. PCC may have long term deleterious effects, including mortality, for which further research is warranted.

Introduction: Anxiety and depression are important but often under-diagnosed co-morbid conditions in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) which may affect the functional capacity of the patients., Aim: To find out the proportion of depression and anxiety among stable COPD patients using a validated questionnaire suitable for use in clinic and the factors affecting their reduced functional capability as assessed by six-minute walk test., Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Seventy five patients diagnosed with stable COPD in outpatient Department of Pulmonary Medicine in a tertiary care hospital, satisfying all inclusion criteria, were included in the study. They were examined clinically, categorized as per Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) severity assessment guideline and interviewed by designated interviewer using validated questionnaire for depression (Hamilton depression rating scale, HAM-D) and anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI). The functional exercise capacity of the patient was assessed by six-minute walk test. Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab software (version16.1)., Results: Among 75 stable COPD patients (68 male, 7 female), majority (32 out of 75) had both depression and anxiety, while only anxiety or depression was present in 9 each. The patients with depression had no significant difference in six-minute walk distance, change in heart rate and respiratory rate (p = 0.4186, 0.219 and 0.41 respectively) as compared to those without depression, but were found to be more dyspnoeic at the end of the test (p= 0.003). There was also no significant difference in walk distance in patients with high STAI score as compared to those with low STAI score (p= 0.276)., Conclusion: Both anxiety and depression were present in majority of the stable COPD patients. The presence of these co-morbid conditions had no significant effect on the functional status of the patients in the form of reduced six-minute walk distance, though they were more symptomatic than those without these co-morbidities.

A 28-year-old male presented with fever with right-sided chest pain for 2 weeks. Clinicoradiological picture was suggestive of right-sided pleural effusion. He had history of polytrauma following a road traffic accident and had to undergo emergency laparotomy a month ago. Microscopic and culture examination of the pleural fluid showed neutrophilia, high bilirubin content and presence of gram-negative bacilli. Ultrasound of the abdomen showed the presence of biloma in the liver and right subdiaphragmatic space with fistulous communication into the right thoracic cavity. The patient was managed successfully with complete recovery.

Context: Pneumothorax continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality among respiratory patients, but there is a paucity of data regarding etiology, clinical profile, management, and outcome of spontaneous pneumothorax (SP), from this part of the world., Aims: To assess the patients of spontaneous pneumothorax in adults with special reference to the etiology, clinical presentation, management, and outcome of SP., Settings and Design: Prospective, observational study conducted in a tertiary care institution over a period of one year., Materials and Methods: All adult patients of SP attending the department of pulmonary medicine in a tertiary hospital were studied and detailed clinical, radiological, and management data were recorded and analyzed., Results: Sixty consecutive patients, who satisfied the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Among them 10 had primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) and 50 had secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP). The overall male to female ratio was 4:1. The mean age of the PSP patients was 26.3 ± 2.19 years, whereas, that of the SSP patients was 53.42 ± 2.07 years (P < 0.0001). Seventy percent of the patients were smokers. The most common clinical manifestation of PSP was chest pain (80%) in contrast to dyspnea in SSP (96%). The most common cause of SSP (42%) was found to be chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) followed by pulmonary tuberculosis (30%). The cases were managed with intercostal tube drainage (85%), simple aspiration (8.33%), and observation (6.67%). Full expansion of the lung was noted in 91.67% of the cases., Conclusion: Spontaneous pneumothorax was more common in men. SSP was far more common in this study, and the predominant underlying cause of SSP was COPD, which surpassed tuberculosis as the leading cause of SSP. This is in contrast to the results from previous studies done in our country. Intercostal tube drainage was the mainstay of treatment and the response was good.

A 52-year-old female was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and was on methotrexate and prednisolone. She developed fever, cough, hemoptysis, and cavitary lesion on chest skiagram. She was put on antitubercular therapy without any improvement, meanwhile she developed painful right foot drop. Clinicoradiology and C-ANCA study confirmed the diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangitis (GPA). She was started on cyclophosphamide, corticosteroid, and co-trimoxazole. While her treatment was being continued she showed significant improvement of pulmonary manifestations. About 1 year later, there was reappearance of fever, cough, and radiological opacity with oropharyngeal candidiasis. She became very ill with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)-like features. Immunological markers were negative but bronchoalveolar lavage fluid study showed growth of Aspergillus spp. The patient was promptly put on intravenous voriconazole but unfortunately she succumbed to her illness.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical spectrum of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLD) encountered in the Indian setting and to compare idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and connective tissue disease associated DPLD (CTD-DPLD), the two commonest aetiologies., Materials and Methods: A prospective study of clinical, imaging and laboratory parameters of patients diagnosed as DPLD and followed up in the Pulmonary Medicine Department of a tertiary-care teaching institution in eastern India was conducted over a period of one year., Results: 92 patients of DPLD were diagnosed in the study period with IPF (n = 35, 38.04%), CTD-DPLD (n = 29, 31.5%), hypersensitivity pneumonitis (n = 10, 10.9%), sarcoidosis (n = 5, 5.4%) and silicosis (n = 5, 5.4%) being the common causes. The CTD-DPLD group had a lower mean age (39.5 ± 1.86 vs 56.9 ± 1.12 years), a longer duration of symptoms (3.5 ± 0.27 vs 2.5 ± 0.26 years), more extra pulmonary manifestations, significantly more base line FVC and 6-minute-walk-distance than the IPF patients. 19 patients of IPF (54%) opted for treatment. All the IPF patients had a significant fall in FVC after six months (mean change -0.203 ± 0.01 litres) compared to the CTD-DPLD group (mean change - 0.05 ± 0.04 litres.)., Conclusion: CTD-DPLD patients belong to a younger age group, with longer duration of symptoms, more extrapulmonary features, better physiological parameters and better response to therapy than IPF patients. Larger prospective epidemiological studies and enrolment in clinical trials are necessary for better understanding of the spectrum of diffuse parenchymal lung disorders and their therapeutic options.

Background: Pleural effusions of diverse aetiologies are encountered in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The objectives of the present study were to examine the frequency of occurrence, causes, clinical features and management strategies of pleural effusion in patients with CKD including renal transplant recipients., Methods: A prospective cross-sectional observational analysis of pleural effusion in adult patients with CKD (stages 3 to 5) attending the Departments of Nephrology and Respiratory Medicine of a tertiary care institution in Eastern India was performed over a period of one year (February 2010 to January 2011)., Results: Pleural effusion was found in 29 out of 430 patients with CKD (6.7%) and in two out of 34 post-renal transplant recipients (5.9%) evaluated during the study period. The mean age was 37.35 +/- 1.8 (mean +/- SEM [standard error of mean]) with a male to female ratio of 2:1. Exudates and transudates were found in equal frequencies. Heart failure was the single most common cause (41.9%, 13 of 31). Tuberculosis (TB) (n = 8, 25.8%) and uraemic effusions (n = 6, 19.4%) were responsible for the majority of exudates. Unilateral effusion with a normal heart size had a positive predictive value of 83.3% for non-heart failure aetiology., Conclusions: Symptomatic pleural effusion was present in a small proportion of 6.7%; (n = 29) patients with CKD including post-renal transplant recipients. Heart failure, TB and uraemic effusions accounted for most of the cases. Differentiating TB from uraemic effusion requires a combined clinico-pathological approach and this differentiation is absolutely necessary for proper management.

Context: Non-resolving pneumonia is often an area of concern for pulmonologists. Fiber optic bronchoscopy (FOB) may have a special role in etiologic evaluation of non-resolving pneumonias. There is paucity of recent studies in this field., Aims: This study aimed to assess the patients of non-resolving or slowly resolving pneumonia with special emphasis on efficacy of FOB and computed tomography (CT)-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in diagnosis., Settings and Design: Prospective, observational study conducted in a tertiary care institute over a period of one year., Materials and Methods: After fulfilling the definition of non-resolving pneumonia by clinical and radiological parameters, patients were evaluated by FOB with relevant microbiological, cytological, histopathological investigations and CT scan of thorax. CT-guided FNAC was done in selected cases where FOB was inconclusive., Results: Sixty patients were enrolled in the study. Mean age was 51.33 ± 1.71 years with male to female ratio 2:1. Right lung was more commonly involved (65%), and right upper lobe was the commonest site (25%). Pyogenic infection was the commonest etiology (53.3%), bronchogenic carcinoma and tuberculosis accounted for 26.7% and 16.7% cases, respectively. Both, FOB (85.7%) and CT-guided FNAC (91.67%) were very useful for etiological diagnosis of non-resolving pneumonia. Both the procedures were safe, and no major complication was observed., Conclusions: Because of the high yield of FOB, it is very useful and safe diagnostic tool for evaluation of non-resolving pneumonia. CT-guided FNAC also gives good yield when cases are properly selected.

A 30-year-old male, carpenter by profession, presented with a history of dry cough and progressive shortness of breath for two months along with right-sided chest pain for one and a half months. The clinico-radiological picture was suggestive of right-sided massive pleural effusion. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the thorax showed a huge mediastinal mass occupying the entire right hemithorax with very small amount of pleural effusion. CT-guided fine needle aspiration cytology and tru-cut biopsy from the mass both revealed small round-cell tumour, possibly small cell carcinoma of the lung. However, on immunohistochemistry tumour cells expressed Mic-2 and it was consistent with a diagnosis of primitive neuroectodermal tumour.

Occurrence of concurrent multiple primary malignancies with different histopathological presentations of the same organ at the same time is often not diagnosed and rarely reported in the literature. We present a case of multiple primary lung cancers with hepatic metastasis where the patient had a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the right lower lobe and a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the right upper lobe.

A 70-years-old male presented with blackening of both hands and face for last six months which was progressive and attended dermatology outpatients department. Dermatologist opined the skin lesions as acanthosis nigricans. He was referred to our department to evaluate for any underlying internal malignancy as he was a smoker. His chest X-ray revealed right sided hilar prominence with a mid zone cavity with fluid level. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy was done, there was one ulcerative growth in right middle lobe bronchus. Biopsy from the ulcer revealed probable squamous cell carcinoma. CT scan of thorax was also done and CT guided FNAC of Rt lung lesion yielded non small cell carcinoma. His skin lesions were also biopsied and diagnosis of acanthosis nigricans was confirmed. Here we report a case of acanthosis nigricans associated with non-small cell cancer of lung.

Background: Sputum for acid fast bacilli (AFB) is seldom looked for in the etiological diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion usually due to the absence of any parenchymal lesion radiologically, but presence of tubercle bacilli in sputum may have important epidemiological and therapeutic implication., Aims: This study aims to evaluate the role of sputum examination for AFB in the patients of tuberculous pleural effusion with no apparent lung parenchymal lesion radiologically., Settings and Design: Forty-five consecutive indoor patients of suspected tuberculous pleural effusion having no apparent lung parenchymal lesion on chest radiography were selected for our study. It was a prospective and observational study conducted over a period of 1 year., Materials and Methods: After confirming the etiology of pleural effusion as tuberculous by biochemical, cytological, histopahtological, and microbiological tests, emphasis was given on sputum examination for AFB by smear examination and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis., Results: Sputum was bacteriologically (smear and /or culture) positive for tuberculosis in 10 out of 30 cases (33.33%) in which tuberculous etiology was confirmed by histology and /or bacteriology (definite tuberculosis). No sputum AFB (smear and culture) was found in 15 cases of probable tuberculosis where tuberculous etiology was established by indirect methods like Adenosine de aminase level more than 40 unit/l and other relevant investigations. Over all, sputum was bacteriologically smear and/or culture positive in 10 out of 45 cases (22.22%)., Conclusion: Careful and thorough sputum examination in cases of tuberculous pleural effusion may help as a diagnostic tool and it has therapeutic and epidemiological implications.

Background: Thoracic empyema is a disease of significant morbidity and mortality, especially in the developing world where tuberculosis remains a common cause. Clinical outcomes in tuberculous empyema are complicated by the presence of concomitant fibrocavitary parenchymal disease and frequent bronchopleural fistulae. We performed a prospective study over a one-and-a-half-year period with the objective of comparing the clinical profiles and outcomes of patients with tuberculous and nontuberculous empyema., Materials and Methods: A prospective study of adult cases of nonsurgical thoracic empyema admitted in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India was performed over a period of 18 months. A comparative analysis of clinical characteristics, treatment modalities, and outcomes of patients with tuberculous and nontuberculous empyema was carried out., Results: Seventy-five cases of empyema were seen during the study period, of which 46 (61.3%) were of nontuberculous etiology while tuberculosis constituted 29 (38.7%) cases. Among the nontuberculous empyema patients, Staphylococcus aureus (11, 23.93%) was the most frequent pathogen isolated, followed by Gram-negative bacilli. Tuberculous empyema was more frequent in younger population compared to nontuberculous empyema (mean age of 32.7 years vs. 46.5 years). Duration of illness and mean duration of chest tube drainage were longer (48.7 vs. 23.2 days) in patients with tuberculous empyema. Also the presence of parenchymal lesions and bronchopleural fistula often requiring surgical drainage procedures was more in tuberculous empyema patients., Conclusion: Tuberculous empyema remains a common cause of empyema thoracis in a country like India. Tuberculous empyema differs from nontuberculous empyema in the age profile, clinical presentation, management issues, and has a significantly poorer outcome.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) are two very common entities, which often coexist due to common risk factors notably smoking. Though both are common causes of chronically poor health, only cardiovascular disease has got major health priority and government research funding. COPD is largely underdiagnosed and even unsuspected among cases of IHD. The present study wants to address this relatively unexplored area of magnitude of COPD among cases of IHD. A total of 86 (male-65, female-21) consecutive stable and ambulatory IHD patients diagnosed by cardiologist and fulfilling the criteria for inclusion, were selected from cardiology outpatient department of IPGME&R, Kolkata from January 2005 to August 2006. Associated COPD was found in 51.2% (n = 44) patients of the study group (males-36, females-8) according to GOLD criteria; 90.9% of cases of COPD had moderate to severe disease. This was much higher than the prevalence of COPD among general population. A positive correlation was found between severity of COPD and impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (EF). This study also shows that general perception about COPD is poor among patients and their physicians. Most of the COPD cases (81.8%) of IHD were newly detected in this study by spirometric evaluation. Use of inhaled bronchodilator among the previously diagnosed cases is also very low (15.9%). Awareness regarding coexistence of the two diseases may be helpful in management and reduction of mortality and morbidity of COPD in IHD.