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Aerogel fibers are an emerging class of ultralightweight materials, which, compared to conventional bulk monolithic and aerogel films, provide better flexibility and extensibility. Despite the recent advancements in this field, due to their highly porous structure, their mechanical properties can be deteriorated. Inspired by the textile industry, we report the development of aerogel fiber bundles with twisted structures as a promising strategy to enhance the mechanical performance and practicality of aerogel fibers. Polyimide (PI) aerogel fibers were prepared via the sol-gel confined transition method. The fibers showed a unique nanostructured assembly with high specific surface area, excellent optical transparency, outstanding flexibility at diverse extreme conditions, self-extinguishing behavior, and superior thermal insulation performance. Using PI aerogel fibers as the backbone, aerogel fiber bundles in various configurations were designed and fabricated. A systematic study was performed to analyze the effect of design parameters on the mechanical performance of the bundles. Results revealed an optimal twist level for bundles, leading to a peak in mechanical properties across various bundle configurations. The observed improvement in mechanical properties was attributed to increased fiber-to-fiber binding strength, enhanced friction, and interlocking mechanism of fibers, underscoring the potential of the optimized twist level for enhancing the performance of aerogel fiber bundles. Overall, the development of aerogel fiber bundles holds great promise in revolutionizing the production of high-performance ultralightweight materials for thermal management applications.

Efficient removal of heavy metals and other toxic metal pollutants from wastewater is essential to protect human health and the surrounding vulnerable ecosystems. Therefore, significant efforts have been invested in developing practical and sustainable tools to address this issue, including high-performance adsorbents. In this respect, within the last few years, graphene-based aerogels/xerogels/cryogels (GBAs) have emerged and drawn significant attention as excellent materials for removing and recovering harmful and valuable metals from different aqueous media. Such an upward trend is mainly due to the features of the aerogel materials combined with the properties of the graphene derivatives within the aerogel's network, including the GBAs' unique three-dimensional (3D) porous structure, high porosity, low density, large specific surface area, exceptional electron mobility, adjustable and rich surface chemistry, remarkable mechanical features, and tremendous stability. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental and practical aspects and phenomena related to the application of GBAs for metals removal. Herein, we cover all types of (bottom-up) synthesized GBAs, including true microporous graphene-based aerogels as well as other 3D graphene-based open-cell interconnected mesoporous and macroporous aerogels, foams, and sponges. Indeed, we provide insights into the fundamental understanding of the GBAs' suitability for such an important application by revealing the mechanisms involved in metals removal and the factors inducing and controlling the highly selective behavior of these distinctive adsorbents. Besides conventional adsorptive pathways, we critically analyzed the ability of GBAs to electrochemically capture metal pollutants (i.e., electrosorption) as well as their efficiency in metals detoxification through reductive mechanisms (i.e., adsorption-reduction-readsorption). We also covered the reusability aspect of graphene aerogels (GAs)-based adsorbents, which is strongly linked to the GBAs' outstanding stability and efficient desorption of captured metals. Furthermore, in view of their numerous practical and environmental benefits, the development and application of magnetically recoverable GAs for metals removal is also highlighted. Moreover, we shed light on the potential practical and scalable implementation of GBAs by evaluating their performance in continuous metals removal processes while highlighting the GBAs' versatility demonstrated by their ability to remove multiple contaminants along with metal pollutants from wastewater media. Finally, this review provides readers with an accessible overview and critical discussion of major recent achievements regarding the development and applications of GAs-based adsorbents for metal ions removal. Along with our recommendations and suggestions for potential future work and new research directions and opportunities, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers in the field of wastewater treatment and inspire further progress towards developing next-generation high-performance GBAs and expanding their application., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Competitive binding of distinct molecules in the hydrogel interior can facilitate dynamic exchange between the hydrogel and the surrounding environment. The ability to control the rates of sequestration and release of these molecules would enhance the hydrogel's functionality and enable targeting of a specific task. Here, we report the design of a colloidal hydrogel with two distinct pore dimensions to achieve staged, diffusion-controlled scavenging and release dynamics of molecules undergoing competitive binding. The staged scavenging and release strategy was shown for CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) and human epidermal growth factor (hEGF), two molecules exhibiting different affinities to the quaternary ammonium groups of the hydrogel. Fast ODN scavenging from the ambient environment occurred via diffusion through submicrometer-size hydrogel pores, while delayed hEGF release from the hydrogel was governed by its diffusion through nanometer-size pores. The results of the experiments were in agreement with simulation results. The significance of staged ODN-hEGF exchange was highlighted by the dual anti-inflammation and tissue proliferation hydrogel performance.

Carbonyl cross-linkers are used to modify textiles and form resins, and are produced annually in megatonne volumes. Due to their toxicity toward the environment and human health, however, less harmful biobased alternatives are needed. This study introduces carbonyl groups to lactose and galactose using galactose oxidase from Fusarium graminearum ( Fgr GalOx) and pyranose dehydrogenase from Agaricus bisporus ( Ab PDH1) to produce four cross-linkers. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to compare cross-linker reactivity, most notably resulting in a 34 °C decrease in reaction peak temperature (72 °C) for Fgr GalOx-oxidized galactose compared to unmodified galactose. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) spectroscopy were used to verify imine formation and amine and aldehyde depletion. Cross-linkers were shown to form gels when mixed with polyallylamine, with Fgr GalOx-oxidized lactose forming gels more effectively than all other cross-linkers, including glutaraldehyde. Further development of carbohydrate cross-linker technologies could lead to their adoption in various applications, including in adhesives, resins, and textiles.

In this study, we utilized in situ nanofibrillation of thermoplastic polyester ether elastomer (TPEE) within a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix to enhance the rheological properties, foamability, and mechanical characteristics of the HDPE nanocomposite at both room and subzero temperatures. Due to the inherent polarity differences between these two components, TPEE is thermodynamically incompatible with the nonpolar HDPE. To address this compatibility issue, we employed a compatibilizer, styrene/ethylene-butylene/styrene copolymer-grafted maleic anhydride (SEBS- g -MA), to reduce the interfacial tension between the two blend components. In the initial step, we prepared a 10% masterbatch of HDPE/TPEE with and without the compatibilizer using a twin-screw extruder. Subsequently, we processed the 10% masterbatch further through spun bonding to create fiber-in-fiber composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed a significant reduction in the spherical size of HDPE/TPEE particles following the inclusion of SEBS- g -MA, as well as a much smaller TPEE nanofiber size (approximately 60-70 nm for 5% TPEE). Moreover, extensional rheological testing revealed a notable enhancement in extensional rheological properties, with strain-hardening behavior being more pronounced in the compatibilized nanofibrillar composites compared to the noncompatibilized ones. SEM images of the foam structures depicted substantial improvement in the foamability of HDPE in terms of the cell size and density following the nanofibrillation process and the use of the compatibilizer. Ultimately, the in situ rubber fibrillation and enhancement of HDPE and TPEE interface using a compatibilizer led to increasing the HDPE ductility at room and subzero temperatures while maintaining its stiffness.

Background: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a rehabilitation technique that enables functional improvements in patients with motor control impairments. This study presents an original design and prototyping method for a smart sleeve for FES applications. The article explains how to integrate a carbon-based dry electrode into a textile structure and ensure an electrical connection between the electrodes and the stimulator for effective delivery of the FES. It also describes the materials and the step-by-step manufacturing processes., Results: The carbon-based dry electrode is integrated into the textile substrate by a thermal compression molding process on an embroidered conductive matrix. This matrix is composed of textile silver-plated conductive yarns and is linked to the stimulator. Besides ensuring the electrical connection, the matrix improves the fixation between the textile substrate and the electrode. The stimulation intensity, the perceived comfort and the muscle torque generated by the smart FES sleeve were compared to hydrogel electrodes. The results show a better average comfort and a higher average stimulation intensity with the smart FES sleeve, while there were no significant differences for the muscle torque generated., Conclusions: The integration of the proposed dry electrodes into a textile is a viable solution. The wearable FES system does not negatively impact the electrodes' performance, and tends to improve it. Additionally, the proposed prototyping method is applicable to an entire garment in order to target all muscles. Moreover, the process is feasible for industrial production and commercialization since all materials and processes used are already available on the market., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Silica aerogels exhibit exceptional characteristics such as mesoporosity, light weight, high surface area, and pore volume. Nevertheless, their utilization in industrial settings remains constrained due to their brittleness, moisture sensitivity, and costly synthesis procedure. Several studies have proved that adding nanofillers, such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) or graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), can improve the mechanical strength of the aerogels. The incorporation of nanofillers is often accompanied by agglomeration and pore blockage, which, in turn, deteriorates the surface area, pore volume, and low density. Including flexible melamine foam (MF) as a scaffold for the silica aerogel and nanofiller composite can prevent the restacking of the nanofillers through π-π interaction, hence maintaining the incredible properties of aerogels and improving their mechanical properties. CNT, GNP, and the polymeric silica precursor, polyvinyltrimethoxysilane (PVTMS), were added to a MF, at varying concentrations, to fabricate the MF-aerogel nanocomposites. Surfactant and sonication were utilized to ensure a homogeneous dispersion of the nanofillers in the system. The presence of MF prevented the agglomeration of nanofillers, resulting in lower density and relatively higher surface properties ( S BET up to 929 m 2 ·g -1 and pore volume up to 4.34 cc·g -1 ). Moreover, the MF-supported samples could endure 80% strain without breakage and showed an outstanding compressive strength of up to ∼20 MPa. These aerogel nanocomposites also demonstrated an excellent volatile organic compound (∼2680 mg·g -1 ) and cationic dye adsorption (∼10 mg·g -1 ).

Background: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can be used in rehabilitation to aid or improve function in people with paralysis. In clinical settings, it is common practice to use transcutaneous electrodes to apply the electrical stimulation, since they are non-invasive, and can be easily applied and repositioned as necessary. However, the current electrode options available for transcutaneous FES are limited and can have practical disadvantages, such as the need for a wet interface with the skin for better comfort and performance. Hence, we were motivated to develop a dry stimulation electrode which could perform equivalently or better than existing commercially available options., Methods: We manufactured a thin-film dry polymer nanocomposite electrode, characterized it, and tested its performance for stimulation purposes with thirteen healthy individuals. We compared its functionality in terms of stimulation-induced muscle torque and comfort level against two other types of transcutaneous electrodes: self-adhesive hydrogel and carbon rubber. Each electrode type was also tested using three different stimulators and different intensity levels of stimulation., Results: We found the proposed dry polymer nanocomposite electrode to be functional for stimulation, as there was no statistically significant difference between its performance to the other standard electrodes. Namely, the proposed dry electrode had comparable muscle torque generated and comfort level as the self-adhesive hydrogel and carbon rubber electrodes. From all combinations of electrode type and stimulators tested, the dry polymer nanocomposite electrode with the MyndSearch stimulator had the most comfortable average rating., Conclusions: The dry polymer nanocomposite electrode is a durable and flexible alternative to existing self-adhesive hydrogel and carbon rubber electrodes, which can be used without the addition of a wet interfacing agent (i.e., water or gel) to perform as well as the current electrodes used for stimulation purposes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Brain stimulation has been recognized as a clinically effective strategy for treating neurological disorders. Endogenous brain neural precursor cells (NPCs) have been shown to be electrosensitive cells that respond to electrical stimulation by expanding in number, undergoing directed cathodal migration, and differentiating into neural phenotypes in vivo, supporting the application of electrical stimulation to promote neural repair. In this study, we present the design of a flexible and biodegradable brain stimulation electrode for temporally regulated neuromodulation of NPCs. Leveraging the cathodally skewed electrochemical window of molybdenum and the volumetric charge transfer properties of conductive polymer, we engineered the electrodes with high charge injection capacity for the delivery of biphasic monopolar stimulation. We demonstrate that the electrodes are biocompatible and can deliver an electric field sufficient for NPC activation for 7 days post implantation before undergoing resorption in physiological conditions, thereby eliminating the need for surgical extraction. The biodegradable electrode demonstrated its potential to be used for NPC-based neural repair strategies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Applying tessellated origami patterns to the design of mechanical materials can enhance properties such as strength-to-weight ratio and impact absorption ability. Another advantage is the predictability of the deformation mechanics since origami materials typically deform through the folding and unfolding of their creases. This work focuses on creating 4D printed flexible tubular origami based on three different origami patterns: the accordion, the Kresling and the Yoshimura origami patterns, fabricated with a flexible polylactic acid (PLA) filament with heat-activated shape memory effect. The shape memory characteristics of the self-unfolding structures were then harnessed at 60°C, 75°C and 90°C. Due to differences in the folding patterns of each origami design, significant differences in behaviour were observed during shape programming and actuation. Among the three patterns, the accordion proved to be the most effective for actuation as the overall structure can be compressed following the folding crease lines. In comparison, the Kresling pattern exhibited cracking at crease locations during deformation, while the Yoshimura pattern buckled and did not fold as expected at the crease lines. To demonstrate a potential application, an accordion-patterned origami 4D printed tube for use in hand rehabilitation devices was designed and tested as a proof-of-concept prototype incorporating self-unfolding origami., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Polyimide (PI) aerogels are promising in various fields of application, ranging from thermal insulators to aerospace. However, they are typically in the form of a bulk monolith, which suffers from a lack of conformability and drapability. Moreover, their electrical conductivity is limited, and they mainly display an insulative behavior. These shortcomings can limit the applications of PI aerogels in energy storage systems, which require ultralightweight flexible conductive films, which at the same time offer high thermal stability, ultralow density, and high surface area. To overcome these obstacles, the present study reports the fabrication of PI-carbon nanotube (PI-CNT) aerogel composite films with varying CNT content prepared through a sol-gel preparation method, followed by a supercritical drying procedure. Compared to pristine PI aerogels, which displayed a large shrinkage and density of 18.3% and 0.12 g cm -3 , respectively, the incorporation of only 5 wt % CNTs resulted in a significant reduction of both shrinkage and density to only 11.5% and 0.10 g cm -3 , respectively. This suggests the importance of CNTs in improving the dimensional stability of aerogels and creating a robust network. Further characterizations showed that incorporation of 5 wt % CNTs also resulted in the highest pore volume (1.25 cm 3 g -1 ), highest surface area (324 m 2 g -1 ), highest real permittivity (80), highest electrical conductivity (3 × 10 -1 S m -1 ), and ultrahigh service temperature (575 °C). It was also shown that the aerogel films can withstand a large degree of bending, can be twisted, and can be fully rolled with no obvious cracks propagated in the structure. The combined outstanding properties of the developed aerogel composite films make them promising potential candidates for supercapacitor electrodes. Therefore, the electrochemical performance of the devices based on aerogel electrodes was further studied. The device demonstrated a high energy density of 2.6 Wh kg -1 at a power density of 303.8 W kg -1 . The total capacitance after 5000 cycles was 91.8% of the initial capacitance, which indicated excellent stability and durability of the device. Overall, this work provides a facile yet effective methodology for the development of high-performance aerogel materials for energy storage applications.

The delivery of electrical pulses to the brain via penetrating electrodes, known as brain stimulation, has been recognized as an effective clinical approach for treating neurological disorders. Resident brain neural precursor cells (NPCs) are electrosensitive cells that respond to electrical stimulation by expanding in number, migrating and differentiating which are important characteristics that support neural repair. Here, we report the design of a conductive cryogel brain stimulation electrode specifically developed for NPC activation. The cryogel electrode has a modulus switching mechanism permitting facile penetration and reducing the mechanical mismatch between brain tissue and the penetrating electrode. The cryogel demonstrated good in vivo biocompatibility and reduced the interfacial impedance to deliver the stimulating electric field with lower voltage under charge-balanced current controlled stimulation. An ex vivo assay reveals that electrical stimulation using the cryogel electrodes results in significant expansion in the size of NPC pool. Hence, the cryogel electrodes have the potential to be used for NPC activation to support endogenous neural repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The objective of this study is to develop a cryogel-based stimulation electrode as an alternative to traditional electrode materials to be used in regenerative medicine applications for enhancing neural regeneration in brain. The electrode offers benefits such as adaptive modulus for implantation, high charge storage and injection capacities, and modulus matching with brain tissue, allowing for stable delivery of electric field for long-term neuromodulation. The electrochemical properties of cryogel electrodes were characterized in living tissue with an ex vivo set-up, providing a deeper understanding of stimulation capacity in brain environments. The cryogel electrode is biocompatible and enables low voltage, current-controlled stimulation for effective activation of endogenous neural precursor cells, revealing their potential utility in neural stem cell-mediated brain repair., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Chronic wounds exhibit over-expression of cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA), leading to a prolonged inflammation and non-healing wounds. Scavenging excessive cfDNA molecules is a promising strategy for chronic wound treatment. Nanoscopic particles act as efficient cfDNA scavengers due to their large surface area, however their efficiency in cfDNA uptake was limited by adsorption solely on the nanoparticle surface. In contrast, nanogels may provide multiple cfDNA binding sites in the nanoparticle interior, however their use for cfDNA scavenging is yet to be explored. Herein, we report cationic nanogels derived from a copolymer of chitosan and poly{2-[(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride} end-grafted to the chitosan backbone as side chains. The nanogels retain their positive charge at the pH and ionic strength of chronic wound exudate, enabling electrostatically driven cfDNA scavenging. The network structure of the nanogels leads to the cfDNA sequestration in the nanogel interior, in addition to surface attachment. A key factor in cfDNA sequestration is the ratio of the pore size of the nanogel-to-cfDNA molecular dimensions. The enhanced cfDNA scavenging efficiency, along with biocompatibility of the nanogels, makes them a promising component of dressings for chronic wound treatment.

With the recent development of novel miniaturized magnetically controlled microgripper surgical tools (of diameter 4 mm) for robot-assisted minimally invasive endoscopic intraventricular surgery, the surgeon loses feedback from direct physical contact with the tissue. In this case, surgeons will have to rely on tactile haptic feedback technologies to retain their ability to limit tissue trauma and its associated complications during operations. Current tactile sensors for haptic feedback cannot be integrated to the novel tools primarily due to size limitations and low force range requirements of these highly dextrous surgical operations. This study introduces the design and fabrication of a novel 9 mm 2 , ultra-thin and flexible resistive tactile sensor whose operation is based on variation of resistivity due to changes in contact area and piezoresistive (PZT) effect of the sensor's materials and sub-components. Structural optimization was performed on the sub-components of the sensor design, including microstructures, interdigitated electrodes, and conductive materials in order to improve minimum detection force while maintaining low hysteresis and unwanted sensor actuation. To achieve a low-cost design suitable for disposable tools, multiple layers of the sensor sub-component were screen-printed to produce thin flexible films. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes and thermoplastic polyurethane composites were fabricated, optimized, and processed into suitable inks to produce conductive films to be assembled with printed interdigitated electrodes and microstructures. The assembled sensor's electromechanical performance indicated three distinct linear sensitivity modes within the sensing range of 0.04-1.3 N. Results also indicated repeatable and low-time responses while maintaining the flexibility and robustness of the overall sensor. This novel ultra-thin screen-printed tactile sensor of 110 μm thickness is comparable to more expensive tactile sensors in terms of performance and can be mounted onto the magnetically controlled micro-scale surgical tools to increase the safety and quality of endoscopic intraventricular surgeries.

Geometric factors of nanofillers considerably govern the properties of conductive polymer composites (CPCs). This study provides insights into how geometrical alteration through nanotube-to-nanoribbon conversion affects the electrical properties of solid and microcellular CPCs. In this regard, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based nanocomposites are synthesized using both the parent multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and its chemically unzipped product, i.e. , graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). Theoretical and experimental results show that GNR-based composites exhibit 1-4 orders greater conductivities than MWCNT-based composites at the same filler loading because of the larger number of filler-filler junctions as well as the significantly greater contact areas. On the other hand, the conductivities of MWCNT-based and GNR-based composites are significantly increased by 230 times and 121 times, respectively, through microcellular foaming. The effective rearrangements of rigid MWCNTs and flexible GNRs (having 4 and 5 orders less bending stiffness) for network formation during cellular growth are compared. The GNR-based composites also exhibit a superior dielectric permittivity ( e.g. , 2.6 times larger real permittivity at a representative frequency of 10 3 Hz and a nanofiller loading of 4.2 vol%) compared to their MWCNT-based counterparts. This study demonstrates how the modification of the carbon fillers and the polymer matrix can dramatically enhance EMI shielding.

Applications of polymer hydrogels in separation technologies, environmental remediation, and drug delivery require control of hydrogel transport properties that are largely governed by the pore dimensions. Stimulus-responsive change in pore size offers the capability to change gel's transport properties "on demand". Here, we report a nanocolloidal hydrogel that exhibits temperature-controlled increase in pore size and, as a result, enhanced transport of encapsulated species from the gel. The hydrogel was formed by the covalent cross-linking of aldehyde-modified cellulose nanocrystals and chitosan carrying end-grafted poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) molecules. Owing to the temperature-mediated coil-to-globule transition of pNIPAm grafts, they acted as a temperature-responsive "gate" in the hydrogel. At elevated temperature, the size of the pores showed up to a 4-fold increase, with no significant changes in volume, in contrast with conventional pNIPAm-derived gels exhibiting a reduction in both pore size and volume in similar conditions. Temperature-mediated transport properties of the gel were explored by studying diffusion of nanoparticles with different dimensions from the gel, leading to the established correlation between the kinetics of diffusion-governed nanoparticle release and the ratio nanoparticle dimensions-to-pore size. The proposed approach to stimulus-responsive control of hydrogel transport properties has many applications, including their use in nanomedicine and tissue engineering.

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been a useful therapeutic tool in rehabilitation, particularly for people with paralysis. To deliver stimulation in its most basic setup, a stimulator and at least a pair of electrodes are needed. The electrodes are an essential part of the system since they allow the transduction of the stimulator signals into the body. Their performance can influence the experience of both patient and therapist in terms of movement generation, comfort, and ease of use. For non-invasive surface stimulation, current electrode options have several limitations involving their interfacing with the skin, practical inconveniences, and short-term functionality. Standard hydrogel electrodes tend to lose their adhesion with the skin quickly, while dry or textile electrodes require constant wetting to be comfortable. In this paper, we present the fabrication, characterization, and FES testing of a new aerogel-based wet electrode for surface stimulation applications for long-term and reusable FES applications. We investigated its functionality by stimulating the biceps brachii of twelve healthy individuals and collected elbow joint torque and comfort ratings for three different intensity levels (low, moderate, and high) of FES. Comparing to standard hydrogel electrodes, no statistically significant difference was found for any intensity of stimulation in either torque or comfort. Overall, the new aerogel-based electrode has an appropriate impedance, is flexible and soft, is conformable to the skin, has a high water absorption and retention, and can be used for FES purposes.

When we think of "soft" in terms of socially assistive robots (SARs), it is mainly in reference to the soft outer shells of these robots, ranging from robotic teddy bears to furry robot pets. However, soft robotics is a promising field that has not yet been leveraged by SAR design. Soft robotics is the incorporation of smart materials to achieve biomimetic motions, active deformations, and responsive sensing. By utilizing these distinctive characteristics, a new type of SAR can be developed that has the potential to be safer to interact with, more flexible, and uniquely uses novel interaction modes (colors/shapes) to engage in a heighted human-robot interaction. In this perspective article, we coin this new collaborative research area as SoftSAR. We provide extensive discussions on just how soft robotics can be utilized to positively impact SARs, from their actuation mechanisms to the sensory designs, and how valuable they will be in informing future SAR design and applications. With extensive discussions on the fundamental mechanisms of soft robotic technologies, we outline a number of key SAR research areas that can benefit from using unique soft robotic mechanisms, which will result in the creation of the new field of SoftSAR.

Electrode impedance is one of the greatest challenges facing neural interfacing medical devices and the use of electrical stimulation-based therapies in the fields of neurology and regenerative medicine. Maximizing contact between electronics and tissue would allow for more accurate recordings of neural activity and to stimulate with less power in implantable devices as electric signals could be more precisely transferred by a stable interfacial area. Neural environments, inherently wet and ion-rich, present a unique challenge for traditional conductive adhesives. As such, we look to marine mussels that use a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-analine (DOPA)-containing proteinaceous excretion to adhere to a variety of substrates for inspiration. By functionalizing alginate, which is an abundantly available natural polymer, with the catechol residues DOPA contains, we developed a hydrogel-based matrix to which carbon-based nanofiller was added to render it conductive. The synthesized product had adhesive energy within the range of previously reported mussel-based polymers, good electrical properties and was not cytotoxic to brain derived neural precursor cells., (Creative Commons Attribution license.)

Resident brain neural precursor cells (NPCs) are electrosensitive cells that respond to electric field application by proliferating, differentiating, and undergoing rapid and directed cathodal migration. Harnessing NPC potential is a promising strategy to facilitate neural repair following injury or disease. The use of electric fields to activate NPCs is limited by current electrode designs which are typically made of conductive metals that are stiff and can lead to neuroinflammation following implantation, in part due to the mechanical mismatch between physiological conditions and material. Herein, the design of a novel, injectable biobased soft electrode with properties suitable for electrical stimulation in vivo is explored. The recent interest in using biologically derived polymers which are relatively abundant and afford economic feasibility have been built upon. Sodium alginate is utilized to form soft hydrogels, thereby addressing the issue of mechanical mismatch, and the conductive polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), to generate an innovative new material. It is demonstrated that the optimized alginate PEDOT blend matches the modulus of the brain and is suitable for injection and is not cytotoxic to neural cells. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrate minimal activation of inflammatory cells upon implantation in the brain compared to classically used platinum-based electrodes., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

With the rapid advancements in technology and growing aerospace applications, there is a need for effective low-weight and thermally insulating materials. Aerogels are known for their ultra-lightweight and they are highly porous materials with nanopores in a range of 2 to 50 nm with very low thermal conductivity values. However, due to hygroscopic nature and brittleness, aerogels are not used commercially and in daily life. To enhance the mechanical and hydrophobic properties, reinforcement materials such as styrene, cyanoacrylates, epoxy along with hydroxyl, amines, vinyl groups are added to the surface. The addition of organic materials resulted in lower service temperatures which reduce its potential applications. Polyimides (PI) are commonly used in engine applications due to their suitable stability at high temperatures along with excellent mechanical properties. Previous research on polyimide aerogels reported high flexibility or even foldability. However, those works' strategy was mainly limited to altering the backbone chemistry of polyimide aerogels by changing either the monomer's compositions or the chemical crosslinker. This work aims to summarize, categorize, and highlight the recent techniques for improving and tailoring properties of polyimide aerogels followed by the recent advancements in their applications., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Hypothesis: Alkyltrimethoxysilane (ATMS) is among most widely used silane coupling agents. These commercially available, reasonably priced chemicals are often utilized to improve the compatibility of inorganic surfaces with organic coatings. With three hydrolysable moieties, ATMS is an outstanding candidate for solving the hydrophilicity, moisture sensitivity and high cost of silica aerogels. However, ATMS has a non-hydrolysable alkyl chain that undergoes cyclization reactions. The alkyl chain prevents ATMS from being incorporated in aerogel structures. Polyvinyltrimethoxysilane (PVTMS) is a silica precursor that offers two types of crosslinking to the final aerogel product. This strong doubly-crosslinked network can potentially suppress the cyclization reactions of ATMS and include it in aerogel structure., Experiments: PVTMS was used with ATMS having different alkyl lengths (3-16 carbons) and loadings (25 or 50 wt%) as the silica precursors. Acid and base catalysts were used to perform hydrolysis and condensation reactions on the mixture and ATMS:PVTMS aerogels were obtained via supercritical drying., Findings: The incorporation of ATMS in the aerogels was approved by different characterization methods. Results showed that ATMS:PVTMS aerogels possess hydrophobicity (θ ∼ 130°), moisture resistance, varying surface area (44-916 m 2 ·g -1 ), meso/microporous structure and thermal insulation properties (λ ∼ 0.03 W·m -1 K -1 ). These samples also showed excellent performance in oil and organic solvent adsorption., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Polymer composite materials have been proven to have numerous electrical related applications ranging from energy storage to sensing, and 3D printing is a promising technique to fabricate such materials with a high degree of freedom and low lead up time. Compared to the existing 3D printing technique for polymer materials, binder jet (BJ) printing offers unique advantages such as a fast production rate, room temperature printing of large volume objects, and the ability to print complex geometries without additional support materials. However, there is a serious lack of research in BJ printing of polymer materials. In this work we introduce a strategy to print poly(vinyl alcohol) composites with MXene-surfactant ink. By ejecting highly conductive MXene particles onto a PVOH matrix, the resulting sample achieved conductive behaviour in the order of mS m -1 with demonstrated potential for strain sensing and energy storage. This work demonstrates that BJ printing has the potential to directly fabricate polymer composite materials with different end applications., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

In this study, we introduced a novel double crosslinked chitin aerogel via etherification with EGDE for mechanical reinforcement. Samples with different EGDE: chitin weight ratios from 0 to 1.5:1 were fabricated through chitin dissolution in KOH/urea aqueous solution, ethanol neutralization and washing, and supercritical CO 2 drying. Both the physical and chemical crosslinking maintained the high porosity and light weight of chitin aerogels. The morphology under SEM has shown the close-ended and denser fibrils alignment for EGDE crosslinked aerogels and the mesoporous and macroporous structure induced by emulsion effect from excessive EGDE. FTIR characterization was conducted for chemical structure analysis. Compressive testing showed an increase of 247 % compressive strength at 10 % strain and 243 % modulus could be achieved at 1.0 EGDE samples. TGA results revealed a delayed thermal degradation for the chemically crosslinked samples. This study demonstrates EGDE an effective chemical crosslinker for reinforced chitin aerogels., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study presents a novel type of wet electrode material for electrophysiological monitoring based on a conductive aerogel film. The electrode material incorporates cellulose nanocrystal and fiber as a biocompatible polymer and multi-walled carbon nanotube as a conductive filler. The fabricated electrode is fully characterized to explore the chemical, mechanical, electrical, and water absorption properties. The wet aerogel film presents suitable mechanical flexibility owing to the use of fiber enabling it to be conformal to curved surfaces like human body. The water absorption percentage of the fabricated aerogel film is extremely high (∼500%) due to the porosity of the film and hydrophilicity of the base polymer allowing it for effective wet electrode applications. The film is air dryable with a fast (∼10 min) and facile wetting process granting the electrode application for long-term, multiple use, and remote monitoring of patients. The electrical impedance range of the fabricated aerogel electrodes is relatively low (20 Ω/cm 2 -370 Ω/cm 2 ) which is within the range of use for various electrophysiological monitoring purposes such as electrocardiography (ECG) and electroencephalography (EEG). Overall, the presented study introduces a novel wet electrode based on porous and electrically conductive aerogel film to be used for various biomedical applications.

Neural stem and progenitor cells (i.e., neural precursors) are found within specific regions in the central nervous system and have great regenerative capacity. These cells are electrosensitive and their behavior can be regulated by the presence of electric fields (EFs). Electrical stimulation is currently used to treat neurological disorders in a clinical setting. Herein we propose that electrical stimulation can be used to enhance neural repair by regulating neural precursor cell (NPC) kinetics and promoting their migration to sites of injury or disease. We discuss how intrinsic and extrinsic factors can affect NPC migration in the presence of an EF and how this impacts electrode design with the goal of enhancing tissue regeneration. We conclude with an outlook on future clinical applications of electrical stimulation and highlight technological advances that would greatly support these applications., Competing Interests: No competing financial interests exist., (© Stephanie N. Iwasa et al. 2020; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.)

In this work, we propose a novel approach to produce a high-strength epoxy nanocomposite using ionic liquids facilitated dispersion of chitin nanowhiskers (CNWs). Samples with 0-3 wt% CNWs and 1 wt% of [Emim][OAc] were fabricated by mixing, casting, and curing. The morphological observations of the ethanol/ionic liquid suspensions by TEM indicated that [Emim][OAc] helped in dispersing the CNWs. The tensile, impact, dynamical mechanical properties, and thermal stability of the composites were further evaluated to access the reinforcing effect of CNWs. Increase of 35 % tensile strength, 175 % toughness and 90 % impact strength were observed upon addition of 2 wt% of CNWs. Thermal stability of the epoxy was not affected by the addition of CNWs. The SEM observations of the composites evidenced that the fracture mechanisms had changed upon CNWs addition. This work shows the advantage of the novel approach using ionic liquids as nanofiller dispersant in fabricating CNWs nanocomposites., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), which uses electrical stimulation, is a well-established neurosurgical technique used to treat neurologic disorders. Despite its broad therapeutic use, the effects of electrical stimulation on brain cells is not fully understood. Here, we examine the effects of electrical stimulation on neural stem and progenitor cells (collectively neural precursor cells; NPCs) from the subventricular zone in the adult forebrain of C57BL/6J mice. Previous work has demonstrated that adult-derived NPCs are electro sensitive and undergo rapid and directed migration in response to application of clinically relevant electric fields (EFs). We examine NPC proliferation kinetics and their differentiation profile following EF application using in vitro and in vivo assays. In vitro direct current electrical stimulation of 250 mV/mm is sufficient to elicit a 2-fold increase in the neural stem cell pool and increases neurogenesis and oligogenesis. In vivo, asymmetric biphasic electrical stimulation similarly increases the size of the NPC pool and alters neurogenesis. These findings provide insight into the effects of electrical stimulation on NPCs and suggest its potential use as a regenerative approach to neural repair., (Copyright © 2020 Sefton et al.)

Ionic electroactive polymers (ionic EAPs) can greatly aid in biomedical applications where micro-sized actuators are required for delicate procedures. Since these types of actuators generally require platinum or gold metallic electrodes, they tend to be expensive and susceptible to delamination. Previous research has solved this problem by replacing the metallic electrodes with conductive polymers (CP) and forming an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) between the conductive polymer (CP) and the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). Since these actuators contain toxic ionic liquids, they are unsuitable for biological applications. In this study, we present a novel and facile method of fabricating a biocompatible and ionic liquid-free actuator that uses semi-IPN to hold the CP and Nafion-based SPE layers together. Surface activated fabrication treatment (SAFT) is applied to the precursor-Nafion membrane in order to convert the sulfonyl fluoride groups on the surface to sulfonate. Through template-assisted self-assembly, the CP electrodes from either polyaniline (PANI) or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) interlock with the surface treated precursor-Nafion membrane so that no delamination can occur. The electrodes growth pattern, interfacial layer's thickness, and shape can be controlled by adjusting the SAFT concentration and duration., (Copyright © 2020 Jo, Huet and Naguib.)

Aerogels have presented a very high potential to be utilized as airborne nanoparticles' filtration media due to their nanoscale pore size and extremely high porosity. The filtering performance of aerogels, such as air permeability and filtration efficiency, is highly related to the configuration of aerogels' nanostructure assembly. However, as aerogel morphology is formed with respect to the intermolecular forces during the gelation stage, tailoring the aerogel nanostructure assembly is still a challenge. In this work, a novel strategy for tailoring polyimide aerogel nanostructure assembly is proposed by controlled disturbing of the intermolecular forces. From the results, the nanostructure assembly of the 4,4'-oxydianiline (ODA)-biphenyl-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (BPDA) polyimide aerogel is tailored to a uniform bimodal micro and nano porous structure. This was achieved by introducing the proper fraction of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) chains to the polyimide chains in the solution state and through a controlled process. The fabricated polyimide/TPU aerogels with bimodal morphology presented enhanced filtration performance, with 30% improved air permeability and reduced cell size of 3.51 nm over the conventional ODA-BPDA polyimide aerogels. Moreover, the fabricated bimodal aerogels present the reduced shrinkage, density, and effective thermal conductivity of 6.3% and 0.063 g cm -3 , 28.7 mW m -1 K -1 , respectively. Furthermore, the bimodal polyimide/TPU aerogels show the higher porosity of 96.5 vol% along with increased mechanical flexibility over the conventional polyimide aerogel with comparable backbone chemistry., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial and non-financial interests that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

For many practical applications, the most important factor is to have an improved interface between the matrix and dispersed phase in a compressible composite aerogel having a high degree of porosity and a large surface area. Although some measure of compressibility is obtained in polymer-based aerogels with a continuous backbone through the hybridization of the stiff backbone [polyvinyltrimethoxysilane (P-VTMS), -C-C-] and flexible backbone [poly(3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (P-GPTMS), -C-O-C-], it seems that the extent of improvement is insignificant in terms of interface improvement, surface area increase, and ordered mesoporous network. In this study, the effects of the incorporation of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) on aerogels made of a backbone consisting of -C-O-C- (flexible backbone) were examined in terms of structural improvement and were compared with aerogels made of a backbone consisting of -C-C- (stiff backbone). Moreover, the inorganic siloxane cross-link density between the underlying polymer chains was controlled by inducing hydrogen bonding between polymer chains and GnPs. This approach reduces the structural shrinkage during gelation and drying. The integration of only 1 wt % GnP integrated into the backbone by using spinodal decomposition phase separation processing allowed control of the pore size and the surface area. Integration of GnPs through in situ exfoliation during sol-gel transition is shown to be the best approach using the lowest possible amount of GnPs to improve aerogels' mesoporous network made from polymerized GPTMS. A flexible backbone such as P-GPTMS chains is supposed to result in a compliant aerogel, but the chains tend to shrink extensively during gelation and drying, reducing the porosity. P-GPTMS-derived aerogel suffers from a wrong combination of flexible backbone conjugated with an extensive number of permanent chemical cross-links and abundant remaining unreacted hydroxyl groups that undergo permanent chemical shrinkage. To counteract this, the GnP-reinforced prepolymer precursor (P-GPTMS) with fewer siloxane cross-links was synthesized and studied. By use of this strategy, the same elastic properties as those seen with the hybrid P-VTMS- and hybrid P-GPTMS-derived aerogels were imparted, while also improving the mechanical strength by up to 138% and the surface area by up to 205% by controlling the extent of GnP exfoliation during the sol-gel transition. This exceptional effect of GnP on the surface area improvement was shown to be of up to 2.05-fold for P-GPTMS and 2.63-fold for P-VTMS material.

In recent decades, flexible, reconfigurable, and fast-response self-healing polymers have attracted considerable attention for both industrial field and scientific research. Mechanical blending remains the most mature, economical, effective, and the simplest approach to produce polymer blends, which can combine several distinctive advantages from different thermoplastic materials. However, such a process cannot be simply applied to thermosetting materials due to their permanent molecular structures. The synthesis of high-performance polymer blends connected by covalent cross-links remains a big challenge for the present industrial system. In this paper, we proposed a novel approach to synthesize polymer blends via blending thermosetting vitrimer containing dynamic covalent networks with thermoplastic polymers. It is demonstrated that the intrinsic relationship could be established by controlling the bond exchange reactions between the thermoset and the thermoplastic, thus triggering copolymerization. Due to the highly controlled processing conditions, the synthesized polymer is highly flexible, recyclable, and reprocessable, and possesses self-healing behavior at the same time. In addition, it shows potential applications in adhesive film and wearable electronics. This new technology opens a new way to reprocess thermoset in a fashion similar to thermoplastic in the current polymer industry.

Conventional silica-based aerogels are among the most promising materials considering their special properties, such as extremely low thermal conductivity (~15 mW/mK) and low-density (∼0.003-0.5 g.cm -3 ) as well as high surface area (500-1200 m 2 . g -1 ). However, they have relatively low mechanical properties and entail extensive and energy-consuming processing steps. Silica-based aerogels are mostly fragile and possess minimal mechanical properties as well as a long processing procedure which hinders their application range. The key point in improving the mechanical properties of such a material is to increase the connectivity in the aerogel backbone. Several methods of mechanical improvement of silica-based aerogels have been explored by researchers such as (i) use of flexible silica precursors in silica gel backbone, (ii) surface-crosslinking of silica particles with a polymer, (iii) prolonged aging step in different solutions, (iv) distribution of flexible nanofillers into the silica solution prior to gelation, and, most recently, (v) polymerizing the silica precursor prior to gelation. The polymerized silica precursor, as in the most recent approach, can be gelled either by binodal decomposition (nucleation and growth), resulting in a particulate structure, or by spinodal decomposition, resulting in a non-particulate structure. By optimizing the material composition and processing conditions of materials, the aerogel can be tailored with different functional capabilities. This review paper presents a literature survey of precursor modification toward increased connectivity in the backbone, and the synthesis of inorganic and hybrid systems containing siloxane in the backbone of the silica-based aerogels and its composite version with carbon nanofillers. This review also explains the novel properties and applications of these material systems in a wide area. The relationship among the materials-processing-structure-properties in these kinds of aerogels is the most important factor in the development of aerogel products with given morphologies (particulate, fiber-like, or non-particulate) and their resultant properties. This approach to advancing precursor systems leads to the next-generation, multifunctional silica-based aerogel materials., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

4D-printed materials are an emerging field of research because the physical structure of these novel materials respond to environmental changes. 3D printing techniques have been employed to print a base material with shape memory properties. Geometrical deformations can be observed once an external stimulus triggers the shape memory effect (SME) integrated into the material. The plasticizing effect is a well-known phenomenon where the microscopic polymer chain movements have been altered and reflected in different shape memory behaviour. It has been suggested that a 4D material with localized actuation behaviour can be fabricated by utilizing functionally graded layers made from different degrees of plasticizing. This study demonstrated that a novel 4D material can be fabricated from material extraction continuous printing technique with different loadings of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) plasticize, achieving localized thermal recovery. The results indicate that a plasticized functional layer is an effective technique for creating next generation 4D materials.

Electrothermal actuators (ETAs) are a new generation of active materials that can produce different motions from thermal expansion induced by Joule heating. It is well-known that the degree of deformation is determined by the amount of Joule heating and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the material. Previous works on polymeric ETAs are strongly focused on increasing electrical conductivity by utilizing super-aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets. This allows greater deformation for the same drive voltage. Despite these accomplishments with low-voltage actuation, many of the ETAs were constructed to have basic geometries such as a simple cantilever shape. In this paper, it was discovered that shape of polymeric ETA can be programmed into a desired configuration by applying an induced stress relaxation mechanism and post secondary curing. By utilizing such effects, an ETA can be programmed into a curled resting state which allows the actuator to achieve an active bending angle over 540°, a value far greater than any previous studies. This shape programming feature also allows for tailoring the actuator configuration to a specific application. This is demonstrated here by fabricating a small crawling soft robot similar to mimic an inchworm motion.

Graphene microribbons (rGO-MRs) are highly desired for their high electrical conductivities and specific surface areas, which contribute to multiple applications in thin, flexible, textile supercapacitors, sensors, and actuators. Herein, we demonstrate a facile method for creating reduced graphene oxide microribbons with microscale architecture utilizing a simple blue-violet diode laser under ambient conditions. This method takes advantage of the photochemical reduction mechanism of self-assembled graphene oxide liquid crystals (GO-LC), allowing rGO-MR patterns to be directly printed on the solution surface. The rGO-MR films demonstrated tunable diameters and can be tailored into any geometries. A maximum intrinsic electrical conductivity for rGO-MR reaching 325.8 S/m was observed. The rGO-MR textile electrodes can be assembled into microsupercapacitors with a high areal specific capacitance of 14.4 mF/cm 2 , a low charge-transfer impedance, and an exceptional cycling performance with a retained 96.8% capacitance after 10 000 cycles. The rGO-MR films also experience changes in resistance in response to the moisture adsorption from human breaths and therefore can also be employed as a breathing sensor for health monitoring. The presented facile method for creating multilayered rGO-MR films directly on liquid surfaces can further expand the potential for three-dimensional printing graphitic materials for various multifunctional applications.

Electrical stimulation of the brain through the implantation of electrodes is an effective treatment for certain diseases and the focus of a large body of research investigating new cell mechanisms, neurological phenomena, and treatments. Electrode devices developed for stimulation in rodents vary widely in size, cost, and functionality, with the majority of recent studies presenting complex, multi-functional designs. While some experiments require these added features, others are in greater need of reliable, low cost, and readily available devices that will allow surgeries to be scheduled and completed without delay. In this work, we utilize 3D printing and common electrical hardware to produce an effective 2-channel stimulation device that meets these requirements. Our stimulation electrode has not failed in over 60 consecutive surgeries, costs less than $1 USD, and can be assembled in less than 20 min. 3D printing minimizes the amount of material used in manufacturing the device and enables one to match the curvature of the connector's base with the curvature of the mouse skull, producing an ultra-lightweight, low size device with improved adhesion to the mouse skull. The range of the stimulation parameters used with the proposed device was: pulse amplitude 1-200 μA, pulse duration 50-500 μs and pulse frequency 1-285 Hz.

Aerogels suffer greatly from poor mechanical properties resulting from their particulate structure. They also experience noticeable pore shrinkage during drying due to their low structural integrity. These shortfalls limit their broad application. To enhance the mechanical properties and improve the structural integrity of silica-based aerogels, graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs), as a nanofiller, were embedded into the solution of polymerized vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) to prepare P-VTMS-based silica/GnP (PE-b-Si/GnP) hybrid aerogel monoliths based on sol-gel synthesis and supercritical drying. The inclusion of GnPs in our polymer-based silica aerogel processes reinforced the nanostructure and suppressed PE-b-Si nanopore shrinkage during supercritical drying, thus acting as an effective anti-shrinkage nanofiller. Accordingly, the GnPs significantly contributed to the PE-b-Si solution's uniform gelation and to the change of the hydrophilic nature to a hydrophobic one even with 1 wt% addition. In this study, the influence of the GnP content on the sol-gel process, structure, and physical properties of PE-based silica aerogels is studied., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interests., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Chitin nano-whiskers (CNWs) are high performance nanomaterials that can be extracted from chitin, which is one of the most widely available bio-resources. Herein we investigate the effect of CNWs on the morphological, mechanical, dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of DGEBA epoxy. Optically transparent, bulk epoxy nano-composites with 0.25 wt%, 0.5 wt% and 0.75 wt% CNWs were evaluated in addition to neat epoxy. The composites were prepared based on a modified slurry compounding method. CNWs appear to be well dispersed within the epoxy matrix with increasing tendency for clustering as the CNW content is increased. The addition of 0.25 wt% CNWs to neat epoxy results in a decrease in the glass transition temperature and an increase in the tensile strength, modulus, damping and thermal degradation temperature. All the composites evaluated with CNWs showed distinct crack arrest events upon initiation of the first major crack growth during fracture toughness testing. Composites with 0.75 wt% CNWs showed the highest damping and an increase in the fracture toughness and resilience over neat epoxy., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Tissue engineering using cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells holds a promise to revolutionize drug discovery, but only if limitations related to cardiac chamber specification and platform versatility can be overcome. We describe here a scalable tissue-cultivation platform that is cell source agnostic and enables drug testing under electrical pacing. The plastic platform enabled on-line noninvasive recording of passive tension, active force, contractile dynamics, and Ca 2+ transients, as well as endpoint assessments of action potentials and conduction velocity. By combining directed cell differentiation with electrical field conditioning, we engineered electrophysiologically distinct atrial and ventricular tissues with chamber-specific drug responses and gene expression. We report, for the first time, engineering of heteropolar cardiac tissues containing distinct atrial and ventricular ends, and we demonstrate their spatially confined responses to serotonin and ranolazine. Uniquely, electrical conditioning for up to 8 months enabled modeling of polygenic left ventricular hypertrophy starting from patient cells., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This paper presents a novel aerogel-based Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) which shows a superior performance for energy harvesting and sensing applications. Polyimide-based aerogel film with varying open-cell content level is developed to be used as the main contact material for the TENG. The fabricated aerogel film is fully characterized to reveal the chemical and mechanical properties of the developed material. It is shown the use of Polyimide aerogel film remarkably enhances the performance of the TENG compared to a TENG with fully dense Polyimide layer with no porosity. This enhancement is due to the increase on the effective surface area, charge generation inside the open-cells of the aerogel, and increase on the relative capacitance of the TENG device. The effect of varying porosity from zero to 70% of open-cell content reveals that the aerogel film with 50% shows the highest performance where the peak open-circuit voltage of 40V and peak short-circuit current of 5 μA are obtained. These values are higher than those of the TENG with simple Polyimide layer with an order of magnitude. Finally, the performance of proposed TENG under resistive loads and capacitors are tested. Thus, this work presents an effective method for high performance TENG.

The development of flexible pressure sensors with human-like sensing capabilities is an emerging field due to their wide range of applications from human robot interactions to wearable electronics. Piezoresistive sensors respond to externally induced mechanical stimuli through changes in their electrical resistance. The current state-of-the-art piezoresistive sensors are mainly constructed via dispersion of conductive nanofillers in an elastomer matrix making their performance strongly reliable on the degree of dispersion. Alternatively, changes in the contact area of conductive elastomers result in higher sensitivity and more tunable variables. Herein, an interlocked sensor comprising two flexible layers of 3D pyramidal microstructures is fabricated with a thin layer of carbon nanotubes deposited onto the micropatterns. The introduced array of micropyramids with varying height and pitch sizes allows for higher changes in the contact area upon applying an external load. The results indicate that the height and pitch of the structures together with a newly defined variable, the critical dimension, affect the sensor's sensitivity. An optimal performance is observed for minimized values of the critical dimension. Furthermore, to verify the obtained results, a finite-element-assisted analytical constriction-resistance model is used to capture the piezoresistive response of the sensor. The theoretical results show the high tracking ability of their experimental counterparts.

OBJECTIVE Endoscope-assisted repair of craniosynostosis is a safe and efficacious alternative to open techniques. However, this procedure is challenging to learn, and there is significant variation in both its execution and outcomes. Surgical simulators may allow trainees to learn and practice this procedure prior to operating on an actual patient. The purpose of this study was to develop a realistic, relatively inexpensive simulator for endoscope-assisted repair of metopic and sagittal craniosynostosis and to evaluate the models' fidelity and teaching content. METHODS Two separate, 3D-printed, plastic powder-based replica skulls exhibiting metopic (age 1 month) and sagittal (age 2 months) craniosynostosis were developed. These models were made into consumable skull "cartridges" that insert into a reusable base resembling an infant's head. Each cartridge consists of a multilayer scalp (skin, subcutaneous fat, galea, and periosteum); cranial bones with accurate landmarks; and the dura mater. Data related to model construction, use, and cost were collected. Eleven novice surgeons (residents), 9 experienced surgeons (fellows), and 5 expert surgeons (attendings) performed a simulated metopic and sagittal craniosynostosis repair using a neuroendoscope, high-speed drill, rongeurs, lighted retractors, and suction/irrigation. All participants completed a 13-item questionnaire (using 5-point Likert scales) to rate the realism and utility of the models for teaching endoscope-assisted strip suturectomy. RESULTS The simulators are compact, robust, and relatively inexpensive. They can be rapidly reset for repeated use and contain a minimal amount of consumable material while providing a realistic simulation experience. More than 80% of participants agreed or strongly agreed that the models' anatomical features, including surface anatomy, subgaleal and subperiosteal tissue planes, anterior fontanelle, and epidural spaces, were realistic and contained appropriate detail. More than 90% of participants indicated that handling the endoscope and the instruments was realistic, and also that the steps required to perform the procedure were representative of the steps required in real life. CONCLUSIONS Both the metopic and sagittal craniosynostosis simulators were developed using low-cost methods and were successfully designed to be reusable. The simulators were found to realistically represent the surgical procedure and can be used to develop the technical skills required for performing an endoscope-assisted craniosynostosis repair.

Dielectric polymer nanocomposites with high dielectric constant (ε') and low dielectric loss (tan δ) are extremely desirable in the electronics industry. Percolative polymer-graphene nanoplatelet (GnP) composites have shown great promise as dielectric materials for high-performance capacitors. Herein, an industrially-viable technique for manufacturing a new class of ultralight polymer composite foams using commercial GnPs with excellent dielectric performance is presented. Using this method, the high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-GnPs composites with a microcellular structure were fabricated by melt-mixing. This was followed by supercritical fluid (SCF) treatment and physical foaming in an extrusion process, which added an extra layer of design flexibility. The SCF treatment effectively in situ exfoliated the GnPs in the polymer matrix. Moreover, the generation of a microcellular structure produced numerous parallel-plate nanocapacitors consisting of GnP pairs as electrodes with insulating polymer as nanodielectrics. This significantly increased the real permittivity and decreased the dielectric loss. The ultralight extruded HDPE-1.08 vol % GnP composite foams, with a 0.15 g·cm -3 density, had an excellent combination of dielectric properties (ε' = 77.5, tan δ = 0.003 at 1 × 10 5 Hz), which were superior to their compression-molded counterparts (ε' = 19.9, tan δ = 0.15 and density of = 1.2 g·cm -3 ) and to those reported in the literature. This dramatic improvement resulted from in situ GnP's exfoliation and dispersion, as well as a unique GnP parallel-plate arrangement around the cells. Thus, this facile method provides a scalable method to produce ultralight dielectric polymer nanocomposites, with a microscopically tailored microstructure for use in electronic devices.

We characterized the morphological features of an organic resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) aerogel and correlated each feature to the thermal insulation properties. Several RF aerogels were synthesized with different morphological features and structural assemblies. This was done by changing the catalyst percentages and the dilution ratios at the polymerization stage. Then, each morphological feature was assessed and categorized using two scales: the macro scale and the micro scale. We found that the macro-features were independent of the catalyst percentages and depended only on the dilution ratios. By contrast, the micro-features were highly sensitive to any changes during the polymerization process. These changes altered the samples' three main micro-structural factors: (i) the structural assembly, (ii) the porous structure, and (iii) the fractal parameters. Thus, we characterized and quantified each component within these areas. Then, we assessed the structure's heat transfer modes and classified them as follows: (i) solid conductivity through the solid particles, (ii) gas conductivity through the gas molecules, and (iii) thermal radiation. We identified the morphological features in our RF samples and correlated them to each mode of the heat transfer. For example, the samples' solid conductivity was highly dependent on the fractal parameters of our structure; that is, the particles' roughness, the structural complexity, and the structural homogeneity. For those samples with extremely rough particles and a complex structure, the solid conductivity reached the lowest possible point. We also found that the total thermal conductivity was mainly controlled by the micro-morphological features, and that the solid conductivity was the most dominant heat transfer mode.

A novel polyaniline nanorod (PAniNR) three-dimensional structure was successfully grown on flexible polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber substrate as the electrode material for electrochemical capacitors (ECs), constructed via self-stabilized dispersion polymerization process. The electrode offered desired mechanical properties such as flexibility and bendability, whereas it maintained optimal electrochemical characteristics. The electrode and the assembled EC cell also achieved intrinsic piezoresistive sensing properties, leading to real-time monitoring of excess mechanical pressure and bending during cell operations. The PAniNR@PAN electrodes show an average diameter of 173.6 nm, with the PAniNR growth of 50.7 nm in length. Compared to the electrodes made from pristine PAni, the gravimetric capacitance increased by 39.8% to 629.6 F/g with aqueous acidic electrolyte. The electrode and the assembled EC cell with gel electrolyte were responsive to tensile, compressive, and bending stresses with a sensitivity of 0.95 MPa -1 .

A simple myocardial analogue material has great potential to help researchers in the creation of medical CT Imaging phantoms. This work aims to outline a Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) plasticizer/PVC material to achieve this. DEHP-PVC was manufactured in three ratios, 75, 80, and 85% DEHP by heating at 110 °C for 10 min to promote DEHP-PVC binding followed by heating at 150 °C to melt the blend. The material was then tested utilizing FTIR, tensile testing, dynamic mechanical analysis and imaged with computed tomography. The FTIR testing finds the presence of C-CL and carbonyl bonds that demonstrate the binding required in this plasticized material. The tensile testing finds a modulus of 180-20 kPa that increases with the proportion of plasticizer. The dynamic mechanical analysis finds a linear increase in viscoelastic properties with a storage/loss modulus of 6/.5-120/18 kPa. Finally, the CT number of the material increases with higher PVC content from 55 to 144HU. The 80% DEHP-PVC ratio meets the mechanical and CT properties necessary to function as a myocardial tissue analogue.

We developed a simple analytical model to describe the instantaneous location and angle of rod-like conductive fillers as a function of cell growth during the foaming of conductive polymer composites (CPCs). First, we modelled the motion of the fillers that resulted from the growth of one cell. Then, by taking into account the fillers located at the line that connected the centres of the two growing cells, we found the final filler's angle and location. We identified this as a function of the corresponding cell size, filler size, and the filler's initial angle and location. We based the model's development on the assumption that a polymer melt is incompressible during cell growth. The two-cell growth model is better than the one-cell growth model because it describes the filler's movement in the cell wall between the two growing cells. The results revealed that the fillers near the cell were the ones most affected by the cell growth, while those at the midpoint between the two cells were the least affected. As a cell grows, its affected polymer area also increases. A dimensionless factor η was introduced to demonstrate the effects of the cell size and the filler length on the filler's interconnectivity in the CPC foams. It is vital to keep the filler length comparable to the cell size when preparing CPC foams with the desired electrical conductivity. Our research provides a deeper understanding of the mechanism through which foaming influences the filler connections in CPC foams., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Semi-crystalline/elastomer blends such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) have been well-studied as shape memory polymer (SMP) systems over the last decade. The SMP system is known to be reliable as the activation or transitional temperature (T trans ) is well defined by its glass transition temperature (T g ). In this study, the possibility of altering SMPs'T trans by introducing plasticizer molecules, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), into the system was investigated. Significant changes in morphologies and thermal behaviours of the composites after the incorporation of plasticizer inferring the possible changes in shape memory behaviours were reported. It was concluded that the SMP performance, in terms of activation temperature, shape fixing (R f ), shape recovery (R r ) ratio, and recovery time, could be improved significantly due to the induced plasticizing effects. With only the incorporation of 5 wt% PEG, the T trans of PLA/TPU SMP was successfully decreased from the well-known 75 °C to 50 °C while achieving 85% R r ratio. An improvement in 37.5% shorter recovery time can be observed with the incorporation of 10 wt% PEG when compared with a pristine PLA/TPU system under 50 °C. The results indicated that plasticizing is an effective method for altering the polymer chain structures and a step closer toward the development of fast response SMPs that can be activated under a low temperature.