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The health benefits of oats, particularly their enhanced nutritional and bioactive properties when sprouted, are well-documented. However, changes in steroidal saponins during germination and false germination are lacking. This study explored the influence of various temperatures (20, 25, and 30 °C) and durations (1, 3, 5, and 7 days) on the steroidal saponin profiles in both germinated and false-germinated oats and assessed their anti-inflammatory activities. The findings revealed that germination at 20 °C for 7 days significantly increased the total steroidal saponin content to 3265.54 μg/g, doubling its original concentration. Notably, avenacoside E (AVE-E), the most potent anti-inflammatory steroidal saponin in oats, increased by an impressive 21-fold from 64.02 to 1421.35 μg/g, becoming the predominant saponin following germination. Furthermore, the hydrolysis of sugar moieties and enzymatic synthesis of steroidal saponins were proposed as plausible secondary metabolic pathways during germination and false germination. This research provides the first evidence that germination and false germination can significantly enhance the steroidal saponin levels in oats and their anti-inflammatory properties, with germination proving more effective than false germination, highlighting the potential of these methods to further enhance the health benefits of oats.

Background: Saline-alkali stress is a major factor limiting the growth of oats. Sugar is the primary carbon and energy source in plants which regulates plant development and growth by regulating enzyme activity and gene expression. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose are ubiquitous plant-soluble sugars that act as signalling molecules in the transcriptional regulation of various metabolic and defence-related genes., Methods: In this study, soluble sugars, fructose, sucrose, and starch contents were measured, and transcriptomics was used to determine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in saline-sensitive and saline-tolerant oats after 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. DEGs annotated to carbohydrates were selected using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes., Results: DEGs involved in carbohydrate metabolism were mainly enriched in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate pathways, fructose and mannose metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism. GAPDH , SUPI , SUS2 , ATP-PEK , HXK6 , FBA4 , TBA4 , TKT , ISA3 , PPDK1 , and BAM2 were significantly expressed, and a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction verified the transcriptome sequencing results., Conclusions: In this study, oats with different salinity tolerances were used to determine sugar contents under four salinity stress durations, and transcriptome sequencing was used to explore the regulatory mechanism of sugars and provide a reference for elucidating the sugar signalling regulatory mechanism under abiotic stress.

Biological remediation of agricultural soils contaminated with oil is complicated by the presence of residual amounts of chemical plant protection products, in particular, herbicides, which, like oil, negatively affect the soil microbiome and plants. In this work, we studied five strains of bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter , which exhibited a high degree of oil biodegradation (72-96%). All strains showed resistance to herbicides based on 2,4-D, imazethapyr and tribenuron-methyl, the ability to fix nitrogen, phosphate mobilization, and production of indole-3-acetic acid. The presence of pollutants affected the growth-stimulating properties of bacteria in different ways. The most promising strain P. citronellolis N2 was used alone and together with oat and lupine plants for soil remediation of oil, including herbicide-treated oil-contaminated soil. Combined contamination was more toxic to plants and soil microorganisms. Bacterization stimulated the formation of chlorophyll and suppressed the synthesis of abscisic acid and malonic dialdehyde in plant tissues. The combined use of bacteria and oat plants most effectively reduced the content of hydrocarbons in the soil (including in the presence of herbicides). The results obtained can be used to develop new methods for bioremediation of soils with polychemical pollution.

Background/objectives: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, the environment, and gut microbiota. The incidence of IBD is increasing globally. Previous studies have shown that interactions between diet and gut microbiota influence the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD. Proper dietary nutrition including oat and oat bran regulates chronic inflammation, which is essential for individual health, and is one of the essential factors in reducing inflammation in the body and keeping the immune system functioning properly, which plays a role in the prevention and treatment of diseases. However, the mechanism of action of whether oat and oat bran will alleviate chronic inflammation by modulating intestinal flora and metabolites remains unknown., Methods: Therefore, in this study, we have used a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) chronic colitis to analyze the composition of intestinal microbiota, short-chain fatty acid content, and the expression of the relevant genes., Results: The results showed that diets supplemented with oat and oat bran improved intestinal barrier parameters, decreased the levels of inflammatory factors, modulated the composition of intestinal microbiota, and increased the content of short-chain fatty acids., Conclusions: This study provides strong evidence that dietary interventions with oats or oat bran may have potential applications in clinical nutrition and dietary interventions for chronic IBD.

Moringa oleifera leaves have high nutrient valor, physicochemical, and nutraceutical properties and can be used as ingredients to develop wheat-free enrich. The aim was to evaluate nutritional, chemical, and nutraceutical characterization, antioxidant capacity, along physicochemical parameters to develop four oat bread using yeast (PL), xanthan gum (PG), and 2.5% (M2) or 5.0% (M5) of moringa leaves. Morinaga leaves were a source of 23.19% protein, 12.43% ash, and 30.36% dietary fiber. The bread formulations increased the protein content by 25-50%, and decreased lipid in 52.14% compared with commercial bread. For antioxidant capacity, PLM5 had the highest with values of 11.97 mMTE/g (DPPH), 16.06 mMTE/g (ABTS), and 16.38 mMTE/g (FRAP). In the bread with MOLP were identified Epicatechin, rutin, and dihydroxybenzoic acid by HPLC. The bread with a better texture profile was PLM2. The results suggested that moringa leaves used as an oat bread ingredient can enhance the nutritional and nutraceutical content., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objectives: Unstable osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee can result in substantial morbidity; the aims of surgical management are to provide stability to the lesion and to stimulate biological healing. The aim of this study was to review the outcomes of a previously described, but uncommonly used, technique involving isolated mosaicplasty fixation of unstable knee OCD., Methods: A retrospective review of skeletally mature patients treated with in-situ mosaicplasty fixation of unstable OCD of the knee was performed. Two out of thirteen knees also underwent concomitant realignment osteotomy. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and patient-reported outcome measures were reviewed., Results: Twelve patients (13 knees) were included; there were 5 females and 7 males. The mean age at time of surgery was 22 years (range 16-32). The lesion location was lateral femoral condyle in 7 cases and medial femoral condyle in 6 cases. Follow-up MRI scans confirmed fragment healing in 12 knees (92%). One patient required further surgical intervention for ongoing symptoms and radiological non-union: the patient underwent an off-loading distal femoral osteotomy to correct valgus mal-alignment., Conclusion: This series describes the outcomes following an uncommonly performed, yet reproducible and effective method of fixation of unstable knee OCDs. We believe in-situ mosaicplasty fixation represents an opportunity to provide both mechanical stability and biological augmentation of OCD healing, and the series confirms that excellent results can be achieved with a low re-operation rate., Level of Evidence: Level IV., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Peter D'Alessandro reports a relationship with Smith and Nephew Inc that includes: speaking and lecture fees. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Oats are gluten-free cereals rich in dietary fiber, β -glucans, phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamin E, and phytosterols. They have been used in traditional medicine for centuries to treat hyperacidity, acute pancreatitis, burns, and skin inflammation. This study assessed the nutritional and phenolic profile of oat flour (OF) and ground oat husks (OHs) from white, brown, and black hulled oat genotypes, as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of their extracts. The extracts were tested on six strains of gastrointestinal tract pathogens. OF samples had, on average, a high protein content (15.83%), fat content (6.27%), and β -glucan content (4.69%), while OH samples were rich in dietary fiber. OHs had significantly higher average total phenolic compounds compared to OF and had twice as high antioxidant capacity. Ferulic acid was predominant in all samples, followed by p -coumaric, isoferulic, vanillic, and syringic acid. The traditionally prepared OH extracts manifested the best bactericidal activity against Listeria monocytogenes , Escherichia coli , and Staphylococcus haemolyticus , while Salmonella typhimurium was the least sensitive to the bactericidal effect of all the investigated samples. Both OF and powdered OHs have potential applications in the functional food industry and pharmacy due to their bioactive compounds, their biological activity, as well as their overall nutritional profile.

Oat-based liquid and semi-solid dairy alternatives require extractable proteins for nutritional and technological purposes. However, oats are industrially heat treated ('kilned') to inactivate endogenous lipases thereby avoiding rancidity development. Such heat treatment results in a protein extractability decrease. We here investigated the possibility of directing oat groat heat treatment conditions [oat groat moisture content (13.0-20.0%), heating temperature (80-100 °C) and heating time (15-45 min)] on a lab-scale to achieve complete enzyme inactivation, with peroxidase activity as a marker, while maintaining high protein extractability. Non-heat-treated and industrially heat-treated oats were included as reference samples. The peroxidase activity and protein extractability of lab-scale heat-treated oats decreased with an increase in moisture content, heating temperature and time. Several lab-scale heat-treated oats for which complete peroxidase inactivation was observed, had significantly higher protein extractabilities (31-59%) than industrially kilned oats (21%). The activity of endogenous lipases was determined for a selected sample set. Lipases required milder heat treatment conditions for complete inactivation than peroxidases. Such milder heat treatment led to samples with protein extractabilities between 31 and 65%. A notable observation was that heat treating oats (≥90 °C) caused clumping of the intracellular material of the aleurone cells, likely due to protein aggregation. The main conclusion of this study is that oat heat treatment conditions can be altered successfully to achieve complete enzyme inactivation while maintaining high protein extractability. The obtained insights could lead to the development of oat-based products with higher protein content and desired shelf stability., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Oat is an important crop widely distributed in temperate zones and is also commonly planted in the karst areas of southwest China. However, due to severe rocky desertification, the complex soil in this area is characterized by high calcium content, alkaline conditions, and drought, which significantly negatively impact the growth of oat seedlings. To study the adaptability of oats to rocky desertification stress at the seedling stage, we investigated the effects of CaCl 2 (0-150 mM), the pH (3-9), and drought stress (PEG-6000 solution at 0 to -0.79 MPa) on seed germination and seedling growth. The results showed that (1) calcium stress had dual effects on seed germination within the range of 5-150 mM CaCl 2 . Low concentrations of CaCl 2 (5 mM) promoted the germination potential, germination rate, germination index, and vigor index of oats, as well as the growth and biomass accumulation of radicles in oat seedlings; however, high concentrations of CaCl 2 inhibited these germination parameters. (2) Under drought stress, moderate concentrations of a PEG-6000 solution significantly improved the germination potential and germination rate of oat seeds, but the germination index and vigor index decreased with an increasing PEG-6000 concentration. When the PEG-6000 concentration corresponded to -0.06 MPa, the root growth and fresh weight accumulation of oat seedlings were significantly promoted; however, as the concentration increased to -0.53 MPa and -0.79 MPa, seed germination and seedling growth were significantly inhibited. (3) pH treatments had no significant effect on oat seed germination, but all growth indexes of oats showed a downward trend under alkaline conditions. These results suggest that suitable conditions for oat planting in karst rocky desertification areas are 5 mM CaCl 2 , pH levels of 5-8, and drought stress between 0 and -0.32 MPa. This study provides a theoretical basis for oat introduction, cultivation, and stress-resistant breeding in this area.

A suboptimal diet is responsible for more deaths worldwide than any other risk. A dietary factor that needs more attention is whole-grain consumption because of its proven health, nutritional, and environmental benefits. Despite these benefits, the daily whole-grain and dietary fibre intake by Dutch residents is low and the reasons for this low consumption are unknown. This study analysed the facilitating and hindering factors associated with (non) oat consumption using the Integrated Change Model (ICM). It compared which factors distinguished oat consumers from moderate and low-oat consumers using a cross-sectional, quantitative study design. The questionnaire used in the quantitative study was based on the results a qualitative study that validated the findings identified in the literature and previous ICM studies. Data was collected using an online survey (Qualtrics). In both studies, the sample of participants included individuals age > 18, of both genders residents in the Netherlands without an allergy to oats, and who read or speak fluently Dutch or English. In total, 299 residents were included in the study. The results indicated that non-oat consumers were less health-conscious, had limited awareness of their dietary behaviours, possessed less knowledge, and were less aware of the severity and susceptibility to various health conditions, such as high cholesterol. They also received fewer prompts to consume oats, were less convinced of the rational and emotional benefits of oats, experienced less social support, reported more obstacles, and had lower self-efficacy regarding oat consumption. The Integrated Change Model (ICM) explained 55% of the variance in intention and 38% in behaviour. Consequently, efforts to promote oat consumption among Dutch adults should address these factors to enhance awareness, increase motivation, and facilitate actions to boost oat intake., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval for this study was sought and obtained from the the Faculty Research Ethics Committee (FHML-REC) at Maastricht University. The project was considered under the case number: FHML-REC/2023/057. All methods were performed according to the relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent from all participants for participation was obtained as described in the Method section of this paper. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The nutritional value of oats can be enhanced through solid-state fermentation (SSF) to release otherwise tightly bound, inaccessible nutrients and bioactives. Extensive research has shown that SSF can liberate bioactive compounds from oats, such as phenolic compounds and peptides through modification of the microstructure. Studies also demonstrate that SSF enhances the bioactive properties of oats, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory. Additionally, SSF can modify the macronutrient and antinutritional components of oat substrates. In particular, the protein fraction can be enriched by SSF with filamentous fungi due to the inherently proteinous nature of their mycelium. Most SSF microorganisms can also reduce the antinutritional compounds in oats like tannins and phytic acid. Despite the breadth of SSF research for oat substrates, no review exists for oat specifically and more generally, and no review exists considering bioactive and nutritional aspects together. This review extensively discussed these facets. Future research avenues are explored and should provide insight into the microstructural modification of oats as a function of different fermentation conditions by leveraging advancements in imaging. Mechanistic and quantitative insight into how these structural changes and biotransformations influence the release of bioactive compounds (including the dynamic digestion process) should be explored. The molecular mechanism by which specific SSFed oat bioactive compounds (phenols and peptides) confer their biological effects requires further development. Combining analysis of the macronutrient and bioactive properties of solid-state-fermented oat substrates provides a more detailed picture of the overall nutritional value and health implications of solid-state fermented oat products., (© 2024 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

The main objective of this experiment was to investigate the technological potential of upcycling unsparged non-conventional brewers' spent grains (BSGs) in bread-making and assess the comparative quality of bread enriched with non-fermented and lactic acid-fermented BSGs obtained from mashes brewed with starch adjuncts of buckwheat and oats. After the runoff of the first wort, unsparged non-conventional BSGs with approximately 75% moisture, acidic pH, and yield in the soluble extract above 56.6% ( w / w d.m.) were used in substituting wheat flour with 5 and 15% ( w / w d.m.) in bread-making recipes. The highest loaf volume value (318.68 cm 3 /100 g) was observed for 5% fermented buckwheat-BSG addition. Except for the samples with 5% fermented BSGs, specific volumes decreased. Crumb moisture was reduced by up to 22% for all samples, with this parameter related to bread weight. Bread porosity, elasticity, acidity, and overall sensory acceptability were better for fermented than non-fermented BSGs. The results proved that non-conventional BSGs with buckwheat and oats addition have the potential to be valorized in new bread assortments, and lactic acid fermentation applied to the BSGs is beneficial, even for overall sensory acceptability and quality of baked end-products. Technological, buckwheat-BSG was more convenient than oats-BSG. Further research continues to optimize and upscale Technology Readiness Levels.

The present study endeavored to tackle the challenges posed by limited diversity in oat varieties and suboptimal nitrogen fertilizer utilization in the arid landscapes of the Loess Plateau. We selected three oat varieties, including early-maturing oats (E), medium-maturing oats (M), and late-maturing oats (L). In 2022, four nitrogen applications were set up as CK (0 kg N ha -1 ), N1 (60 kg N ha -1 ), N2 (90 kg N ha -1 ), and N3 (120 kg N ha -1 ). We introduced two additional nitrogen applications, N4 (180 kg N ha -1 ) and N5 (240 kg N ha -1 ), in 2023. The two-year study results demonstrated a significant increase in oat yield due to nitrogen application ( p < 0.05). The highest grain yield was observed for E oats at 2216.63 kg·ha -1 under the N3 treatment, while M and L oats had the highest grain yields at 2505.43 kg·ha -1 and 2946.30 kg·ha -1 under N4, respectively. The protein content of L oats reached a peak of 14.15% under N4, and the order of protein contents in oat protein components was globulin > gliadin> glutenin > albumin. The β-glucan content of L oats reached a peak of 4.92% under N3. The nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency (NFUE) of the three oats was highest under N2. L oats exhibited enhanced NFUE owing to an elevated pre-flowering nitrogen translocation amount (PrNTA), with a 42.94% and 29.51% increase relative to E and M oats, respectively. The pre-flowering nitrogen translocation contribution (PrNTC) in oats surpassed the post-flowering nitrogen accumulation contribution (PoNAC). Therefore, nitrogen application positively impacted oat growth, yet excessive application had an inhibitory effect. There is a significant positive correlation among oat yield, quality, nitrogen accumulation, and utilization efficiency. In summary, oat crops exhibited optimal performance in terms of yield, quality, and nitrogen use efficiency when nitrogen application rates ranged between 90 and 180 kg·ha -1 . Late-maturing oats coincide with the rainy and hot season in the northern dryland regions, making them more suitable for planting in the dryland areas of the Loess Plateau.

Recent data showing the compositional variation and storage behavior among different oat batches for the purpose of food remains limited. Lipids of twenty oat flour samples of pure cultivars grown in Finland during 2019 were extracted and fractionated into neutral and polar-rich lipids. Flour was stored for nine months, and profiles of volatiles and tocols were analyzed to reveal oxidative stability. The lipid content was 5.9-8.9 g per 100 g of flour [DW] and consisted of 78.7 ± 2.5 % neutral and 21.3 ± 2.5 % polar lipids. Palmitic (16 %), oleic (36 %), and linoleic (39 %) acids were the most abundant fatty acids. Neutral lipids had more oleic and less linoleic and palmitic acids than polar lipids. The fresh samples correlated with tocols, pentanal, 2-pentylfuran, 2-heptanone, nonanal, 2-butanone, and heptanal, while stored samples were associated with 3-octen-2-one, 2-octenal, hexanal, and octanal. Lipid composition and oxidative stability are essential factors for selecting oat batches for food applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of lipid from rapeseed cake and oats on ruminal CH 4 emission and lactational performance of dairy cows. Twelve lactating Nordic Red cows, of which 4 were primiparous, and averaging (±SD) 48 ± 22.9 DIM, 37.8 ± 7.14 kg/d milk yield were enrolled in a switch-back design experiment with 3 periods of 4 wk each. The cows were assigned into 6 pairs based on parity, DIM, milk yield, and BW at the beginning of the experiment. The experimental treatments were (1) rapeseed cake and oats (RSC+O), and (2) rapeseed meal and barley (RSM+B) as the concentrate feeds. Cows in each pair were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 groups, which received the treatments in 2 different sequences (i.e., group 1 received RSC+O in period 1 and 3, and RSM+B in period 2, whereas group 2 was fed RSM+B in period 1 and 3, and RSC+O in period 2). The diets consisted of a partially mixed ration with grass silage mixed with either oats or barley, according to the treatment sequence, and the rapeseed cake or meal being mixed into a pellet with either oats or barley according to the treatments, and a mineral mix. The pellet was delivered at a fixed amount (i.e., 6 kg/d for multiparous and 5 kg/d for the primiparous cows) from the milking robot. The actual forage to concentrate ratios for RSC+O and RSM+B were 51:49 and 52:48, respectively, with NDF concentrations of 41.5% and 36.0% and CP concentrations of 17.0% and 16.7% of diet DM. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and gas exchange (with a GreenFeed system attached to the milking robot) were recorded daily, and milk composition and spot fecal samples were collected during the last week of each period. Based on feed analysis, and DMI of the cows during the experiment, the total fat content of the experimental diets was 4.1% and 2.7% of DM for RSC+O and RSM+B diets, respectively. Dry matter intake was 1.6 kg/d lower, and milk yield tended to be 1.0 kg/d greater for RSC+O versus RSM+B. There were no differences in ECM yield and milk composition between the treatments, whereas milk ME efficiency was greater for cows fed RSC+O than RSM+B. Methane yield (g/kg DMI) did not differ between treatments, but CH 4 production (g/d) was 9.4% and CH 4 intensity as g/kg ECM was 11.7% lower for RSC+O versus RSM+B. The lower CH 4 production was likely caused by the lower DMI and fiber digestibility, observed with the RSC+O diet. In addition, the greater lipid intake also contributed to lower rate of fermentation and subsequent decrease in CH 4 production. Overall, feeding rapeseed cake with oats in a grass silage-based diet increased feed efficiency while decreasing CH 4 emission intensity in lactating cows. This provides a practical way of mitigating ruminal CH 4 emission from dairy operations while maintaining milk production with commonly used feedstuffs in Nordic conditions., (The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Dairy Science Association®. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).)

Purpose of Review: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of whole grain Avena sativa and Hordeum vulgare L., or their isolated fractions, on immune and inflammatory functions, as well as their influence on gut microbiota. A structured literature search was undertaken in line with PRISMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effects of oats or barley consumption in adults and reported ≥ 1 of the following: C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-2, IL-8, IL-18, lipopolysacharide binding protein (LBP) or gut microbiota-related outcomes, were included., Recent Findings: A total of 16 RCTs were included, among which 6 studies recruited metabolically at-risk population, including individuals with overweight and obesity, metabolic syndrome or hypercholesterolemia. Additionally, 3 trials involved young healthy population, 5 trials targeted older individuals (aged over 50 years), and 2 studies encompassed populations with other disease states. A total of 1091 individuals were included in the evaluation of short-term (up to 14 days) and long-term (beyond 14 days, up to 90 days) supplementation with oats or barley-based products. 9 studies measured inflammatory biomarkers and 5 of them reported significant reductions, specifically in long-term studies. Notably, no evidence of anti-inflammatory benefits was found in healthy individuals, whereas studies involving metabolically at-risk populations showed promising reductions in inflammation. 13 studies measured the impact on gut microbiota, and collectively suggest that oats and barley food products can influence the composition of gut microbiota, associated in some cases with metabolic improvements. Oats and barley consumption may confer anti-inflammatory effects in metabolically at-risk populations and influence gut microbiota outcomes. However, no anti-inflammatory benefits were observed in healthy individuals. Results from this systematic review suggests caution in interpreting findings due to limited trials and variations in interventions and health conditions., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background/Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and practicability of repeated three-day sequences of a hypocaloric oat-based nutrition intervention (OI) in insulin-treated outpatients with type 2 diabetes and severe insulin resistance. Methods : A randomized, two-armed pilot study was conducted with three months of intervention and three months follow-up with 17 participants with insulin resistance (≥1 IU/kg body weight). Group A ( n = 10) performed one sequence of OI; Group B ( n = 7) performed two sequences monthly. A sequence was 3 consecutive days of oat consumption with approximately 800 kcal/d. The main objective was to assess feasibility (≥70% completers) and practicability regarding performance aspects. Biomedical parameters such as HbA1 c were observed. To evaluate the state of health, a standardized questionnaire was used (EQ-5 D). Results : OI was feasible (13/17 completer participants (76.5%): 70.0% Group A, 85.7% Group B). Individually perceived practicability was reported as good by 10/16 participants (62.5%). Total insulin dosage decreased from 138 ± 35 IU at baseline to 126 ± 42 IU after OI ( p = 0.04) and 127 ± 42 IU after follow-up ( p = 0.05). HbA1 c was lower after OI (-0.3 ± 0.1%; p = 0.01) in all participants. Participants in Group B tended to have greater reductions in insulin (Δ-19 IU vs. Δ-4 IU; p = 0.42) and weight loss (Δ-2.8 kg vs. Δ-0.2 kg; p = 0.65) after follow-up. Severe hypoglycemia was not observed. EQ-5 D increase not significantly after follow-up (57.2 ± 24.0% vs. 64.7 ± 21.5%; p = 0.21). Conclusions : The feasibility and practicability of OI in outpatients were demonstrated. OI frequency appears to correlate with insulin reduction and weight loss. Proper insulin dose adaptation during OI is necessary. Presumably, repeated OIs are required for substantial beneficial metabolic effects.

Background: Small-grain winter cereals can be utilized as early spring pastures in temperate climates to relieve grazing pressure and potentially mitigate feed shortages. This study was conducted to determine the effects of triticale and oat cereal pastures grazed by sheep during early spring on forage yields, nutritive values, and nutritional requirements of sheep., Methods: The research was carried out over three consecutive years, from 2015 to 2017, at the Sheep Research Institute in Bandırma-Balıkesir, located in the Marmara region of Türkiye. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design, with the two forage species, triticale and oat, randomized within each of three blocks. The animal material for the study consisted of 24 Karacabey Merino sheep, each 2 years old, with an average live weight of 57.6 ± 0.5 kg, all in the late lactation stage. In each replication, four sheep were included, resulting in a total of 12 sheep grazing in each of the triticale and oat pastures. The sheep grazed exclusively on the cereal pastures without any additional feed, and had unrestricted access to water throughout the entire period of the experiment. The dry matter yields (DMY), dry matter intakes (DMI), nutritive values, and mineral contents of the cereal species were determined., Results: The DMY showed significant differences over the years ( P  < 0.05). No differences in DMY were observed between pastures, with oats yielding 11.99 t ha -1 and triticale yielding 11.08 t ha -1 . During the grazing period, the change in DMY was significant in all years ( P  < 0.05). The average DMI of the sheep was 2,003.5 g d -1 for triticale and 2,156.6 g d -1 for oat, respectively, and DMI exhibited no significant differences across pastures. Although there was no difference in DMI between 2015 and 2016, the lowest consumption occurred in 2017 ( P  < 0.05). Additionally, while DMI showed different trends each year based on the periods, it generally decreased by the end of the grazing period. While both pastures provided similar nutritive values, significant differences were observed in the crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), in vitro true DM digestibility (DDM), and metabolisable energy (ME) values across the years. Over the years, as the grazing period progressed, CP levels decreased while neutral detergent fiber (NDF), ADF, and acid detergent lignin (ADL) increased, resulting in reduced DDM and ME values. The phosphorus (P) content in triticale was higher than in oats, but there were no differences in the content of other minerals between them. Between the years, significant differences were observed in the levels of phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe), while changes in other elements were insignificant. The variation in mineral content during the grazing process differed over the three years. Study results indicated that the nutritional values of triticale and oat pastures are similar, and both can effectively be used to provide sufficient feed to meet the early spring forage requirements for sheep., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests., (©2024 Hanoğlu Oral.)

Objective: Treatment of focal cartilage defects of the humeral capitellum with autologous bone-cartilage cylinders to prevent development of arthritis of the elbow joint., Indications: High-grade, unstable lesions (> 50% of the capitellum, grade III-IV according to Dipaola), including those involving the lateral edge of the capitellum and with a depth of up to 15 mm., Contraindications: Stable lesions and generalized osteochondritis of the capitellum (including Panner's disease), as well as a relative contraindication for lesions > 10 mm, as the largest punch has a maximum diameter of 10 mm., Surgical Technique: Arthroscopy of the elbow joint, transition to open surgery. First, the size of the cartilage defect in the capitellum is determined. Then, one (or several) osteochondral cylinders (OATS Arthex) are removed, which as far as possible completely encompass the defect zone. Corresponding intact bone-cartilage cylinders are obtained from the ipsilateral proximal lateral femoral condyle, each with a 0.3 mm larger diameter via an additive miniarthrotomy. The "healthy" cylinders are then inserted into the defect zone in a "press fit" technique., Postoperative Management: An upper arm cast in neutral position of the hand for 10-14 days, simultaneously beginning physiotherapy (active-assisted movements) and lymphatic drainage. As soon as painless range of motion (ROM) is restored (goal: by week 6), isometric training can be started. Resistance training starts from week 12. Competitive sports are only recommended after 6(-8) months., Results: The current state of research on the surgical treatment of OCD of the humeral capitellum using autologous osteochondral grafts shows mostly promising results. A recent meta-analysis of 24 studies reports a significantly higher (p < 0.01) rate of return to sports (94%) compared to fragment fixation (64%) or microfracture and debridement (71%) [41]. However, the increased donor-site morbidity must be taken into account (ca. 7.8%)., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

With global climate change leading to increasing intensity and frequency of droughts, as well as the growing problem of soil salinization, these factors significantly affect crop growth, yield, and resilience to adversity. Oats are a cereal widely grown in temperate regions and are rich in nutritive value; however, the scientific literature on the response of oat to drought and salt stress has not yet been analyzed in detail. This study comprehensively analyzed the response of oat to drought stress and salt stress using data from the Web of Science core database and bibliometric methods with R (version4.3.1), VOSviewer (version 1.6.19), and Citespace (version6.3.1.0) software. The number of publications shows an increasing trend in drought stress and salt stress in oat over the past 30 years. In the field of drought-stress research, China, the United States, and Canada lead in terms of literature publication, with the most academic achievements being from China Agricultural University and Canadian Agricultural Food University. The journal with the highest number of published papers is Field Crops Research. Oat research primarily focuses on growth, yield, physiological and biochemical responses, and strategies for improving drought resistance. Screening of drought-tolerant genotypes and transformation of drought-tolerant genes may be key directions for future oat drought research. In the field of salt-stress research, contributions from China, the United States, and India stand out, with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Inner Mongolia Agricultural University producing the most significant research results. The largest number of published articles has been found in the Physiologia Plantarum journal. Current oat salt-stress research primarily covers growth, physiological and biochemical responses, and salt-tolerance mechanisms. It is expected that future oat salt research will focus more on physiological and biochemical responses, as well as gene-editing techniques. Despite achievements under single-stress conditions, combined drought and salt-stress effects on oat remain understudied, necessitating future research on their interaction at various biological levels. The purpose of this study is to provide potential theoretical directions for oat research on drought and salt stress.

This study delves into the dynamic interplay of volatile compounds, free amino acids, and metabolites, meticulously exploring their transformations during oat fermentation. Analysis via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) unveiled significant alterations: 72 volatile compounds in unfermented oats (NFO) and 60 in fermented oats (FO), reflecting the profound impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae TU11 and Lactobacillus plantarum Heal19 on oat constituents. A marked increase in Heptane (5.7-fold) and specific alcohol compounds, like 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and Phenylethyl alcohol in FO samples, while reductions in Hexanal, Hexanoic acid, and Acetic acid were observed. Notably, 4 phenolic compounds emerged post-fermentation, revealing diverse microbial actions in flavor modulation. Orthogonal-partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) indicated a clear separation between NFO and FO, demonstrating distinct volatile compound profiles. Further analysis revealed a noteworthy decrease in all free amino acids except for a significant increase in serine during fermentation. Differential metabolite screening identified 354 metabolites with 219 upregulated and 135 down-regulated, uncovering critical markers like isophenoxazine and imidazole lactic acid. Correlation analyses unveiled intricate relationships between volatile compounds and diverse metabolites, illuminating underlying biochemical mechanisms shaping oat flavor profiles during fermentation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Wang Li reports financial support was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. Wang i reports financial support was provided by China Agriculture Research System. Wang Li reports financial support was provided by the National Key Research and Development Program of China. Wang Li reports financial support was provided by the Key Technology Research and Development Program in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Wang Li reports financial support was provided by QingLan Project in Jiangsu Province. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Oat-based milk alternatives (OMAs) are an important alternative to bovine milk, with prevalence of lactose intolerance, as well as soy and nut allergies limiting consumers options. However, OMAs are typically lower in protein content than both bovine milk and soy-based alternatives, with protein quality limited by low lysine levels, which can reduce protein digestibility. Addition of alternative plant proteins may increase the quantity of protein, as well as balancing the amino acid profile. However, plant-based proteins have additional sensory qualities and off-flavours, which may lead to undesirable characteristics when introduced to OMAs. This study aimed to assess the effect of pea and potato protein addition on the sensory profile, volatile profile, colour, and particle size in an OMA control product. Results demonstrated that pea protein contributed to a bitter and metallic taste, astringent aftertaste, and a significantly increased overall aroma correlated with higher levels of key volatiles. Whilst potato protein resulted in less flavour changes, it did lead to increased powdery mouthfeel and mouthcoating supported by a substantially increased particle size. Both protein fortifications led to detectable colour changes and a staler flavour. Fortification of OMA product with the pea protein led to significant sensory, volatile and physical changes, whilst the potato protein led to predominantly physical changes. Further investigation into alternative plant-based proteins is necessary to optimise sensory qualities whilst increasing protein content and the amino acid profile.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, in most instances primarily, affects medial compartment of knee. Combining Osteochondral Autologous Transfer System (OATS) with Medial Open-Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy (MOWHTO) may represent an integrated approach to sustaining long-term knee functionality in OA patients., Materials and Methods: From 2009 to 2016, combined OATS and MOWHTO was performed in 66 knees of 63 patients with medial compartment knee OA. Cartilage regeneration was assessed by 2nd look arthroscopy and Knee function was assessed by knee society scoring (KSS) pre-operatively and post-operatively. The survival rate of MOWHTO plus OATS was assessed. Failure is characterized by the need to convert into total knee replacement., Results: The KSS knee score (from 48.3 to 90.4) and function score (from 42.6 to 88.7) showed a statistically significant improvement (p-value of <0.0001) at a mean follow-up period of 9.49 years. Second look arthroscopy done at the time of implant removal showed 100 % cartilage regeneration with even hyaline cartilage regeneration in 49 out of 57 knees assessed and partial regeneration in 8 knees. The Kaplan Meier survivorship analysis was 96.7 % at the mean 9.49 years after surgery. Only 2 patients needed TKA conversion in follow-up., Conclusion: Combining OATs and valgus MOWHTO provides good option to successfully manage patients of OA and varus malalignment. This resulted in significant improvement in knee function, lowering pain intensity, good cartilage regeneration, and a high survivorship rate for 10 years postoperatively., (© 2024 Professor P K Surendran Memorial Education Foundation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.)

This study aims to focus on developing a food supplement for the geriatric population using disposal mushrooms, oats, and lactose-free milk powder. Lactose intolerance is most common in older adults, raising the demand for lactose-free foods. One of the major global challenges currently faced by humankind is food waste (FW). Most of the food that is produced for human consumption has not been utilized completely (1/3rd-1/2 unutilized), resulting in agricultural food waste. Mushrooms are highly valuable in terms of their nutritional value and medicinal properties; however, a significant percentage of mushroom leftovers are produced during mushroom production that do not meet retailers' standards (deformation of caps/stalks) and are left unattended. Oats are rich in dietary fibre beta-glucan (55% water soluble; 45% water insoluble). Lactose-free milk powder, oats, and dried mushroom leftover powder were blended in different ratios. It was observed that increasing the amount of mushroom leftover powder increases the protein content while diluting calories. The product with 15% mushroom powder and 30% oat powder showed the highest sensory scores and the lowest microbial count. The GCMS and FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of ergosterol and other functional groups. The results of the XRD analysis showed that the product with 15% mushroom powder and 30% oat powder had a less crystalline structure than the product with 5% mushroom powder and 40% oat powder and the product with 10% mushroom powder and 35% oat powder, resulting in more solubility. The ICP-OES analysis showed significant concentrations of calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and zinc. The coliform count was nil for the products, and the bacterial count was below the limited range (3 × 10 2 cfu/g). The product with 15% mushroom powder and 30% oat powder showed the best results, so this developed product is recommended for older adults.

Background: While osteochondral autologous transplantation (OAT) offers favorable results in most patients with osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT), some patients continue to experience persistent pain following the procedure. Information regarding the etiology of this pain and outcomes of revision surgery are limited. This study aimed to report results of revision surgery with realignment procedures in patients with failed OAT who demonstrated concomitant malalignment at the distal tibia or hindfoot., Methods: Eight patients (8 ankles), who had been experiencing persistent pain for more than 1 year following OAT, underwent realignment procedures during revision surgery. All patients underwent primary OAT for the treatment of medial OLTs. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the main location of deformity: the supramalleolar realignment group (SRG, 5 ankles) and the hindfoot realignment group (HRG, 3 ankles). No direct procedure was performed on the osteochondral lesion at the time of revision surgery. Ankle and hindfoot alignment were evaluated using 6 parameters in weightbearing radiographs. Computed tomography (CT) was used to assess for medial gutter narrowing, spur formation, and cyst volume around transplanted osteochondral plug preoperatively and postoperatively. Clinical outcomes were assessed using Foot Function Index and Visual Analogue Scale., Results: All patients had medial gutter narrowing or spur formation, which are early signs of ankle arthritis. The SRG had varus distal tibial alignment with a median medial distal tibial angle of 85.7 degrees (interquartile range [IQR], 3.2). The HRG had valgus hindfoot alignment and a lower medial longitudinal arch with a median hindfoot moment arm of 8.4 mm (IQR, 6.1) and a median Meary's angle of 11.8 degrees (IQR, 1.4). Spontaneous restoration of the osteochondral lesion was observed after realignment surgery, with cyst volume decreasing from 0.2592 to 0.0873 cm 3 (P < .05). Clinical scores improved in all patients., Conclusion: The current study demonstrates the effectiveness of realignment surgery in a selected patient group who experienced persistent pain and showed radiographic evidence of malalignment after primary OAT. Our study provides evidence supporting the use of realignment procedures in these cases, with results indicating improved patient-reported outcomes and spontaneous restoration of osteochondral lesions., Levels of Evidence: Level IV: Case series., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Aims: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials was conducted to collate evidence from studies implementing ancient grains and investigate the impact of ancient grain consumption on health outcomes of patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM)., Data Synthesis: Twenty-nine randomized controlled trials were included, and 13 were meta-analyzed. Interventions ranged from 1 day to 24 weeks; most samples were affected by DM type 2 (n = 28 studies) and the ancient grains used were oats (n = 10 studies), brown rice (n = 6 studies), buckwheat (n = 4 studies), chia (n = 3 studies), Job's Tears (n = 2 studies), and barley, Khorasan and millet (n = 1 study). Thirteen studies that used oats, brown rice, and chia provided data for a quantitative synthesis. Four studies using oats showed a small to moderate beneficial effect on health outcomes including LDL-c (n = 717, MD: 0.30 mmol/l, 95% CI: 0.42 to -0.17, Z = 4.61, p < 0.05, I 2  = 0%), and TC (n = 717, MD: 0.44 mmol/l, 95% CI: 0.63 to -0.24, Z = 4.40, p < 0.05, I 2  = 0%). Pooled analyses of studies using chia and millet did not show significant effects on selected outcomes., Conclusions: For adults affected by DM type 2, the use of oats may improve lipidic profile. Further experimental designs are needed in interventional research to better understand the effects of ancient grains on diabetes health outcomes., Prospero Registration: CRD42023422386., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors of this paper have no conflict of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

To better understand how the pathogenicity of the oat crown rust pathogen Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae ( Pca ) has changed in the United States, 30 years of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) survey isolates ( n = 5,456) tested on 30 to 40 differential lines were analyzed for overall and Pc -resistance-gene-specific virulence trends and correlations. Pca is incredibly pathologically diverse, with 88% of races represented by a single isolate. There are a slightly higher proportion of unique races from the Northern region of the United States, and for one fourth of the years, Northern region isolates were significantly more virulent than Southern isolates, which supports the idea that sexual recombination in this region is mediated by the alternate host as a major factor in creating new races. However, there is also support for regular isolate movement between North and South regions as isolates in the United States are steadily accumulating virulences at a rate of 0.35 virulences per year. Virulence significantly increased for 23 and decreased for four of the 40 differential lines. In the past few years, virulence has reached 90% or greater for 16 differential lines. There were also strong correlations in virulence for certain Pc genes that are likely identical, allelic, or target the same or closely linked pathogen effectors (e.g., Pc39 , Pc55 , and Pc71 ), and the results were largely in concordance with recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) effector studies using USDA isolate subsets. Understanding changes in Pca pathogenicity is essential for the responsible deployment and management of Pc resistance genes for sustainable and profitable oat production., Competing Interests: The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature (20, 25, and 30 °C) and relative humidity (RH, 50, 55, and 60 %) as abiotic stressors during oat (Avena sativa L.) germination using a 2-level factorial design with central point. UPLC-QToF-MS E identified eighty polyphenols, nine avenanthramides, twelve lignans, and five phytosterols Notably, 100 % germination was achieved at 25 °C/60 % RH from day 3, yielding the longest radicle size. The highest content of most phenolic acids, avenanthramides, and lignans occurred at 30 °C/65 % RH, where 100 % germination was attained by day 5, but with a shorter radicle size. The best flavonoid and phytosterol profle was obtained at 20 °C/55 % RH, achieving only a 67 % germination rate. Therefore, while these conditions enhance the bioactive compound profile, the associate decrease in germination metrics suggests potential distress effects. Consideration of both photochemical outcomes and germination yield is crucial for comprehensive assessments in future applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In an ethyl methanesulfonate oat ( Avena sativa ) mutant population we have found a mutant with striking differences to the wild-type (WT) cv. Belinda. We phenotyped the mutant and compared it to the WT. The mutant was crossed to the WT and mapping-by-sequencing was performed on a pool of F2 individuals sharing the mutant phenotype, and variants were called. The impacts of the variants on genes present in the reference genome annotation were estimated. The mutant allele frequency distribution was combined with expression data to identify which among the affected genes was likely to cause the observed phenotype. A brassinosteroid sensitivity assay was performed to validate one of the identified candidates. A literature search was performed to identify homologs of genes known to be involved in seed shape from other species. The mutant had short kernels, compact spikelets, altered plant architecture, and was found to be insensitive to brassinosteroids when compared to the WT. The segregation of WT and mutant phenotypes in the F2 population was indicative of a recessive mutation of a single locus. The causal mutation was found to be one of 123 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the entire chromosome 3A, with further filtering narrowing this down to six candidate genes. In-depth analysis of these candidate genes and the brassinosteroid sensitivity assay suggest that a Pro303Leu substitution in AVESA.00010b.r2.3AG0419820.1 could be the causal mutation of the short kernel mutant phenotype. We identified 298 oat proteins belonging to orthogroups of previously published seed shape genes, with AVESA.00010b.r2.3AG0419820.1 being the only of these affected by a SNP in the mutant. The AVESA.00010b.r2.3AG0419820.1 candidate is functionally annotated as a GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase with homologs in Arabidopsis, wheat, barley, rice, and maize, with several of these proteins having known mutants giving rise to brassinosteroid insensitivity and shorter seeds. The substitution in AVESA.00010b.r2.3AG0419820.1 affects a residue with a known gain-of function substitution in Arabidopsis BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE2. We propose a gain-of-function mutation in AVESA.00010b.r2.3AG0419820.1 as the most likely cause of the observed phenotype, and name the gene AsGSK2.1 . The findings presented here provide potential targets for oat breeders, and a step on the way towards understanding brassinosteroid signaling, seed shape and nutrition in oats., Competing Interests: The authors declare that this study received funding from Lantmännen and Oatly AB as the industry support component of the ScanOats Research Center. The funders were not involved in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article, or the decision to submit it for publication. Author NS was employed by CropTailor AB and is currently employed by Oatly AB. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Tsardakas Renhuldt, Bentzer, Ahrén, Marmon and Sirijovski.)

Oats are one of the most useful and widespread cereal crops in the world. In permafrost conditions (Central Yakutia), based on metabolic changes in late summer-sown oat plants ( Avena sativa L.), the key processes involved in the cold acclimation of a valuable cereal species were identified. During the onset of low ambient temperatures, metabolites from leaf samples were profiled using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). A total of 41 metabolites were identified in oat leaves. It was found that acclimation to suboptimal temperatures during the fall period leads to biochemical (accumulation of mono- and disaccharides and decrease in fatty acids and polyols) as well as physiological and biophysical changes (decrease in leaf PRI reflectance indices and chlorophyll a fluorescence). Therefore, the study contributes to a more holistic understanding of oat metabolism under low-temperature cryolithozone stress. It is believed that the analysis of changes in leaf reflection properties and JIP-test parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence using leaf metabolomic profiling can be used in the selection of valuable varieties of cereal crops to obtain plant fodders with high nutrient contents under conditions of a sharply continental climate.

Introduction: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DGL1, isolated from the arid sandy areas in Dagler, Qinghai Province, China, promotes the growth of Avena sativa variety "Qing Yan 1"., Methods: To elucidate the transcriptomic changes in the oat root system following interaction with DGL1 and to reveal the molecular mechanism by which DGL1 promotes oat growth, treatment and control groups of oat roots at 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after inoculation with a suspension of strain DGL1 were analyzed using Illumina high-throughput transcriptome sequencing technology. The differentially expressed genes were determined through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, and the metabolic pathways and key genes were analyzed., Results: The results showed that 7874, 13,392, 13,169, and 19,026 differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, amino acid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and other related metabolic pathways in the oat roots at 2, 4, 8, and 12 h after inoculation with a DGL1 suspension. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that the genes encoding plasma membrane ATPase, phosphoglycerate kinase gene PGK , ammonium transporter protein gene AMT , cellulose synthase gene CSLF6 , and growth hormone response family gene IAA18 were significantly upregulated., Discussion: It is hypothesized that the pro-growth mechanism of strain DGL1 in oats is the result of the coordination of multiple pathways through the promotion of oat energy metabolism, phytohormone signaling, secondary metabolite synthesis, and amino acid metabolism., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Yang, Xie, Wang, Qiao, Li, Wu and Gao.)

Background: The cereal fibre β-glucan reduces postprandial glycaemia, however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of a β-glucan-enriched oat bread on gastric emptying half-time (T 1/2 ), gastric emptying lag phase (T lag ), and gastric emptying rate (GER), and the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) as potential means to influence postprandial glycaemia., Methods: A randomised crossover trial was conducted in 22 healthy adults (age 24.6 ± 3.1 years, BMI 23.1 ± 2.7 kg/m 2 ) receiving 25 g available carbohydrates from a β-glucan-enriched oat bread or a control whole-wheat bread at two non-consecutive days. T 1/2 , T lag , and GER were determined based on ultrasound measures of the cross-sectional gastric antrum area in the fasting state and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min postprandially. Capillary glucose, serum insulin, and plasma GLP-1 concentrations were measured at the same time points., Results: A biphasic pattern of gastric emptying with a distinct T lag before the commencement of emptying was observed in most subjects for both bread types. While no differences in GER were evident (p = 0.562), consumption of the oat bread significantly increased T 1/2 by 18 min and T lag by 14 min compared with the whole-wheat bread (p = 0.005 and p = 0.010, respectively). In addition, the oat bread significantly reduced iAUC 2h for glucose and insulin responses compared with the whole-wheat bread (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences in GLP-1 response between the two breads (p = 0.892)., Conclusion: The increased T 1/2 and T lag could offer a potential mechanism for the observed attenuation of postprandial glycaemia and insulinemia after consumption of the β-glucan-enriched oat bread compared with the whole-wheat bread., Trial Registration:  The study is registered at clinicaltrails.gov (NCT04571866)., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. ICMJE forms for all authors are available online., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

In this study, secondary metabolites produced by Alternaria were investigated for their presence in milling oats. For this purpose, pre-cleaned milling oat samples ( n  = 193), intended for human consumption, out of harvest years 2017 to 2021 originating from different northern European countries were analysed by LC-MS/MS. Alternariol and alternariol methyl ether were positively identified in 38% of the samples with mean values of 2.1 µg/kg and 1.2 µg/kg, respectively. The highest concentrations of 50.5 µg/kg alternariol and 24.2 µg/kg of alternariol methyl ether were detected in a Latvian sample. Tenuazonic acid was found in 45% of all samples, with a mean concentration of 28.9 µg/kg and a maximum concentration of 1430 µg/kg, also in a Latvian sample. Tentoxin was detected in 49% of all samples with a mean value of 1.7 µg/kg. The Alternaria metabolite most frequently detected in 96% of all samples was infectopyrone with a mean concentration of 593 µg/kg and a maximum value reaching up to 3990 µg/kg in a German sample. In addition, eight oat samples were selected to investigate to what extent the Alternaria metabolites are distributed between the oat hulls and the oat kernels. After de-hulling, approximately 23% of Alternaria metabolites were found in the remaining oat kernels. According to the results, alternariol, infectopyrone and altersetin were present in the kernels with the lowest proportion of 10%-20% on average, respectively. The values for tentoxin showed that about 60% of tentoxin was contained in the hulls, while almost 40% remained in the oat kernel. This suggests that potential health risks posed by Alternaria secondary metabolites and metabolites of other fungal genera in milling oats can be reduced by de-hulling.

The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is progressively rising each year, emphasizing the significance of implementing rational dietary interventions for disease prevention. Oats, being a staple agricultural product, are abundant in protein content. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of oat peptides (OPs) in a mouse model of acute colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) and a Caco-2 cell model. The findings demonstrated that intervention with OPs effectively mitigated the symptoms associated with DSS-induced colitis. The physicochemical characterization analysis demonstrated that the molecular weight of the OPs was predominantly below 5 kDa, with a predominant composition of 266 peptides. This study provides further evidence of the regulatory impact of OPs on the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling axis and elucidates the potential role of WGVGVRAERDA as the primary bioactive peptide responsible for the functional effects of OPs. Ultimately, the results of this investigation demonstrate that OPs effectively mitigate DSS-induced colitis by preserving the integrity of the intestinal barrier and modulating the Keap1-Nrf2 axis. Consequently, these findings establish a theoretical foundation for the utilization of OPs as dietary supplements to prevent the onset of IBD.

The dynamic field of food safety faces continuous challenges, prompting stakeholders to develop collaborative actions for improved food safety systems. As part of these actions, the EU-FORA fellowship programme was dedicated to a multi-actor collaboration addressing risks of the unregulated mycotoxins T-2 and HT-2 toxins in oats. Critical gaps in risk assessment procedures were identified, leading to a joint effort to develop a strategy for rapid data collection and risk assessment, including the development of a risk assessment toolkit comprising of a training manual and two intuitive Microsoft® Excel files. The toolkit enables efficient data collection and processing, facilitating risk assessment calculations and rapid risk detection. Applying the toolkit to assess T-2 and HT-2 toxin risks in Belgian oats revealed minimal concerns, except for children aged 3-9 years, likely due to an overestimation. The toolkit is available on the FoodSafety4EU Platform and will be refined based on user feedback, promoting better risk assessment practices. This approach empowers stakeholders, from professionals to policymakers, fostering collaboration and enhancing food safety practices., (© 2023 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.)

It is long-established that oats are at substantial risk for cross contact with gluten-containing grain. Specially processed gluten-free oats, whether purity protocol or mechanically/optically sorted, made it possible for this grain to be included in a gluten-free diet in the U.S. Gluten Free Watchdog (GFWD) (Manchester, Massachusetts, United States) has been assessing the gluten content of labeled gluten-free foods since 2011. In 2022, there was an apparent increase in the number of oat products testing with quantifiable gluten at or above 5 mg/kg or parts per million (ppm). The purpose of the present study was to assess the levels of gluten in foods containing oats to determine if there were any trends. In this retrospective database analysis, GFWD product test reports from April 2011 to May 1, 2023 were searched using the term "oat." The search identified 213 individual packages of food that contained the word "oat" in the ingredients list. The test results for these packages of food were reviewed. Of these, 24 (11%) tested with quantifiable gluten greater than or equal to 5 mg/kg (ppm). The percentage of oats testing with quantifiable gluten varied per year but spiked in 2022 at 35%. It is not possible to know for certain what caused this increase. The drought during the oat growing season of 2021 could be a major factor. This drought impacted oat crops in both the US and Canada and led to one of the worst oat crops going back over 150 years. One limitation of this study is that it was a retrospective analysis. Different numbers of oat products were tested each year and these were often different brands of oats and different oat formulations. To assess the level of gluten cross contact in oats going forward a much larger prospective study should be conducted., Competing Interests: TT is the owner and founder of Gluten Free Watchdog, LLC. The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Thompson and Keller.)

Asperulosidic acid is a bioactive iridoid isolated from Hedyotis diffusa Willd. with anti-inflammatory and renal protective effects. However, its mechanism on renal interstitial fibrosis has not been elucidated yet. The present study aims to explore whether asperulosidic acid could retard renal fibrosis by reducing the circulating indoxyl sulfate (IS), which is a uremic toxin and accelerates chronic kidney disease progression by inducing renal fibrosis. In this paper, a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model of Balb/C mice was established. After the mice were orally administered with asperulosidic acid (14 and 28 mg/kg) for two weeks, blood, liver and kidney were collected for biochemical, histological, qPCR and Western blot analyses. Asperulosidic acid administration markedly reduced the serum IS level and significantly alleviated the histological changes in glomerular sclerosis and renal interstitial fibrosis. It is noteworthy that the mRNA and protein levels of the organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), OAT3 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) in the kidney were significantly increased, while the mRNA expressions of cytochrome P450 2e1 (Cyp2e1) and sulfotransferase 1a1 (Sult1a1) in the liver were not altered after asperulosidic acid administration. These results reveal that asperulosidic acid could accelerate the renal excretion of IS by up-regulating OATs via HNF1α in UUO mice, thereby alleviating renal fibrosis, but did not significantly affect its production in the liver, which might provide important information for the development of asperulosidic acid.

Oat milk was fortified with β-glucan at a level that attains health benefits and protein at a level equivalent to that of cow's milk. This study aimed to identify consumer perceptions and evaluate the sensory attributes of fortified plain and chocolate oat milks. Oat milk consumers ( n = 106) evaluated four samples: C (Control), 0Pro (6.25 g/L β-glucan), LPro (6.25 g/L β-glucan and 15.23 g/L oat protein), and HPro (6.25 g/L β-glucan and 30.45 g/L oat protein); and they completed free-word association (FWA), liking ratings, just-about-right (JAR), check-all-that-apply (CATA), and conjoint analysis (CA). Oat milk was associated with sensory descriptors, environmental sustainability, and health benefits. C and 0Pro products were liked significantly more than LPro and HPro. C and 0Pro oat flavors and thicknesses were rated "just about right" by majority of the participants, while LPro and HPro were rated "too much". Positive CATA attributes were "smooth", "fresh", and "oat-like" while negative attributes were "rancid", "sandy", and "grainy". The CA results showed consumer interest in oat milk fortified with oat protein, containing β-glucan at a level recommended for health benefits, and with protein levels higher than cow's milk. Based on the results, β-glucan-fortified oat milk is acceptable while oat protein fortification requires reformulation or substitution with another source.

Oats is a cereal well known for its high nutritional value and unique flavor. This study investigated the metabolomics data from oats, wheat, and barley using broadly targeted GC-MS metabonomic techniques. A total of 437 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified, of which 414 were shared metabolites, with three metabolites unique to oats. Three hundred and seven differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were screened from all the comparison groups, of which 27 metabolites were shared by oats and barley, and 121 shared by oats and wheat. Terpenoids and esters were the key metabolites determining the differences in flavor. A KEGG analysis indicated that the alpha-linolenic acid and phenylalanine pathways were the most significant metabolic pathways. The 42 DAMs found may be the main substances leading to the flavor differences between the different varieties. Overall, this study reveals the main reasons for the unique flavor of oats through metabolomic evidence., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the fermentation quality, microbial community, and volatile metabolites of oat silage harvested at two different stages, while examining the correlation between microorganisms and volatile metabolites., Methods: Oats were harvested at two growth stages (pre-heading [PRH] and post-heading [POH] stages), followed by 90 days of natural fermentation, with 6 replicates per treatment. Pre- and post-silage samples were randomly selected for nutrient composition, fermentation parameters, microbial population, and high-throughput sequencing analysis. Volatile metabolomics analysis was also performed on samples after 90 days of fermentation to detect differences in flavor quality after silage., Results: The effect of growth stage on the nutrient content of oats was significant, with pre-heading oats having higher crude protein and post-heading oats having higher water soluble carbohydrates content ( p < 0.05). Following a 90-day fermentation period, the pH and ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen levels in the PRH-90 (silage from pre-heading oats after 90 days of fermentation) group demonstrated a significant decrease ( p < 0.05), whereas the lactic acid content was notably higher compared to the POH-90 (silage from post-heading oats after 90 days of fermentation) group ( p <0.05). Lactiplantibacillus dominated in the PRH-90 group and Enterococcus dominated in the POH-90 group, with abundances of (> 86%) and (> 87%), respectively. The differential volatile metabolites of the two treatment groups were dominated by esters and terpenoids, and the differences in flavor were mainly concentrated in sweet, green, and fruity odors. The results of Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated three major metabolic pathways: phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Specific microorganisms were significantly correlated with flavor indicators and flavor metabolites. Lactiplantibacillus was significantly positively correlated with flavor substances indicating sweet and fruity flavors, contributing to good flavor, while Enterococcus was significantly and positively correlated with flavor substances indicating bad flavors., Conclusion: In summary, growth stage had significant effects on nutritional components, fermentation parameters and flavor quality of oats, with the fermentation process dominated by Lactiplantibacillus leading to good flavor, while the fermentation process dominated by Enterococcus led to the development of poor flavor., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors declare that this study received funding from the National Dairy Technology Innovation Center Creates Key Projects (2021 – National Dairy Center - 1). The funder was not involved in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, the writing of this article or the decision to submit it for publication., (Copyright © 2023 Deng, Jia, Ge, Wang, Liu, Bao, Zhao, Si, Liu and Zhao.)

Fermentation is a longstanding method that enhances food quality and finds extensive food processing and preservation applications. This study comprehensively studied the impact of oats fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae A3 and Lactococcus lactis 4355 (T1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae A3, and Lactobacillus plantarum 2329 (T2) on volatile-compounds using UHPLC-MS/MS. A total of 74 volatile compounds were found in control samples (YM), 81 in T1 samples, and 60 in T2 samples. T2 samples showed the highest hydrocarbons, esters, and phenols (25.7%, 2.26%, and 0.32%) compared with T1 (21.6%, 1.29%, and 0.19%) and YM samples (18.6%, 1.86%, and 0), respectively. Moreover, volcano, Z-score scatter plot distributions, and KEGG-path analysis indicated that different metabolic pathways in YM-T1 and YM-T2 models, where glycerophospholipid-metabolic pathways were the dominant in T1, while ABC transporters-pathways were the prominent in T2. These findings offer valuable insights for future advancements of novel oat products with enhanced functionality., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Previously, it has been indicated that oat polar lipids included in a liquid meal may have the potential to beneficially modulate various cardiometabolic variables. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of oat polar lipids in a solid food matrix on acute and second meal glucose tolerance, blood lipids, and concentrations of gut-derived hormones. The oat polar lipids were consumed at breakfast and effects on the biomarkers were investigated in the postprandial period and following a standardized lunch. Twenty young, healthy subjects consumed in total four different breakfast meals in a crossover study design. The breakfasts consisted of 1. White wheat bread (WWB) with an added 7.5 g of oat polar lipids (PLL); 2. WWB with an added 15 g of oat polar lipids (PLH); 3. WWB with and added 16.6 g of rapeseed oil (RSO) as a representative of commonly consumed oils; and 4. WWB consumed alone, included as a reference. All products with added lipids contained equivalent amounts of fat (16.6 g) and available carbohydrates (50 g). Rapeseed oil was added to the oat polar lipid meals to equal 16.6 g of total fat. The standardized lunch was composed of WWB and meatballs and was served 3.5 h after the breakfast. Test variables (blood glucose, serum insulin, triglyceride (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), ghrelin, GLP-1, PYY, and GIP) were measured at fasting and repeatedly during the 5.5 h after ingestion of the breakfast. After breakfast, PLH substantially lowered postprandial glucose and insulin responses (iAUC 0-120 min) compared with RSO and WWB ( p < 0.05). Furthermore, a reduced glycaemic response to lunch (210-330 min) was observed following the PLH breakfast compared to all of the other breakfasts served ( p < 0.05). Oat polar lipids (PLH) significantly reduced TG and ghrelin and increased circulating gut hormones GLP-1 and PYY compared to RSO ( p < 0.05). The results show that exchanging part of the dietary lipids with oat polar lipids has the potential to improve postprandial blood glucose regulation and gut hormones and thus may have a preventive effect against type 2 diabetes.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Jinhongtang as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has been widely used as a clinical adjuvant in the treatment of acute abdominal diseases and sepsis. Clinical benefits of the concurrent use of Jinhongtang and antibiotics have been observed, however, the mechanism has not been fully understood., Aim of the Study: The present study aimed to explore the effect of Jinhongtang on the antibacterial activity of Imipenem/Cilastatin and to clarify the underlying mechanism of herb-drug interaction (HDI)., Materials and Methods: A mouse model of sepsis induced by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was used to evaluate the pharmacodynamic interaction in vivo. In vitro antibacterial activity of Imipenem/Cilastatin was studied by determining minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Pharmacokinetic interaction was investigated by pharmacokinetic studies in rats and uptake assays using OAT1/3-HEK293 cells. The main constituents ingested into blood of rats were qualitatively identified by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS., Results: Mice treated by Imipenem/Cilastatin and Jinhongtang exhibited higher survival rate, lower bacteria load and less inflammation in blood and lung tissues, compared with those treated by Imipenem/Cilastatin alone after injection of S. aureus. However, MIC and MBC of Imipenem/Cilastatin against S. aureus in vitro were not significantly changed in the presence of Jinhongtang. On the contrary, Jinhongtang increased the plasma concentration of Imipenem and decreased its urinary excretion in rats. CL r of Imipenem was reduced by 58.5%, while its half-life (t 1/2 ) was prolonged for approximate 1.2 times after coadministered Jinhongtang. Furthermore, the extracts of Jinhongtang, single herb in the prescription, and main absorbable constituents inhibited cellular uptake of probe substrates and Imipenem by OAT1/3-HEK293 cells to different extents. Among them, rhein exhibited the strongest inhibition capacity with IC 50 values of 0.08 ± 0.01 μM (OAT1) and 2.86 ± 0.28 μM (OAT3). Moreover, coadministration of rhein also significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity of Imipenem/Cilastatin in sepsis mice., Conclusion: Concomitant administration of Jinhongtang enhanced antibacterial activity of Imipenem/Cilastatin in sepsis mice induced by S. aureus through reducing renal elimination of Imipenem via inhibition of OATs. Our investigation provided the insight of Jinhongtang as an effective supplement to enhance the antibacterial activity of Imipenem/Cilastatin and can be useful for future clinical studies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) are a difficult pathologic entity to treat. They require a strong plan. Lesion size, location, chronicity, and characteristics such as displacement and the presence of subchondral cysts help dictate the appropriate treatment required to achieve a satisfactory result. In general, operative treatment is reserved for patients with displaced OLTs or for patients who have failed nonoperative treatment for 3 to 6 months. Operative treatments can be broken down into cartilage repair, replacement, and regenerative strategies. There are many promising treatment options, and research is needed to elucidate which are superior to minimize the morbidity from OLTs., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. ICMJE forms for all authors are available online., (© The Author(s) 2023.)

Plant protein beverages are gaining popularity due to various reasons such as lactose intolerance, veganism and health claims. This study aimed to conduct a cross-sectional analysis of plant protein beverages sold online in China, with a focus on assessing their nutritional composition. A total of 251 kinds of plant protein beverages were analyzed, including coconut ( n = 58), soy ( n = 52), oats ( n = 49), walnut ( n = 14), almond ( n = 11), peanut ( n = 5), rice ( n = 4), other beans ( n = 5), mixed nuts ( n = 5) and mixed beverages ( n = 48), according to the nutrition label on the commercial package and retailer websites. The results showed that, except for soy beverages, plant protein beverages generally had low protein content, cereal beverages showed relatively high energy and carbohydrate levels, and all plant protein beverages had low sodium content. Additionally, the fortification rate of vitamins and minerals in the analyzed plant protein beverages was found to be extremely low, at only 13.1%. Given the substantial variation in the nutritional composition of plant protein beverages, consumers should pay more attention to the nutrition facts and ingredient information when choosing these beverages.

Purpose: To evaluate long-term clinical and radiologic outcomes of patients undergoing autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) for osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) and to perform a correlation analysis between clinical and radiologic outcomes., Methods: Thirty-five patients with a mean age of 32.2 ± 8.9 years undergoing AOT for OLT between 1997 and 2003 were available for follow-up after an average of 19.1 ± 1.4 years. Demographic, surgical, and injury-related data were collected. After a minimum 18-year follow-up, patient-reported outcome scores (PROs) were collected, including the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), Tegner Activity Scale, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain of the ankle. The Lysholm Score and VAS for pain of the knee were collected to assess donor-site morbidity. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained to conduct an assessment of the replaced cartilage using the Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) 2.0 scoring system. Any revision surgery (except symptomatic hardware removal and arthroscopic debridement) was defined as clinical failure., Results: Favorable clinical and radiologic (MOCART score, 73.7 ± 16.7 points) outcomes without any donor-site morbidities were observed. Twenty-three (65.7%) patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the surgical treatment. Fourteen (40.0%) and 25 (71.4%) patients had no or minor limitations in their athletic and working performance, respectively. A significant correlation between the MOCART and the FAOS Sport and Recreational activities subscale was found (r s , 0.491; p = 0.033). Six (17.1%) patients met the criteria for clinical failure an average of 12.2 ± 6.6 years after AOT. Survival analysis demonstrated a mean estimated time of survival of 21.3 years (95% CI [19.55, 22.96]) and a 20-year survival rate of 77.9%., Conclusion: Autologous osteochondral transplantation to treat OLT achieves high patient satisfaction and favorable PROs with a 20-year survival rate of almost 80%. Given the high clinical efficacy of AOT, this procedure can be recommended as a safe and promising technique for the long-term therapy of OLT., Level of Evidence: Level IV., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Clinical evidence has suggested that the oat-soluble fiber β-glucan might have lipid-lowering effects., Objectives: The present clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of high-medium molecular weight β-glucan on serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and other lipid subfractions in subjects with hyperlipidemia., Methods: A randomized double-blinded trial was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of β-glucan supplementation in reducing lipid levels. Subjects with LDL cholesterol levels of >3.37 mmol/L when treated or not with a statin were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 3 daily doses of a tableted formulation of β-glucan (1.5, 3, or 6 g) or placebo. The primary efficacy end point was the change from baseline to 12 wk in LDL cholesterol. Secondary end points of lipid subfractions and safety were also assessed., Results: A total of 263 subjects were enrolled; 66 subjects were assigned to each of the 3 β-glucan groups, and 65 subjects were assigned to the placebo group. The mean change from baseline to 12 wk in serum LDL cholesterol level was 0.08, 0.11, and -0.04 mmol/L in the 3 β-glucan groups (P = 0.23, 0.18, and 0.72 compared with the placebo group, respectively) and -0.10 mmol/L in the placebo group. The changes in total cholesterol, small LDL cholesterol subclass particle concentration, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were also not significant in the β-glucan groups when compared with the placebo group. Gastrointestinal adverse events were reported in 23.4%, 34.8%, and 66.7% of patients in the β-glucan groups and in 36.9% of patients in the placebo group (P < 0.0001 for the overall comparison across the 4 groups)., Conclusions: In subjects with LDL cholesterol levels of >3.37 mmol/L, a tablet formulation of β-glucan was not effective in reducing LDL cholesterol concentration or other lipid subfractions when compared with a placebo. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03857256., (Copyright © 2023 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)