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Gepotidacin is a novel, bactericidal, first-in-class triazaacenaphthylene antibiotic in late-phase development for uncomplicated urinary tract infection and uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea. Two clinical studies were conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics (PK) and interethnic comparisons of oral gepotidacin (free-base and to-be-marketed mesylate formulations) administered as single doses ranging from 1500 to 3000 mg in fed and fasted states, and as 2 × 3000-mg doses given 12 hours apart under fed conditions in healthy participants of Japanese ancestry. Dose proportionality was observed in plasma exposures, and comparable area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum concentration were observed in fed and fasted states. Interethnic comparisons for Japanese versus non-Japanese participant data showed slightly higher plasma maximum concentration (7%-30%) yet similar plasma AUCs; slightly lower urine AUCs (11%-18%) were observed. The slightly higher plasma exposures in healthy Japanese versus White participants in the same study were attributed to lower mean body weights (64 kg versus ≈80 kg). Adverse events were primarily gastrointestinal, and when administered with food, gastrointestinal tolerability was improved. Overall, the gepotidacin PK and safety-risk profiles in healthy Japanese support potential evaluation of the global clinical doses in future studies., (© 2022 GSK. Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Clinical Pharmacology.)

Background and Objectives: GSK2982772 is an oral small-molecule RIPK1 inhibitor with potential therapeutic efficacy in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). An inter-ethnic comparison of GSK2982772 pharmacokinetics was conducted based on data from Western (Study 1) and Japanese subjects (Study 2)., Methods: Both studies were single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies with objectives to assess the safety and characterise the pharmacokinetics of GSK2982772. Western subjects in Study 1 (NCT03305419), Part A (N = 15), were randomly assigned to receive 120 mg three times daily (TID), 240 mg TID, or 360 mg twice daily (BID) doses of GSK2982772, or placebo (TID or BID) for 1 day. Part B subjects (N = 47) received GSK2982772 120 mg TID, 240 mg TID, or placebo TID for 14 days. Japanese subjects in Study 2 (N = 13) (NCT03590613) were randomly assigned to receive TID doses of GSK2982772 60, 120, 240 mg TID or placebo TID for 1 day., Results: GSK2982772 was well tolerated and adverse events were generally mild. Maximum observed plasma drug concentration (C max ), time to reach C max (T max ), area under the plasma drug concentration versus time curve after the first GSK2982772 dose (AUC (0-7) ) of 120 and 240 mg, and (AUC (0-24) ) values for the 120 and 240 mg TID doses over a single day were similar in Japanese and Western subjects., Conclusions: The pharmacokinetics and tolerability of GSK2982772 were similar between Western and Japanese subjects, justifying inclusion of Japanese subjects in future global clinical studies to assess the therapeutic potential of RIPK1 inhibition for the treatment of IMIDs. Clinical Trials: NCT03305419 and NCT03590613 available from http://www.clinicaltrials.gov .

Daprodustat is a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that stimulates erythropoiesis in a manner similar to the natural response to hypoxia, whereby inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) prolyl-4-hydroxylases by daprodustat ultimately results in increased levels of HIF-responsive genes. Daprodustat is under development as an emerging new class of agents for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This was a single-center, single-dose, open-label, randomized, 2-way crossover study in healthy Japanese male participants consisting of 2 parts. The primary objective was to evaluate the bioequivalence (BE) between daprodustat tablet strengths (part 1) and to evaluate the food effect on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of daprodustat (part 2). A total of 64 healthy Japanese male participants were enrolled; 52 participants were included in part 1 and 12 in part 2. BE was demonstrated between the daprodustat 2-mg tablet and the daprodustat 4-mg tablet. A standard CKD meal did not have a large effect on the PK parameters of daprodustat after a single oral dose of daprodustat 4 mg. Administration of single oral doses of daprodustat 4 mg was generally well tolerated in the healthy Japanese participants, and no new safety signals were identified without regard to food., (© 2020 GlaxoSmithKline. Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American College of Clinical Pharmacology.)

Levocetirizine is classified as a second-generation antihistamine. Levocetirizine is available for the treatment of allergic disorders such as allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. This was a single-center, single-dose, open-label, randomized, 2-way crossover study in healthy Japanese male subjects consisting of 2 parts. Part 1 compared the bioavailability of levocetirizine oral disintegrating tablet (ODT) and levocetirizine immediate-release tablet (IRT) taken with water in the fasted state in 24 subjects; all subjects completed this part of the trial. In part 2, the bioavailability of levocetirizine ODT without water was compared with that of levocetirizine IRT with water in the fasted state in 48 subjects; 47 subjects completed this part of the trial. Bioequivalence was demonstrated between levocetirizine IRT 5 mg and ODT 5 mg. The safety profiles were generally similar between levocetirizine ODT and levocetirizine IRT, with no serious adverse events, deaths, or adverse events leading to withdrawal reported during the study., (© 2020 GlaxoSmithKline. Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American College of Clinical Pharmacology.)

The pharmacokinetics of pyrimethamine have been evaluated in various populations but have not been reported in subjects of Japanese ancestry following administration as a single-agent tablet. Furthermore, although pyrimethamine pharmacokinetics after a single dose of the single-agent tablet studied in Western countries have been reported, these studies are old, and the ancestry of the subjects was not specified. Consequently, this study investigated the pharmacokinetics and safety of a single oral 50-mg dose of pyrimethamine in healthy male subjects of Japanese and European ancestry. Seven subjects of each ancestry group were administered pyrimethamine, along with calcium folinate. After absorption, pyrimethamine was eliminated, with a mean half-life of 122.8 hours in Japanese subjects and 99.5 hours in European subjects. The mean C max and AUC 0-t were 433.8 ng/mL and 59.63 µg·h/mL in Japanese subjects and 372.7 ng/mL and 42.83 µg·h/mL in European subjects. No safety concerns were reported during the study. Although pyrimethamine exposure was slightly higher in subjects of Japanese than of European ancestry, a considerable overlap in the range of parameter values was observed. Considering the range of pyrimethamine exposure reported previously, difference in exposure observed in this study would not be considered of note., (© 2020, The American College of Clinical Pharmacology.)

Danirixin is a selective and reversible CXC chemokine receptor 2 antagonist that may be useful for the treatment of respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This study aimed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of danirixin after administration of single oral doses of 10, 50, and 100 mg danirixin hydrobromide (HBr) tablets in the fed state (high-fat meal) (part 1) and to evaluate the food effect (low-fat meal) on the pharmacokinetics of danirixin after administration of a single oral dose of 50 mg danirixin HBr tablets (part 2). A total of 34 Japanese healthy elderly male participants were enrolled; 18 participants were included in part 1, and 16 in part 2. The systemic exposure to danirixin (maximum blood concentration [C max ] and area under the concentration-time curve [AUC 0-t ]) increased in an approximately dose-proportional manner. The exposure to danirixin was lower in the fed state (low-fat meal) than in the fasted state (a 56% and 35% decrease in C max and AUC 0-t , respectively). This first study of danirixin in Japanese healthy elderly participants showed a favorable safety profile with no drug-related adverse events and no clinically significant concerns in clinical laboratory values, vital signs, ocular examination, or electrocardiograms., (© 2019, The American College of Clinical Pharmacology.)

GSK2330672 is an inhibitor of the ileal bile acid transporter, designed to have minimal systemic exposure, and is under development as a potential therapeutic for pruritus associated with primary biliary cholangitis and other cholestatic liver diseases. A phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-period crossover study was conducted to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics of GSK2330672 in healthy Japanese participants. Sixteen healthy male participants received single oral doses of GSK2330672 (10-180 mg) or placebo in each period. No serious adverse events and no adverse events leading to study discontinuation or withdrawal were reported. Drug-related adverse events reported included gastrointestinal symptoms (mostly diarrhea) and positive fecal occult blood tests, and were all mild and resolved without any interventions. GSK2330672 was undetectable in the majority of participants' plasma. Pharmacodynamic observations included a tendency for total serum bile acids to reduce and for serum 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, a key intermediate of bile acid synthesis, to increase with increasing doses of GSK2330672. In the context of recently published indications of potential efficacy for cholestatic pruritus in non-Japanese populations, these data support further evaluations of GSK2330672 in Japanese patients., (© 2018, The American College of Clinical Pharmacology.)

The aim of the study was to assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single and repeat doses of nemiralisib administered via a dry powder inhaler to healthy Japanese subjects. This was a single-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel, single- and repeat-ascending-dose study. Thirty-six healthy Japanese male subjects were randomized to receive either 1 dose strength of nemiralisib or placebo. The study consisted of a screening period, a single-dose session (session 1), a repeat-dose session (session 2), a 10-day washout period between the sessions, and then a follow-up visit 10 ± 1 days after the last dose of session 2. No serious adverse events were reported. No clinically significant abnormalities were found in clinical laboratory results, vital signs, or spirometry results. Generally, exposure (maximum observed plasma concentration [C max ] and area under the concentration-time curve [AUC]) increased with dose in an approximately proportional manner. Plasma T max was achieved rapidly at approximately 0.08 hours, and the terminal elimination half-life (T 1/2 ) was approximately 40 hours. T max and T 1/2 did not change between days or doses in the single- and repeat-dose sessions. Following 10 daily doses of 200, 500, and 700 μg nemiralisib, accumulation was observed, and the ratios (session 2, day 10:session 1) for Ro(AUC 0-24 ) and R(C max ) were 2.4-3.0 and 1.5-1.7, respectively. Steady state was achieved by 6-7 days, based on trough observed plasma drug concentration (C trough ) values., (© 2018, The American College of Clinical Pharmacology.)