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Compression of the lumbar spine's nerve roots results in the uncommon but dangerous illness known as cauda equina syndrome (CES), which impairs motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. To relieve pressure on the cauda equina, immediate surgical decompression is essential. However, long-term rehabilitation is frequently necessary for recovery, with physiotherapy playing a crucial role. Human vertebrae are a powerful, complex anatomical structure. Spinal injuries may be the cause of restrictions in daily activities. In the back and sacral regions, the nerve roots continue as the cauda equina. The lower limbs and pelvic organs communicate with each other through these nerves, which transmit and receive messages. CES is an uncommon but potentially fatal disease that results from the cauda equina being displaced in the spinal canal. The malfunctioning of many lumbar and sacral nerve roots of the cauda equina is the cause of CES. This is a case study of a male 8-year-old who complained of low back pain, bilateral lower limb weakness, and urine incontinence when he visited the hospital. History of the patient revealed that he had a history of falling to the ground two years ago from a height of around four feet. In this case report, the role of physiotherapy is to improve the posture and back muscle strength in cauda equina patients., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Aherrao et al.)

Background and Aim: Cervicogenic headache (CGH) is a complicated and common headache disorder that may present itself with cervical spine dysfunction, irritation of the nerves, central sensitization, and muscular tension. Theoretically, this diagnosis should be an exclusionary diagnosis, considering the fact that it requires extended clinical assessment of the cervical spine and an evaluation for other primary headache types. CGH represents a clinical challenge as they habitually present with an array of nonspecific manifestations highly variable among patients. Management of CGHs is properly based on accurate diagnosis and sound understanding of the complaints of the individual. The development of CGH still carries with it a palpable gap in meaningful literature related to really effective assessment tools for the condition. The aim of the current study was to develop and investigate the validity of the content of the Cervicogenic Headache Patient Questionnaire. This questionnaire is designed especially to measure pain intensity, its impact on daily activities, disturbance in sleep, and the overall quality of life in subjects with CGHs., Methodology and Results: The content validity ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) have been used to thoroughly examine the content validity. Each item was rated by 10 experts for relevance and clarity. The scale consists of two main parts: demographic information and symptoms. Under the demographic section, the patient is asked for their age, sex, occupation, and any relevant medical history. The Symptom Checklist contains 10 questions concerning headache frequency, intensity, duration, location, and contributing factors, as well as how headaches affect daily activities, sleep, and quality of life. Item-CVI scores ranged from 0.60 to 1.00, and Scale-CVI/Ave was 0.95, which indicates strong overall content validity. The Scale-CVI/Universal Agreement was 0.83, meaning that most items are of high relevance. The clarity assessments resulted in I-CVI ratings of 1.00 for the majority of items. Using CVR analysis, items 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and 10 all had a CVR of 1.00, whereas all the rest ranged from 0.40 to 0.80, suggesting unanimous agreement among the experts., Conclusion: The results underline the strength of the questionnaire in covering all the critical dimensions of cervicogenic headaches, such as pain, daily functioning, sleep, and quality of life. The scores provided by experts for content validity and clarity were high; hence, it is suitable for use as a comprehensive tool both in clinical and research applications., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Ethical Committee issued approval DMIHER (DU)/IEC/2023/9995. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Intellectual property info: The scale developed entitled “Cervicogenic Headache Patient Questionnaire” has been copyrighted and registered with the Government of India. The registration number is L-145482/2024. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Harjpal et al.)

Injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are frequent and can seriously impair stability and mobility. This study examines rehabilitation outcomes in four patients following ligament reconstruction. Four patients who underwent ACL reconstruction and received different physiotherapy protocols, namely, "Oxford Knee Services," "Mass General Brigham," "Fowler Kennedy Sports Medicine," and "Schlechter Protocol of Youth Sports and Ortho," were included. The study aimed to identify the most effective rehabilitation approach. Demographic data, injury details, clinical examinations, and preoperative investigations were presented. Outcome measures included pain scores, range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, and functional assessments. All the patients showed improvements, but the rate of progress varied. Patient 3 achieved the best results in the ROM, muscle strength, and functional measures. This suggests that individual factors and rehabilitation protocols might influence outcomes. This study highlights the varying impacts of different rehabilitation protocols on the recovery outcomes of the patients' post-ACL reconstruction. Despite all patients showing improvements in pain reduction, ROM, muscle strength, and functional capabilities, the rate of progress and the degree of improvement differed notably among them., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Gangwani et al.)

Dr. Madhav Gajanan Mokashi is a remarkable individual in physiotherapy, and he is celebrated for his exceptional blend of educational and clinical excellence. His innovative research and influential roles in prominent conferences have shaped the physiotherapy landscape in India. Beyond his professional achievements, Dr. Mokashi has touched countless lives with his unique approach, integrating spiritual wisdom with practical expertise to foster an atmosphere of empathy and respect. His journey, marked by significant health challenges and an amputation, stands as a testament to his unwavering dedication, resilience, and sense of humor. Dr. Mokashi's legacy extends beyond his professional milestones; it resonates deeply in the hearts of those he has mentored and inspired. This review honours his enduring impact and the profound inspiration he offers to the next generation of healthcare professionals., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Kaur et al.)

Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint ailment that predominantly affects the knee and is most common in older adults. It destroys the surrounding tissues and cartilage. Following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), patients with end-stage knee OA can have long-term pain reduction and patient satisfaction, although certain functional limitations still exist. While TKA significantly reduces pain and improve function, many patients still experience abnormalities post-surgery, such as slower walking and reduced step-length. Gait analysis using technologies like the Xsens Motion Visualization and Navigation (MVN) system (Movella, Henderson, NV, USA)provides insights into these functional limitations, helping to assess knee mobility and predict changes in joint movements during activities.  Methods Thirty-four people participated in a study done at the Centre for Advance Physiotherapy Education and Research, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Wardha, both before and after total knee arthroplasty. Participants who ranged in age from 50 to 70 and had undergone unilateral TKA were included. Informed consent was obtained, and demographic data were collected. Participants walked a predetermined distance at their usual speed, and measurements of hip and knee angular velocity and center of mass were recorded for gait analysis. Result The study involved participants aged 50-70, with a mean age of 59.79 years and height ranging from 153.00 to 185.00 cm. Significant gait changes were noted pre- and post-total knee arthroplasty, including a decrease in walking speed from 0.72 to 0.55m/s and cadence from 105.06 to 82.86. Other parameters, such as step length and center of mass, also exhibited considerable differences, highlighting the impact of TKA on gait dynamics. Conclusion The study underscores the significant impact of total knee arthroplasty on gait mechanics and the value of advance of technologies like Xsens for assessing functional outcomes. While TKA provides pain relief and improved mobility, residual gait abnormalities persist, highlighting the need for tailored rehabilitation. Xsens technology enhances patient preparation, recovery tracking, and rehabilitation strategies, setting a new standard for gait analysis in orthopedic practice., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Ethics Committee, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research issued approval DMIHER(DU)/IEC/2023/77. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Chitlange et al.)

Headaches are a common neurological disorder, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Traditional treatments include pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches. Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) is a holistic, hands-on technique used by osteopathic physicians to alleviate pain and improve function by addressing musculoskeletal dysfunctions. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of osteopathic manipulation in managing headaches, focusing on the different types of headaches, the specific techniques used, and the overall outcomes reported in clinical studies. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE, to identify relevant studies published in the past two decades. Inclusion criteria were studies involving adult patients diagnosed with headaches and treated with OMT. Both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies were included. The review identified 15 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Evidence suggests that OMT can be beneficial in reducing the frequency, intensity, and duration of headaches, particularly tension-type headaches (TTHs) and migraines. Techniques such as myofascial release, cranial osteopathy, and muscle energy techniques were commonly employed. Many studies reported significant improvements in patients' quality of life and functional status post-treatment. However, the heterogeneity in study designs, sample sizes, and outcome measures warrants cautious interpretation of the results. Osteopathic manipulation shows promise as a complementary approach for managing headaches, with positive effects on pain relief and functional improvement. Further large-scale, high-quality RCTs are needed to confirm these findings and to establish standardized treatment protocols. Integrating OMT into multidisciplinary headache management strategies could potentially enhance patient outcomes and reduce reliance on pharmacological interventions., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Sharath et al.)

Scheuermann disease, a structural deformity marked by kyphotic alterations in the thoracic or thoracolumbar spine, is frequently accompanied by back discomfort and spinal wedging. Scheuermann disease predominantly affects the thoracic and thoracolumbar parts of the spine; thus, there is an indirect link between the two conditions. This case report describes a rare form of Scheuermann illness in which lumbar canal stenosis caused bilateral lower limb radiculopathy. A 50-year-old male with a confirmed diagnosis of Scheuermann illness complained of severe back discomfort, developing bilateral lower limb weakness, and sensory impairments. Clinical and radiographic investigations indicated lumbar canal stenosis at multiple levels, resulting in nerve root compression and radiculopathy. MRI reports of the lumbosacral spine were suggestive of severe, multiple-level degenerative changes. Spinal canal stenosis was noted at lumbar levels. Following the investigation findings suggestive of Scheuermann disease, the patient underwent posterior decompression and spinal fixation of L3-L4 and L4-L5. The outcome led to the decompression of the lumbar canal and the stabilization of the affected spinal segments. A personalized postoperative rehabilitation plan was developed based on the patient's complaints of pain, stiffness, and the difficulties he faced associated with the disease. Overall physiotherapy rehabilitation plays an essential role in the overall care of Scheuermann's illness and postoperative lumbar spine disease, aiding in functional restoration, enhancing quality of life, and encouraging long-term spinal health. Although exercise therapy is intense, it shows promising results and is beneficial for these conditions. Physical therapy in the postoperative period plays a significant role in promoting the patient's functional independence., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Kolhe et al.)

This case report explains the successful management of a rare, combined injury: an undisplaced patellar fracture and a posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fracture at the tibial attachment in a 44-year-old male patient following a motorbike accident. While both injuries are frequently seen in orthopedic practice, their concurrent occurrence is uncommon. The patient presented with significant knee swelling, limited range of motion, and pain following the accident. An X-ray revealed a patellar fracture and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed an undisplaced fracture, a PCL tear, and a medial meniscus injury. The patient underwent surgical intervention for PCL fixation with a cannulated cancellous (CC) screw under spinal anesthesia. Following surgery, a comprehensive rehabilitation program was implemented, focusing on pain management, reducing swelling, regaining range of motion, and strengthening the surrounding musculature. The program progressed through three phases, steadily increasing the intensity and complexity of exercises. The patient exhibited significant improvement in pain, swelling, range of motion, and muscle strength throughout the rehabilitation program. By week 12, he had achieved near-normal knee function and was able to resume most daily activities., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Gangwani et al.)

Electrical injuries are common phenomena in developing countries, due to inadequate safety measures followed during day-to-day electrical repairs. Workplace injuries account for 20% of these. In some severe cases, electrical injuries lead to burns, indirect fracture dislocations, speech impairments, etc. Falls due to electrical injuries leading to secondary complications are very common and, even though not very severe, they do require immediate treatment and adequate rehabilitation. A 53-year-old male suffered a shoulder injury following an electrical shock. The patient also experienced irritation and speech disturbances. Examination revealed a reduced range of shoulder joints and tightness of muscles of the shoulder complex. Physiotherapy intervention included counseling for the patient and his family members, energy conservation methods for ease in daily activities, a rehabilitation protocol, and modified music therapy. Outcome measures used to assess the progression constituted the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), and the Depression and Anxiety and Stress Scale. Rehabilitation with adjunct therapy is effective in the overall improvement of the patient's condition concerning their mental health as well as physical health by early strength training., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Joshi et al.)

Low back pain (LBP) is a common complaint among individuals engaged in physically demanding occupations, such as construction workers, luggage lifters, manual laborers, and drivers. One of the main problems facing modern healthcare is treating these people. The identification of distinct patient subgroups with non-specific LBP and the development of specialized, more effective therapies are of crucial significance to enhancing evaluation and treatment regimens. This case report describes the evaluation and management of non-specific LBP in a male construction worker who complained of severe low back discomfort. Enhancing the muscular endurance, strength, and flexibility of the back muscles and soft tissues is the main goal of exercise therapy, which is the key to the management of nonspecific LBP. This patient receives a four-week treatment regimen that includes movement control exercises and several advanced therapeutic modalities. The direction of movement control ensures the way patients sit when their back muscles contract. Back muscle activation rates are greater in the active extension group and lower in the flexion group. A comprehensive rehabilitation program that was effective for our patient, who was experiencing lower back discomfort. We assessed the efficacy of our outcome measures using a variety of outcomes, including the modified Oswestry disability index, visual analog scale, range of motion, Quebec back pain disability scale, and pressure biofeedback unit for muscle strength. In addition to a standard physiotherapy course, providing modern physiotherapeutic treatments was found to be more beneficial for enhancing the patient's overall health and quality of life., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Kaple et al.)

Multiple fractures are frequently encountered in adults following road traffic accidents. A 32-year-old male presented with multiple fractures in his right lower extremity, including a femoral shaft fracture, distal third fractures of the tibia and fibula, as well as a calcaneal fracture. The patient provided a history indicative of a road traffic accident. X-rays were performed on both hip joints, both knee joints, and the ankle joints. Treatment involved open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with interlocking nailing for the femur, tibia, and fibula, alongside ORIF with plating using a screw-out set (SOS) and cannulated cancellous (CC) screw fixation for the calcaneal fracture. Additionally, the Ilizarov procedure was conducted following debridement over the right foot. Post-surgery, the patient experienced primary symptoms of hip joint pain and restricted hip joint movement. Physiotherapy was initiated to address these issues. Evaluation of outcome measures indicated a reduction in joint pain, significant enhancement in joint mobility, and an increase in muscle strength., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Aherrao et al.)

A prevalent musculoskeletal disorder known as nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) is characterized by lumbar discomfort or pain that lacks a distinct, identifiable etiology. It is the main root of disability in all corners of the globe, affecting individuals across diverse age groups and occupations. NSLBP is often categorized as a multifactorial condition, encompassing a range of potential contributing factors such as poor posture, sedentary lifestyle, muscle imbalances, and psychosocial elements. According to current standards, there is a good prognosis for acute nonspecific back pain, although this prognosis is mostly reliant on return to function. Various treatment strategies are available, totally reliant upon the underlying cause of the discomfort. This case report presents the combination of traditional therapy and William's flexion exercises in a 25-year-old female nursing student who presented with complaints of low back pain (LBP) for the last three months. This study investigates the effect of William's flexion exercises in nonspecific low back pain to manage pain and range of motion (ROM), and improve the overall quality of life, which was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS), modified Schober's test, pressure biofeedback unit, and modified Oswestry disability questionnaire. The patient received an enhanced physiotherapy program that increased the flexibility and range of motion in the lumbar extensor, hip flexor, and hamstring muscles. The outcome measure shows notable gains after the therapeutic interventions., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Kaple et al.)

A common overuse injury to the elbow is called tennis elbow or lateral epicondylitis (LE). LE is a condition that causes substantial discomfort and dysfunction in the upper extremity. Thermal and electrical agents are examples of conservative techniques. It is a significant public health concern since it frequently occurs due to occupation. It also happens in recurrent upper extremity motions including desktop use, weight training, forceful forearm movements, and repetitive vibratory movements, which are the most common activities performed by an engineer. LE leads to lateral epicondylar pain, which is irritating due to inflammation of the extensor muscle origin, and also activities of daily living are restricted. It is not only seen in players with racquet sports but then most of the males and females are affected in the fourth and fifth decades, leading to limitations in daily work, activity, and household work. Rehabilitation seems the most effective treatment yet in acute and chronic conditions if later the pain does not subside then rest, injectables, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the options to be taken. Physiotherapeutic rehabilitation plays a significant role in LE., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Uttamchandani et al.)

Background Smartphone usage has led to an increase in text neck syndrome (TNS) and short message service (SMS) thumb, causing neck, shoulder, and thumb pain, affecting daily activities. Limited treatment options are available for these conditions, and early intervention is crucial to prevent chronic pain and musculoskeletal issues. This study sought to determine the impact of a personalized physiotherapy treatment plan on alleviating TNS and SMS thumb in individuals who demonstrate excessive smartphone usage. Method The study utilized a single-group, pre- and post-study design with a sample size of 54 smartphone-addicted individuals. The intervention involved a personalized physiotherapy protocol for three weeks, and data was collected using a visual analog scale (VAS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), Cornell Hand Discomfort Questionnaire (CHDQ), and range of motion (ROM). Results Descriptive statistics showed a significant reduction in mean scores from pre- to post-rehabilitation, indicating the potential effectiveness of the treatment. Hypothesis testing revealed significant improvements in VAS, NDI, and CHDQ scores post-rehabilitation, with a p-value of <0.05. Correlation analysis demonstrated moderate to strong correlations between pre- and post-rehabilitation scores for VAS, NDI, and CHDQ, with age showing minimal influence on treatment outcomes. Conclusion The findings emphasize the efficacy of personalized interventions in addressing smartphone-related musculoskeletal disorders and underscore the need for further research to optimize treatment protocols and long-term outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Nathani et al.)

Introduction  Lower cross syndrome, also known as pelvic crossed syndrome, occurs if there is inadequate muscle strength, leading to an imbalance in the lower extremities. This condition is characterized by the weakening and tightening of muscle groups on the anterior and posterior aspects of the body. Mostly, there is weakness in the abdominal muscles, gluteus maximus, and gluteus medius, while there is tightness in the hip flexor muscle groups. There are various studies investigating musculoskeletal disorders across different professions, but there is no research on the prevalence of lower cross syndrome among housemaids. Housemaids frequently report complaints of joint pain and exhibit specific postural changes such as anterior pelvic tilt, increased lumbar lordosis, and lower back pain. Therefore, this research aims to fill this gap by determining the prevalence of lower cross syndrome within the housemaid profession. The study aims to find out the prevalence of lower cross syndrome among housemaids. Methodology A total of 75 housemaids between the ages of 35 and 50 years complaining of pain in the lower back were included in the study, and the housemaids with recent surgical histories and cognitive impairments were excluded. The evaluation was done by measuring the strength and range of motion (ROM) of the affected muscles. Outcome measures include the length of the iliopsoas muscle, measurement of the spinal extensor muscle, and strength of the gluteus maximus muscle to identify which structures are tight or weak.  Result Statistical changes were observed in the housemaids' population to check tight and weak structures using all outcome measures. According to the visual analogue scale (VAS), the pain was found to have a standard deviation of 5.39 ± 1.26 (3-8). The length of the iliopsoas muscle on the right and left sides had a t-value of 1.51 (p = 0.13), and the length of lumbar extensors had a standard deviation of 5.39 ± 1.26 (3-8). Conclusion In our study, the conclusion was found that housemaids who are working continuously for long periods without maintaining good ergonomics are prone to lower cross syndrome. It indicates a strong need for further research on the management of symptoms in such a population (housemaids) to prevent chronic musculoskeletal illness., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Burile et al.)

Introduction Nomophobia is an emerging phobia resulting from people's excessive interaction with mobile phones. This phobia is rapidly increasing due to significant technological innovations and widespread acceptance and usage of mobile phones worldwide. Nomophobia is often associated with complications such as panic attacks, irritability, and anxiety. Smartphone usage is particularly high among the younger population, raising concerns as it generates distress and leads to various problems. This study aims to determine the prevalence of nomophobia among undergraduates. Method  The study utilized the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) with a minimum sample size of 136. A total of 300 Google Forms (Google, Mountain View, California) were circulated, out of which 172 responses were received. A Google Form comprising 20 questions related to smartphone use and nomophobia was designed and distributed to all undergraduate students, who were requested to complete the form. The data based on their responses were subsequently analyzed. Results In this study, approximately 31.40% of students disagreed with experiencing panic when running out of credits or hitting monthly data limits. Additionally, 24.42% of students agreed that not having smartphones made them worried, as their family and friends could not contact them. About 16.86% of students strongly disagreed with feeling uneasy because they could not stay updated without their phones. Furthermore, 16.28% strongly agreed that they felt anxious due to the inability to contact their family and friends when not having smartphones. Conclusion It can be concluded from this study that nomophobia is present among undergraduate students. The overall usage of smartphones has increased in this population, highlighting the emergence of a serious disorder that warrants attention. Consequently, the usage of smartphones should be reduced through structured training programs, as this proves to be an effective method for enhancing undergraduates' understanding of the prevention and treatment of nomophobia., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Mohani et al.)

Background Lateral epicondylitis (LE), sometimes referred to as tennis elbow or lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET), is one of the most common repetitive stress disorders in the elbow joint. Often, this involves the attachment of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. This study's primary focus is on treating people with LE, a condition that causes repetitive movements of the upper extremities. There is currently no research on how PowerBall gadget workouts affect the function and pain of individuals with lateral epicondylitis. Exercises using the "PowerBall device," which applies both intrinsic and extrinsic pressure to the wrist, elbow, and shoulder muscles, are thought to be beneficial forms of resistance training. It has been shown that there are improvements in strength, function, range of motion (ROM), discomfort, and quality of life (QOL). On the other side, it has been demonstrated that LE patients have reduced discomfort while using Mulligan Mobilization with Movement (MMWM). Methods The 50 patients with LE were split into two groups for the single-blinded, randomized clinical study after baseline assessment and randomization: Group A was the intervention group, and Group B was the conventional group. The "PowerBall device" exercise was provided to participants in Group A, and MMWM was given to those in Group B. Both groups can benefit from basic workouts and ultrasonography by following the prescribed routine. Quantification of pain, function, grip strength, and range of motion was done at the start and finish of therapy using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Patient Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE), portable dynamometer, and goniometer. Results After therapy, both groups showed considerable improvement (p<0.05). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in the data analysis. Numerous statistical tests were employed, such as the student's paired and unpaired t-test and the chi-square test. From a statistical and clinical perspective, Group A's outcomes were more significant. On the visual analog scale, there was a decrease in pain intensity for wrist and elbow mobility at rest (p<0.0003), activity (p<0.003), PRTEE (p<0.001), grip strength (p<0.03), and range of motion (p<0.01). Both groups' assessments after rehabilitation indicated increases in pain and function; however, Group A (0.03) benefited more and saw early success with the PowerBall device. Conclusion Findings show that a three-week program incorporating resistance training exercises mediated by a "PowerBall device" enhances upper limb performance beyond traditional exercise treatment and increases grip strength, wrist extension strength, internal and external rotator concentric and eccentric strength. The findings and observations indicate that both groups have significantly improved., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Uttamchandani et al.)

Background and objective The shoulder is the most flexible ball- and socket-type joint in the human body. The pathological condition that can commonly affect this joint is the frozen shoulder. This condition is marked by pain and stiffness in the area surrounding the shoulder complex. This leads to difficulty in doing the daily activities of living. Exercise and physical therapy are mostly recommended to decrease pain and improve and maintain the range of motion (ROM). Mainly traditional techniques such as Mulligans, Maitland, and Kaltenborn are used, along with electrotherapy and exercises, for the treatment of this condition. The effect of the Spencer technique is seen in baseball players' shoulder function. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine how the Spencer approach affects patients with frozen shoulders in terms of pain, ROM, and functional impairment. Methodology This study included 20 patients aged between 40 and 60 years with stage 2 and 3 diagnosed frozen shoulder. This is a single-group pilot study that received the Spencer technique along with a moist heat pack and Codman's exercises on the affected shoulder for three weeks. Outcome measures used for assessment before and after treatment were the visual analog scale (VAS), shoulder ROM, and shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI). After the second, third, and sixth months, a follow-up was conducted. Two patients were lost to follow-up; consequently, statistical analysis was performed on the data from 18 patients. Results The current study's results suggested that there was an improvement in the mean values of VAS, ROM, and SPADI at post-three weeks, and a sustained effect was observed at the second, third, and sixth months. A statistically significant difference ( P  < 0.05) was found. Conclusions The study's conclusions demonstrated improved pain, ROM, and SPADI scores post-intervention. Treatment effects persisted, as seen by follow-up at the two, three, and six-month marks. As a result, the Spencer technique utilized in this pilot study on frozen shoulder patients proved effective. Also, the outcome effects were sustained, which suggests its utility in frozen shoulder rehabilitation., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Phansopkar et al.)

Background The discomfort in the mid-shaft and distal end of the tibia caused by shin splints or tibial periostitis also known as medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is frequently induced by participating in sports or other strenuous activities. The two treatment methods used in this study are the Graston technique and cupping therapy; we have compared cupping with the Graston technique. Method It was an interventional study at Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College and Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital. A total of 46 participants with MTSS were included in the study. The participants were randomly divided into two groups and treated for three weeks with four weekly sessions. Result Statistical analysis was done after the completion of sampling. Paired and unpaired t-tests were used. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. The result was obtained after comparing the pre and post values of the visual analog scale (VAS), treadmill test, step-up and step-down tests, manual muscle testing (MMT), and range of motion (ROM) of the ankle joint. After three weeks of treatment, pain with a p-value of 0.01 S showed a significant effect, and improved functions were reduced in the cupping and Graston technique groups. When compared, cupping therapy showed better results than the Graston technique. Conclusion We saw that the cupping therapy might be better than the Graston technique in reducing pain and improving functions., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Deshmukh et al.)

One of the most poorly recognized and inadequately managed diseases, oral submucous fibrosis progresses over time. Betel nut eating is the foremost cause of oral submucous fibrosis. One such condition is oral submucous fibrosis, which is characterized by severe trismus, disability, and a higher risk of cancer. The mouth opening gradually decreases, which is related to difficulty eating, altered gustatory sensation, and mouth dryness, leading to decreased oral intake. The main and beginning signs include decreased mouth opening, pain, difficulty eating, dry mouth, and blanching of the buccal mucosa. This is treated first with medication, then with exercises for the mouth that a physiotherapist has recommended. However, the function of a physical therapist is not clearly defined. Physiotherapy may be used with other therapies to treat oral submucous fibrosis. Mouth-opening exercises, ultrasound, and other therapeutic interventions are available. This article tries to describe the kind of physical therapy that can be recommended for treating oral submucous fibrosis. It is crucial to understand pain management, physiotherapy management for grade III and IV oral submucous fibrosis various additional exercises, modalities and their ideal dose, and strategy for the long-term effect of the treatments to conduct further research., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Chitlange et al.)

Introduction Proprioception is one's capacity to perceive bodily position, alignment, and movement. Several connective tissues, such as skin, ligaments, joint capsules, and muscles in the body, contain proprioceptive sensory receptors. Joint elasticity results from hormonal variations, notably the peak relaxin hormone during pregnancy, which also affects proprioceptive receptors. The musculoskeletal system may be affected by hormones and anatomical changes brought on by pregnancy, including joint laxity and modifications to posture and gait. The capacity to perceive the joint position and movement, or proprioception, may be impacted. To comprehend the impacts of pregnancy on joint function and postpartum women's rehabilitation options, this study compares knee joint proprioception in women who gave birth 12 weeks ago to nulliparous women. The study aims to assess and compare the degree of alteration in knee joint proprioception in 12-week postpartum females. Methodology A total of 160 participants were assessed during the entire study. Women from 18 to 35 years of age were included in the study. Women with any present knee joint injury, multiparty, or relevant surgical history were excluded. The procedure was performed under the author's surveillance at the Department of Community Health Physiotherapy. The knee joint reposition test was used to assess the knee joint proprioceptive error among two groups (80 each), including nulliparous women and the other 12-week postpartum women. An image tool provided by the University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio (UTHSCSA) was created and offers the tool as computer software or a digital application for handling medical pictures and associated data, software 3.0 was used to determine the angular variation between angles in the targeted and achieved positions during the test. Result A significant proprioceptive error was observed among 12-week postpartum women compared to the nulliparous group of women. The mean error of knee joint repositions among 12-week postpartum women was 0.80±6.08 (P=0.0001), and among nulliparous women was 0.09±0.72 (P=0.0001). Conclusion Concluding insight that pregnancy affects postpartum women's risk of fall injuries and joint function due to altered proprioception. Compared to nulliparous women, proprioceptive error for the dominant knee joint was significant among 12-week postpartum females. The hormonal changes during pregnancy affect the proprioceptive receptors, especially the relaxin hormone surge, which results in joint laxity and may impair joint position sensing, increasing the risk of falls. To better acknowledge the effects of pregnancy on joint function and postpartum women's rehabilitation options, this study compares knee joint proprioception in postpartum and nulliparous women. It proves right about altered proprioception post-childbirth. The results of this study might aid medical practitioners in creating successful rehabilitation plans and treatments to stop postpartum women from falling., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Ratnani et al.)

Background and objective A degenerative joint condition mostly affecting the weight-bearing joints is osteoarthritis (OA). The majority of the time, it involves the knee joint. Pain and stiffness are common in grade 1 and 2 OA. And that's the main reason people ask for help. Physiotherapy treatment can be helpful for symptomatic management of early OA. Along with exercises, contrast bath therapy (CBT) is a therapeutic alternative to medication to alleviate pain and stiffness in OA. Many studies have been done using the traditional water immersion CBT. However, there is a paucity of studies on contrast therapy given using a device. This study intends to find the effect of a knee pad device (KPD) on pain, range of motion, and functional disability in knee OA patients when compared with CBT. Methods About 60 patients having unilateral knee OA were selected and randomly divided into two groups: group A received CBT for 20 minutes, and group B was treated with a KPD for 20 minutes and the Otago exercise program was given in both groups for 30 minutes. Both groups received treatment for three sessions per week for two weeks. Outcome measures used for assessment at baseline and post-treatment were visual analog scale (VAS), knee range of motion, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) scale, and distance covered in a two-minute walk test. Results Both the groups showed significant improvement post-treatment (p < 0.05). Group B showed more significant improvement when compared with group A. The enhancement in VAS (2.39, p < 0.020), range of motion (2.11, p < 0.039), WOMAC (2.09, p < 0.04), and two-minute walk test (2.03, p < 0.046) showed improvement in functional ability. Conclusion The findings of this study showed that both groups showed improvement following treatment, but that the use of a KPD in combination with strengthening and balance retraining is more efficient in reducing pain and enhancing quality of life in patients with grade 1 or 2 knee OA than conventional CBT., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Fokmare et al.)

The foot and the lower leg comprise the ankle joint complex. The foot is crucial for the maintenance of posture. Frequently, overuse or repeated microtrauma to the fascia causes plantar fasciitis. This review aims to suggest the efficacy of various plantar fasciitis (PF) interventions based on modifications in clinical results. This review included studies from 2019 to March 2023 identified through a systematic literature search. The measures used to predict improvement in pain, discomfort, and foot function symptoms included the Visual Analog scale, Numerical Pain Rating Scale, Pressure Point Threshold by algometer, Weight-Bearing Lunge Test by inch tape, and range of motion. The review included 20 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Therapeutic interventions included insoles, foot orthosis, foam roller stretching, manual stretching, muscle strengthening, intrinsic muscle activities, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, dry needling, laser, ultrasound, and others, which resulted in pain reduction, improved foot function, and ease of everyday routine. All therapeutic strategies used impacts resulting from minimal to maximal recovery. Various advanced approaches are more effective than conventional physical therapy. In conclusion, conservative therapeutic strategies with manual techniques, orthoses, and alternative intervention strategies can be combined to effectively relieve pain and improve function and overall results. Further high-quality studies are essential to learn more about the ideal dose, treatment approaches, and long-term impacts of these therapies., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Boob et al.)

Background and objective Upper trapezius can cause neck pain, and restrict functional activities and cervical range of motion (ROM), and hence its management should be part of a global rehabilitation program. Owing to the heterogeneity of the existing trials, various techniques of manual physical therapy might be potent, though the scope of their efficacy is currently unspecified. The reciprocal inhibition technique of the muscle energy technique (MET) works on both agonist as well antagonist muscles for the reduction of pain and to improve overall functional activities. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the reciprocal inhibition technique of MET on pain, cervical ROM, and functional activities in patients with upper trapezitis. Methods An interventional cross-sectional study involving 30 patients with neck pain due to upper trapezitis was conducted. The outcome measures were as follows: numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) score for pain intensity, universal goniometer for cervical ROM, and neck disability index (NDI) score for functional activities. The reciprocal inhibition technique involved a five-second hold, five-second rest, followed by stretching with a 10-60-second hold, with five repetitions. Patients were treated for five sessions a week for two weeks. Results Paired t-test was used to compare the group's mean values before and after therapy. Our findings revealed that NPRS score, cervical ROM, and NDI score notably improved (p=0.001). Conclusion The reciprocal inhibition technique of MET in patients with upper trapezitis showed significant improvement in neck pain, cervical movement, and functional activities. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to validate our findings., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Jawade et al.)