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Particleboard, engineered wood products as part of a large family of wood composite materials, developed in use mainly in the 1950s and 1960s to utilize inferior wood and wood waste when good-quality wood was in short supply; the annual production capacity worldwide is over 100 million m 3 . It is also necessary to have a lot of wood raw material for its production, although raw material resources are limited on our planet. In addition to the main wood species, it is therefore possible to think about the wider use of alternative, lesser-known European species of alder, larch, and birch in particleboard production. These three wood species represent an eco-friendly and sustainable wood alternative to the conventional wood raw materials used. This review confirms the diversity of the use of these three species in different fields and proves their suitability in relation to particleboard production. Fundamental research is ongoing in certain universities to determine the proportional shares of use of these tree species in particleboard (in a certain weight proportion in their core layers) for the purpose of formulating the correct technology shares and rules for their application in the wood-based panel industry.

Molded plywood is used for furniture components such as seats, backrests, or integral seat shells, and it must be durable and harmless to health. Molded plywood is made with urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives; therefore, the issue of the fillers used in them is important. The potential of using ground beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) bark as an eco-friendly additive in UF adhesives for molded plywood manufacturing was investigated in this work. Wheat flour was used as a reference filler. The beech bark (BB) level as a filler was 10%, a value verified under laboratory conditions. Nine-layer flat and molded plywood were produced under industrial conditions from beech veneers bonded with a UF adhesive mixture. The mechanical (bending strength and bonding quality) and physical (swelling and absorbency values after 2 and 24 h) properties of the industrially fabricated molded plywood were evaluated and compared with the European standard requirements (EN 310 and EN 314-2). The mechanical properties of the molded plywood with the addition of BB in the adhesive mixture were acceptable and met these standards' requirements. The positive effect of BB in the UF adhesive mixture on a reduction in formaldehyde emissions from the molded plywood was also confirmed. BB, considered to be wood-processing industry waste or a by-product, has significant potential to be used as a filler in UF resins for molded plywood production, providing an environmentally friendly, inexpensive solution for the industrial valorization of bark as a bio-based formaldehyde scavenger.

The depletion of natural resources and increasing environmental apprehension regarding the reduction of harmful isocyanates employed in manufacturing polyurethanes (PUs) have generated significant attention from both industrial and academic sectors. This attention is focused on advancing bio-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) resins as viable and sustainable substitutes, possessing satisfactory properties. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the progress made in developing bio-based NIPU polymers for wood adhesive applications. The main aim of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the latest advancements in the production of high-performance bio-based NIPU resins derived from lignin and tannin for wood composites. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on scholarly publications retrieved from the Scopus database, encompassing the period from January 2010 to April 2023. In NIPU adhesive manufacturing, the exploration of substitute materials for isocyanates is imperative, due to their inherent toxicity, high cost, and limited availability. The process of demethylation and carbonation of lignin and tannin has the potential to produce polyphenolic compounds that possess hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups. Bio-based NIPUs can be synthesized through the reaction involving diamine molecules. Previous studies have provided evidence indicating that NIPUs derived from lignin and tannin exhibit enhanced mechanical properties, decreased curing temperatures and shortened pressing durations, and are devoid of isocyanates. The characterization of NIPU adhesives based on lignin and tannin was conducted using various analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The adhesive performance of tannin-based NIPU resins was shown to be superior to that of lignin-based NIPUs. This paper elucidates the potential of lignin and tannin as alternate sources for polyols in the manufacturing of NIPUs, specifically for their application as wood adhesives.

The effects of using 100% larch bark ( Larix decidua Mill) as a raw material for composite boards on the thermophysical properties of this innovative material were investigated in this study. Panels made of larch bark with 4-11 mm and 10-30 mm particle size, with ground bark oriented parallel and perpendicular to the panel's plane at densities varying from 350 to 700 kg/m 3 and bonded with urea-formaldehyde adhesive were analyzed for thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity and specific heat capacity. It was determined that there was a highly significant influence of bulk density on the thermal conductivity of all the panels. With an increase in the particle size, both parallel and perpendicular to the panel´s plane direction, the thermal conductivity also increased. The decrease of thermal diffusivity was a consequence of the increasing particle size, mostly in the parallel orientation of the bark particles due to the different pore structures. The specific heat capacity is not statistically significantly dependent on the density, particle size, glue amount and particle orientation.