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Purpose: Geographic disparities exist in uptake of the human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV). In 2020, the National Immunization Survey-Teen reported that adolescents living in nonmetropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) had lower HPV vaccination coverage (≥ 1 dose) compared to adolescents living in MSA principal cities. This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of a multilevel pilot intervention study to increase uptake of the HPV vaccine among adolescent patients ages 11-17 of a rural health clinic., Methods: This parent, primary care team, and clinic multilevel pilot intervention was guided by evidence-based approaches to increase HPV vaccinations, formative research, and input from the community. HPV vaccination initiation and completion rates were analyzed at baseline and 23 months follow-up., Findings: The proportion of adolescent patients ages 11-17 who had initiated the HPV vaccine series was significantly greater at follow-up compared to baseline, (82.7% compared to 52.4%), χ 2 (1, n = 498) = 49.2, P < .0001. The proportion of adolescent patients ages 11-17 who had completed the HPV vaccine series was also significantly greater at follow-up compared to baseline, (58.0% compared to 27.0%), χ 2 (1, n = 498) = 50.8, P < .0001., Conclusions: The multilevel intervention significantly increased HPV initiation and completion rates among adolescent patients ages 11-17 at this rural health clinic. This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing a multilevel intervention to address low HPV vaccination rates among rural adolescents and the potential of employing this strategy for a large-scale randomizing-controlled trial., (© 2022 National Rural Health Association.)

Children living in poverty are vulnerable to the adverse effects associated with unmet basic needs, such as food and housing. Poverty threatens the overall growth and development of children placing them at risk for poor cognitive, behavioral, and psychological outcomes. Addressing social determinants of health in the pediatric primary care setting is within the role of the pediatric primary care provider. The Model for Improvement guided this quality improvement project in the implementation of food and housing insecurity screening during well-child appointments in a rural health clinic., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: A pilot study exploring how elderly patients of a rural outpatient health clinic in Appalachia perceive design elements of the facility as imposing barriers to healthcare participation., Background: Outpatient clinics play a critical role in the delivery of healthcare in rural settings in Appalachia. While the concept of patient participation in healthcare does not enjoy a widely adopted, standardized definition, it is believed that patients who are more actively engaged in their healthcare will potentially realize improved health outcomes. This study examines the role facility design could play in participation., Methods: A pilot qualitative study was conducted involving focus groups with a targeted elderly population of a rural outpatient clinic in southern West Virginia. The goal was to assess the perceptions of impacts of clinical design elements on participation., Results: Patients identified and characterized 10 design-related elements they felt impacted participation., Conclusions: The design of the outpatient clinic has the potential to impact the level of engagement of patients in the healthcare process, thus providing another leverage point for improving population health in rural settings.

There is an urgent need to promote healthcare justice for patients as well as members of the healthcare team including physicians. In this article, we explain how principles of Catholic social teaching (i.e., dignity of the individual, common good, destination of goods, solidarity, and subsidiarity) are applied to health care, by featuring various types of outpatient clinics including free, charitable-direct primary care, hybrid, federally qualified health center, and rural health clinic. We describe how attempts have been made to improve the quality and access of health care by creating new medical schools (i.e., Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine) and training programs as well as allocating government funding to alleviate the cost of training new healthcare providers through the National Health Service Corps. Finally, we suggest a few approaches (i.e., adopting new clinic models to include volunteer healthcare professionals and cross-training members of the healthcare team) to fill in current gaps in health care. Summary : There is a need to promote justice in healthcare. In this article, we explain how principles of Catholic social teaching are applied to health care. To illustrate this, we feature various types of outpatient clinics. We also describe how attempts have been made to improve the quality and access of health care. Finally, we suggest further ways to improve healthcare reform based upon Catholic social teaching.

Context: As today's rural hospitals have struggled with financial sustainability for the past 2 decades, it is critical to understand their value relative to alternatives, such as rural health clinics and private practices., Purpose: To estimate the willingness-to-pay for specific attributes of rural health care facilities in rural Kentucky to determine which services and operational characteristics are most valued by rural residents., Methodology: We fitted choice experiment data from 769 respondents in 10 rural Kentucky counties to a conditional logit model and used the results to estimate willingness-to-pay for attributes in several categories, including hours open, types of insurance accepted, and availability of health care professionals and specialized care., Findings: Acceptance of Medicaid/Medicare with use of a sliding fee scale versus acceptance of only private insurance was the most valued attribute. Presence of full diagnostic services, an emergency room, and 24-hour/7-day-per-week access were also highly valued. Conversely, the presence of specialized care, such as physical therapy, cancer care, or dialysis, was not valued. In total, respondents were willing to pay $225 more annually to support a hospital relative to a rural health clinic., Conclusion: Rural Kentuckians value the services, convenience, and security that rural hospitals offer, though they are not willing to pay more for specialized care that may be available in larger medical treatment centers. The results also inform which attributes might be added to existing rural health facilities to make them more valuable to local residents., (© 2014 National Rural Health Association.)

Context: Emergency Department (ED) overcrowding due to nonemergent use is an ongoing concern. In 2011, a regional health system that primarily serves rural communities in Texas instituted a new program to medically screen and refer nonemergent patients to nearby affiliated rural health clinics (RHCs)., Purpose: This formative evaluation describes the program goals, process, and early implementation experiences at 2 sites that adopted the program before wider implementation within the rural health system., Methods: Primary data collection including document review, internal stakeholder interviews, and direct observation of program processes were used for this formative evaluation of program implementation in light of program goals and objectives. Fourteen key informants were asked questions related to the program concept, structure, and implementation., Results: The program, as implemented, aligned with initial program goals, but it was dependent on ED screening staff and RHC availability. Some adjustments to the program were needed, including RHC hours, consistency among staff in making referrals, patient education, and improving patient uptake on the referral. Stakeholders reported lessons learned related to training, staff buy-in, Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA), and intraorganizational cooperation., Discussion: The system was able to leverage excess capacity of affiliated RHCs to accommodate low-acuity patients referred from the ED and may lead to improvements in Triple Aim goals of increased patient satisfaction, better population health and outcomes, and lower per capita costs. Lessons learned from this program may inform similar processes aimed to reduce nonemergency ED utilization by other rural health systems., (© 2014 National Rural Health Association.)