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Due to enhanced heat transfer rate, the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluids have significant industrial uses. The principal objective of this exploration is to investigate how thermal radiation influences the velocity and temperature profile. A water-based rotational nanofluid flow with constant angular speed [Formula: see text] is considered for this comparative study. A similarity conversion is applied to change the appearing equations into ODEs. Three different nanoparticles i.e., copper, aluminum, and titanium oxide are used to prepare different nanofluids for comparison. The numerical and graphical outputs are gained by employing the bvp-4c procedure in MATLAB. The results for different constraints are represented through graphs and tables. Higher heat transmission rate and minimized skin friction are noted for triple nanoparticle nanofluid. Skin coefficients in the x-direction and y-direction have reduced by 50% in trihybrid nanofluid by keeping mixed convection levels between the range [Formula: see text]. The heat transmission coefficient with raising the levels of thermal radiation between [Formula: see text] and Prandlt number [Formula: see text] has shown a 60% increase., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Hybrid nanofluids have become a popular choice for various engineering and industrial applications due to their advanced properties. This study focuses on investigating the consequences of a low oscillating magnetic field on the flow of unsteady mono and hybrid nanofluids over a vertically moving permeable disk. Initially, iron oxide nanoparticles are mixed with water to create a mono nanofluid, which is later transformed into a hybrid nanofluid by adding cobalt nanoparticles. The shape of nanoparticles used is brick-shaped, and an external magnetic field is applied to regulate the flow and heat transfer mechanism using ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Additionally, the nonlinear thermal radiative heat flux is considered for the heat transfer phenomenon. The momentum and rotational motion of the magnetic fluid caused by the rotating disk are formulated using the Shliomis fundamental concept. The numerical analysis of the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is carried out using the bvp4c technique, and the results are presented in tabular form for the surface drag coefficient and heat transmission at the walls. Moreover, the temperature and velocity distributions are illustrated using graphical representations against relevant parameters. The findings highlight that for a constant negative value for the magnetization parameterϒ<0,the heat transfer rate for hybrid nanofluid is witnessed stronger at a volume fractionϕhnf=0.120,whereas a minimal heat transfer rate is observed for positive values of magnetization parameterϒ>0at the same value of volume fraction., (© 2023 IOP Publishing Ltd.)

This communication elaborates the irreversibility analysis of the flow of Prandtl nanofluid along with thermal radiation past a permeable stretched surface embedded in a Darcy-Forchheimer medium. The activation and chemical impressions along with effects of thermophoretic and Brownian motion are as well examined. The flow symmetry of the problem is modeled mathematically and leading equations are rehabilitated into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through the assistance of suitable similarity variables. The Keller-box technique in MATLAB is employed to draw the impacts of the contributing elements on the velocity field, temperature distribution, and concentration. The impact of the Prandtl fluid parameter has mounting performance for the velocity whereas conflicting behavior is examined in the temperature profile. The achieved numerical results are matched correspondingly with the present symmetrical solutions in restrictive cases and fantastic agreement is scrutinized. In addition, the entropy generation uplifts for the growing values of the Prandtl fluid parameter, thermal radiation, and Brinkman number and decreases for growing numbers of the inertia coefficient parameter. It is also discovered that the coefficient of friction decreases for all parameters involved in the momentum equation. Features of nanofluids can be found in a variety of real-world fields, including microfluidics, industry, transportation, the military, and medicine., Competing Interests: It is declared that we have no conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Authors.)

In this work, we have performed an investigation to increase our understanding of the motion of a hybrid nanofluid trapped inside a three-dimensional container. The room also includes a three-dimensional heated obstacle of an elliptic cross-section. The top wall of space is horizontally movable and adiabatic, while the lower part is zigzagged and thermally insulated as well. The lateral walls are cold. The container's space is completely replete with Al2O3-Cu/water; the concentration of nanoparticles is 4%. The space is also characterized by the permeability, which is given by the value of the Darcy number (limited between 10 -5 and 10 -2 ). This studied system is immersed in a magnetic field with an intensity is defined in terms of Hartmann number (limited between 0 and 100). The thermal buoyancy has a constant impact (Gr = 1000). This study investigates the influences of these parameters and the inclination angle of the obstacle on the heat transfer coefficient and entropy generation. The Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) was the principal technique for obtaining the solution of the main partial equations. Findings from our work may be exploited to depict the conditions for which the system is effective in thermal cooling and the case in which the system is effective in thermal insulation.

The current paper discusses the numerical simulation results of the NePCM melting process inside an annulus thermal storage system. The TES system consists of a wavy shell wall and a cylindrical tube equipped with three fins. The enthalpy-porosity method was utilized to address the transient behavior of the melting process, while the Galerkin FE technique was used to solve the system governing equations. The results were displayed for different inner tube positions (right-left-up and down), inner cylinder rotation angle (0 ≤ α ≤ 3π/2), and the nano-additives concentration (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.04). The findings indicated that high values of nano-additives concentration (0.4), bigger values of tube rotation angle (3π/2), and location of the tube at the lower position accelerated the NePCM melting process., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Thermophoresis represents one of the most common methods of directing micromachines. Enhancement of heat transfer rates are of economic interest for micromachine operation. This study aims to examine the heat transfer enhancement within the shell and tube latent heat thermal storage system (LHTSS) using PCMs (Phase Change Materials). The enthalpy-porosity approach is applied to formulate the melting situation and various shapes of inner heated fins are considered. The solution methodology is based on the Galerkin finite element analyses and wide ranges of the nanoparticle volume fraction are assumed, i.e., (0% ≤ φ ≤ 6%). The system entropy and the optimization of irreversibility are analyzed using the second law of the thermodynamics. The key outcomes revealed that the flow features, hexagonal entropy, and melting rate might be adjusted by varying the number of heated fins. Additionally, in case 4 where eight heated fins are considered, the highest results for the average liquid percentage are obtained.

This paper presents a numerical simulation of a magneto-convection flow in a 3D chamber. The room has a very specific permeability and a zigzag bottom wall. The fluid used in this study is Al 2 O 3 -Cu/water with 4% nanoparticles. The Galerkin finite element technique (GFEM) was developed to solve the main partial equations. The hybrid nanofluid inside the container is subjected to the horizontal motion of the upper wall, an external magnetic field, and a thermal buoyancy force. The present numerical methodology is validated by previous data. The goal of this investigation was to understand and determine the percentage of heat energy transferred between the nanofluid and the bottom wall of the container under the influence of a set of criteria, namely: the movement speed of the upper wall of the cavity (Re = 1 to 500), the amount of permeability (Da = 10 -5 to 10 -2 ), the intensity of the external magnetic field (Ha = 0 to 100), the number of zigzags of the lower wall (N = 1 to 4), and the value of thermal buoyancy when the force is constant (Gr = 1000). The contours of the total entropy generation, isotherm, and streamline are represented in order to explain the fluid motion and thermal pattern. It was found that the heat transfer is significant when (N = 4), where the natural convection is dominant and (N = 2), and the forced convection is predominant.

To date, when considering the dynamics of water conveying multi-walled carbon nanoparticles (MWCNT) through a vertical Cleveland Z-staggered cavity where entropy generation plays a significant role, nothing is known about the increasing Reynold number, Hartmann number, and Darcy number when constant conduction occurs at both sides, but at different temperatures. The system-governing equations were solved using suitable models and the Galerkin Finite Element Method (GFEM). Based on the outcome of the simulation, it is worth noting that increasing the Reynold number causes the inertial force to be enhanced. The velocity of incompressible Darcy-Forchheimer flow at the middle vertical Cleveland Z-staggered cavity declines with a higher Reynold number. Enhancement in the Hartman number causes the velocity at the center of the vertical Cleveland Z-staggered cavity to be reduced due to the associated Lorentz force, which is absent when H a = 0 and highly significant when H a = 30. As the Reynold number grows, the Bejan number declines at various levels of the Hartmann number, but increases at multiple levels of the Darcy number.

Nanofluids have become important working fluids for many engineering applications as they have better thermal properties than traditional liquids. Thus, this paper addresses heat transfer rates and entropy generation for a Fe 3 O 4 /MWCNT-water hybrid nanoliquid inside a three-dimensional triangular porous cavity with a rotating cylinder. The studied cavity is heated by a hot wavy wall at the bottom and subjected to a magnetic field. This problem is solved numerically using the Galerkin finite element method (GFEM). The influential parameters considered are the rotating cylinder speed, Hartmann number (Ha), Darcy number (Da), and undulation number of the wavy wall. The results showed that higher Da and lower Ha values improved the heat transfer rates in the cavity, which was demonstrated by a higher Nusselt number and flow fluidity. The entropy generation due to heat losses was also minimized for the enhanced heat transfer rates. The decrease in Ha from 100 and 0 improved the heat transfer by about 8%, whereas a high rotational speed and high Da values yield optimal results. For example, for Ω = 1000 rad/s and Da = 10 -2 , the enhancement in the average Nusselt number is about 38% and the drop in the Bejan number is 65% compared to the case of Ω = 0 rad/s and Da = 10 -5 . Based on the applied conditions, it is recommended to have a high Da, low Ha, one undulation for the wavy wall, and high rotational speed for the cylinder in the flow direction.