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Quaternary rocks from the East and West Eifel volcanic fields in western Germany are a key suite of intraplate volcanic rocks that can provide insights into volcanism of the Central European Volcanic Province (CEVP) and into continental intraplate volcanism in general. We present a comprehensive dataset for Eifel lavas including isotope as well as major and trace element data for 59 samples covering representative compositions of the different volcanic fields. In line with previous studies, the lavas are all SiO 2 -undersaturated, alkaline-rich and mainly comprise primitive basanites, melilitites, and nephelinites (Mg# ≥ 57). Geochemical compositions of samples from both volcanic subfields display distinct differences in their trace-element as well as radiogenic isotope compositions, largely confirming previous subdivisions. Coupled trace-element and radiogenic Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb-Os isotope compositions can now provide firm evidence for spatially heterogeneous mantle sources and compositionally distinct magmatic pulses. Within the West Eifel Field, Sr-Nd-Pb isotope compositions of the younger (≤80 ka), ONB-suite (olivine-nephelinite-basanite) are similar to FOZO (FOcal ZOne) or the EAR (European Asthenospheric Reservoir) and resemble compositions that have been previously reported from plume-sourced ocean island basalts (OIB). In marked difference, older (700 Ma to 80 ka) volcanic rocks from the F-suite (Foidite) in the West Eifel field and from the entire east Eifel Field tap a more enriched mantle component, as illustrated by more radiogenic Sr isotope ( 86 Sr/ 87 Sr up to 0.705408) and variable Pb isotope compositions ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 18.61-19.70, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.62-15.67 and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 38.89-39.76). Combined trace-element compositions of ONB-suite samples are in good agreement with results from batch melting models suggesting a hybrid composition of Eifel magmas formed through mixing 10% of a FOZO-like melt with 90% of a DMM-like melt, similar to melts from the Tertiary HEVF. However, radiogenic Sr-Nd-Pb isotope compositions of F-suite and EEVF and some ONB lavas require the admixture of melts from lithospheric mantle sources. Elevated Nb/Ta and Lu/Hf ratios in combination with variable 187 Os/ 188 Os ratios can now demonstrate the presence of residual carbonated eclogite components, either in the lithosphere or in the asthenospheric mantle. Finally, by combining geochemical and temporal constraints of Tertiary and Quaternary volcanism it becomes evident that CEVP volcanism in central and western Germany has resulted from compositionally distinct magmatic pulses that tap separate mantle sources. Although the presence of a mantle plume can neither be fully confirmed nor excluded, plume-like melt pulses which partially tap carbonated eclogite domains that interact to variable extents with the lithosphere provide a viable explanation for the temporal and compositional cyclicity of CEVP volcanism., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00410-024-02137-w., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© The Author(s) 2024.)

The vast majority of excitatory synapses are formed on small dendritic protrusions termed dendritic spines. Dendritic spines vary in size and density that are crucial determinants of excitatory synaptic transmission. Aberrations in spine morphogenesis can compromise brain function and have been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Actin filaments (F-actin) are the major structural component of dendritic spines, and therefore, actin-binding proteins (ABP) that control F-actin dis-/assembly moved into the focus as critical regulators of brain function. Studies of the past decade identified the ABP cofilin1 as a key regulator of spine morphology, synaptic transmission, and behavior, and they emphasized the necessity for a tight control of cofilin1 to ensure proper brain function. Here, we report spine enrichment of cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1), a conserved multidomain protein with largely unknown physiological functions. Super-resolution microscopy and live cell imaging of CAP1-deficient hippocampal neurons revealed impaired synaptic F-actin organization and dynamics associated with alterations in spine morphology. Mechanistically, we found that CAP1 cooperates with cofilin1 in spines and that its helical folded domain is relevant for this interaction. Moreover, our data proved functional interdependence of CAP1 and cofilin1 in control of spine morphology. In summary, we identified CAP1 as a novel regulator of the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton that is essential for synaptic cofilin1 activity., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Banded iron formations (BIFs) were deposited before and concurrent with the Great Oxidation Event at ∼2.33 Ga. They provide useful archives that document the transformation of the Precambrian hydrosphere from anoxic to progressively oxygenated conditions. Their formation involves removal of oceanic Fe by either inorganic or biologically promoted Fe 2+ oxidation, or both. To evaluate depositional settings, elemental sources that affect seawater chemistry, and oxidation pathways, we present the first combined highly siderophile element (HSE) and Fe-Os isotope study for the ∼2.7 Ga Temagami BIF, Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Ontario (Canada). HSE abundances and 187 Os/ 188 Os ratios show no systematic variation between alternating magnetite and (meta)chert bands of the Temagami BIF. Whereas HSE concentrations mostly resemble modern crustal values, present-day 187 Os/ 188 Os ratios range from ∼0.17 to ∼10.8. Magnetite samples define a regression line corresponding to an age of 2661 ± 126 Ma. A chondrite-like 187 Os/ 188 Os initial value is in agreement with earlier studies on Neoarchean marine sediments and is thought to reflect seawater composition, which, unlike modern oceans, is dominated by mantle-like 187 Os inventory most likely derived from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Our δ 56 Fe data vary from about +0.6‰ to +0.9‰ and define a sawtooth-like pattern between alternating magnetite and (meta)chert layers. Partial oxidation of hydrothermally sourced Fe(II) and a lack of microbially mediated dissimilatory iron reduction provide the most plausible explanation for the positive δ 56 Fe values. Notably, our δ 56 Fe data for Temagami are in accord with trends defined by literature results for other Algoma-type BIFs that were deposited throughout the Archean.

The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction is marked globally by elevated concentrations of iridium, emplaced by a hypervelocity impact event 66 million years ago. Here, we report new data from four independent laboratories that reveal a positive iridium anomaly within the peak-ring sequence of the Chicxulub impact structure, in drill core recovered by IODP-ICDP Expedition 364. The highest concentration of ultrafine meteoritic matter occurs in the post-impact sediments that cover the crater peak ring, just below the lowermost Danian pelagic limestone. Within years to decades after the impact event, this part of the Chicxulub impact basin returned to a relatively low-energy depositional environment, recording in unprecedented detail the recovery of life during the succeeding millennia. The iridium layer provides a key temporal horizon precisely linking Chicxulub to K-Pg boundary sections worldwide., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).)