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Introduction: The presented study investigated the potential toxicity and safety concerns associated with transgenic maize seeds expressing immunogenic F and HN protein genes against Newcastle disease virus (NDV)., Methodology: The experiment involved feeding Sprague-Dawley rats with transgenic maize seeds formulated into standard diets at levels of 30% (w/w) for a duration of 90 days. The rats were divided into three groups, with 10 rats per group. We assessed various parameters including overall appearance, feed consumption, body weight, organ weight, hematological parameters, serum chemistry, and histopathology., Results: The results of these assessments were compared between the control group and the treatment groups. The study findings revealed that there were no significant differences between the control and treatment groups in terms of overall appearance, feed consumption, body weight, organ weight, hematological parameters, serum chemistry, microscopic histopathology, and gross appearance of tissues. These observations suggest that the consumption of transgenic maize seeds did not lead to any treatment-related adverse effects or toxicological issues. Furthermore, the transgenic maize seeds were found to be nutritionally equivalent to their non-transgenic counterpart., Conclusion: Overall, no physiological, pathological, or molecular toxicity was observed in the Rats fed with transgenic feed.However, it is important to note that this study focused specifically on the parameters measured and the outcomes observed in Sprague-Dawley rats, and further research and studies are necessary to fully evaluate the safety and potential applications of transgenic edible vaccines in humans or other animals., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Introduction: Genetic engineering has revolutionized agriculture by transforming biotic and abiotic stress-resistance genes in plants. The biosafety of GM crops is a major concern for consumers and regulatory authorities., Methodology: A 14-week biosafety and toxicity analysis of transgenic cotton, containing 5 transgenes (( Cry1Ac , Cry2A , CP4 EPSPS , VIP3Aa , and ASAL )), was conducted on albino mice. Thirty mice were divided into three groups (Conventional, Non-transgenic, without Bt, and transgenic, containing targeted crop) according to the feed given, with 10 mice in each group, with 5 male and 5 female mice in each group., Results: During the study, no biologically significant changes were observed in the non-transgenic and transgenic groups compared to the control group in any of the study's parameters i.e. increase in weight of mice, physiological, pathological, and molecular analysis, irrespective of the gender of the mice. However, a statistically significant change was observed in the hematological parameters of the male mice, while no such change was observed in the female study group mice. The expression analysis, however, of the TNF gene increases many folds in the transgenic group as compared to the non-transgenic and conventional groups., Conclusion: Overall, no physiological, pathological, or molecular toxicity was observed in the mice fed with transgenic feed. Therefore, it can be speculated that the targeted transgenic crop is biologically safe. However, more study is required to confirm the biosafety of the product on the animal by expression profiling., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest among the authors., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Foot and mouth Disease virus (FMDV) belongs to Picornaviridae family and Aphthovirus genus causing Foot and mouth disease (FMD) in cloven-hoofed animals. FMDV, a prevalent virus induces both acute and chronic infections with high mutation rates resulting in seven primary serotypes, making vaccine development indispensable. Due to time and cost effectiveness of the immunoinformatic approach, we designed in-silico polyepitope vaccine (PEV) for the curtailment of FMDV. Structural and immunogenic parts of FMDV (Viral Protein 1 (VP1), Viral Protein 2 (VP2), Viral Protein 3 (VP3), and Viral Protein 4 (VP4)) were used to design the cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL), Helper T Lymphocyte (HTL), and B-cell epitopes, followed by screening for antigenic, non-allergenic, Interferon (IFN) simulator, and non-toxicity, which narrowed down to 7 CTL, 3 HTL, and 12 B-cell epitopes. These selected epitopes were linked using appropriate linkers and Cholera Toxin B (CTB) adjuvant for immunological modulation. The physiochemical analyses followed by the structure prediction demonstrated the stability, hydrophilicity and solubility of the PEV. The interactions and stability between the vaccine, Toll like Receptor 3 (TLR3) and Toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) were revealed by molecular docking and Molecular Mechanics/Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area (MMPBSA) with high stability and compactness verified by MD simulation. In-silico immune simulation demonstrated a strong immunological response. FMDV-PEV (Poly epitope vaccine) will be effectively produced in an E. coli system, as codon optimization and cloning in an expression vector was performed. The effectiveness, safety, and immunogenicity profile of FMDV-PEV may be confirmed by further experimental validations.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Premature leaf senescence negatively influences the physiology and yield of cotton plants. The conserved IDLNL sequence in the C-terminal region of AGL42 MADS-box determines its repressor potential for the down regulation of senescence-related genes. To determine the delay in premature leaf senescence, Arabidopsis AGL42 gene was overexpressed in cotton plants. The absolute quantification of transgenic cotton plants revealed higher mRNA expression of AGL42 compared to that of the non-transgenic control. The spatial expression of GUS fused with AGL42 and the mRNA level was highest in the petals, abscission zone (flower and bud), 8 days post anthesis (DPA) fiber, fresh mature leaves, and senescenced leaves. The mRNA levels of different NAC senescence-promoting genes were significantly downregulated in AGL42 transgenic cotton lines than those in the non-transgenic control. The photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content were higher in AGL42 transgenic cotton lines than those in the non-transgenic control. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of the AG3 transgenic cotton line revealed a fluorescent signal on chromosome 1 in the hemizygous form. Moreover, the average number of bolls in the transgenic cotton lines was significantly higher than that in the non-transgenic control because of the higher retention of floral buds and squares, which has the potential to improve cotton fiber yield., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Main Conclusion: VInv gene editing in potato using CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in knockdown of expression and a lower VInv enzymatic activity resulting in a decrease in post-harvest cold-storage sugars formation and sweetening in potatoes. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockdown of vacuolar invertase (VInv) gene was carried out using two sgRNAs in local cultivar of potato plants. The transformation efficiency of potatoes was found to be 11.7%. The primary transformants were screened through PCR, Sanger sequencing, digital PCR, and ELISA. The overall editing efficacy was determined to be 25.6% as per TIDE analysis. The amplicon sequencing data showed maximum indel frequency for potato plant T12 (14.3%) resulting in 6.2% gene knockout and 6% frame shift. While for plant B4, the maximum indel frequency of 2.0% was found which resulted in 4.4% knockout and 4% frameshift as analyzed by Geneious. The qRT-PCR data revealed that mRNA expression of VInv gene was reduced 90-99-fold in edited potato plants when compared to the non-edited control potato plant. Following cold storage, chips analysis of potatoes proved B4 and T12 as best lines. Reducing sugars' analysis by titration method determined fivefold reduction in percentage of reducing sugars in tubers of B4 transgenic lines as compared to the control. Physiologically genome-edited potatoes behaved like their conventional counterpart. This is first successful report of knockdown of potato VInv gene in Pakistan that addressed cold-induced sweetening resulting in minimum accumulation of reducing sugars in genome edited tubers., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Gossypium arboreum is a cotton crop native to tropical and subtropical regions that are naturally resistant to cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV). However, its cultivation is unfavorable due to the lower quality and shorter fiber length of cotton when compared to the market leading G. hirsutum. Plasma membrane intrinsic protein 2 (PIP2) is an aquaporin responsible for the transport of water and small molecules across cellular membranes. This fluid transport influences cell elongation and cotton fibre development. Hence, increased PIP2 expression may yield plants with enhanced fiber qualities including length., Methods and Results: To test this hypothesis, G. arboreum was transformed with a PIP2 gene construct (35SCpPIP2) using the Agrobacterium-mediated shoot apex cutting method. Relative expression of the CpPIP2 gene in transgenic plants increased up to 35-fold when compared with non-transgenic controls. Transgenic plants displayed a corresponding increase of staple length (up to 150%) when compared with non-transgenic controls. Transgene integration was examined using FISH and karyotyping and revealed the presence of a single transgene located on chromosome 6., Conclusion: Since G. arboreum is naturally whitefly and CLCuV resistant, this improvement of fiber length evidenced for CpPIP2 transgenic plants renders their crop production more economically viable., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Background: The efficacy of Bt crystal proteins has been compromised due to their extensive utilization in the field. The second-generation Bt vegetative insecticidal proteins could be the best-suited alternative to combat resistance build-up due to their broad range affinity with midgut receptors of insects., Material and Results: The codon-optimized synthetic vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vip3Aa) gene under the control of CaMV35S promoter was transformed into a locally developed transgenic cotton variety (CKC-01) expressing cry1Ac and cry2A genes. Transformation efficiency of 1.63% was recorded. The highest Vip3Aa expression (51.98-fold) was found in MS3 transgenic cotton plant. Maximum Vip3Aa protein concentration (4.23 µg/mL) was calculated in transgenic cotton plant MS3 through ELISA. The transgenic cotton plant (MS3) showed one copy number on both chromatids in the homozygous form at chromosome 8 at the telophase stage. Almost 99% mortality of H. armigera was recorded in transgenic cotton plants expressing double crystal proteins pyramided with Vip3Aa gene as contrasted to transgenic cotton plant expressing only double crystal protein with 70% mortality., Conclusions: The results obtained during this study suggest that the combination of Bt cry1Ac, cry2A, and Vip3Aa toxins is the best possible alternative approach to combat chewing insects., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

To advance a novel concept of debulking virus in the oral cavity, the primary site of viral replication, virus-trapping proteins CTB-ACE2 were expressed in chloroplasts and clinical-grade plant material was developed to meet FDA requirements. Chewing gum (2 g) containing plant cells expressed CTB-ACE2 up to 17.2 mg ACE2/g dry weight (11.7% leaf protein), have physical characteristics and taste/flavor like conventional gums, and no protein was lost during gum compression. CTB-ACE2 gum efficiently (>95%) inhibited entry of lentivirus spike or VSV-spike pseudovirus into Vero/CHO cells when quantified by luciferase or red fluorescence. Incubation of CTB-ACE2 microparticles reduced SARS-CoV-2 virus count in COVID-19 swab/saliva samples by >95% when evaluated by microbubbles (femtomolar concentration) or qPCR, demonstrating both virus trapping and blocking of cellular entry. COVID-19 saliva samples showed low or undetectable ACE2 activity when compared with healthy individuals (2,582 versus 50,126 ΔRFU; 27 versus 225 enzyme units), confirming greater susceptibility of infected patients for viral entry. CTB-ACE2 activity was completely inhibited by pre-incubation with SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain, offering an explanation for reduced saliva ACE2 activity among COVID-19 patients. Chewing gum with virus-trapping proteins offers a general affordable strategy to protect patients from most oral virus re-infections through debulking or minimizing transmission to others., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests All authors declare no competing interests except the corresponding author (H.D.), who is a patentee in this field but has no specific financial conflict of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Stacking multiple genes into cotton crop to cop up multiple biotic stresses such as insects and weeds is a promising tool to save crop from losses. Transgenic cotton variety, VH-289, with double Bt and cp4EPSPS genes under the control of 35S promoter was used for the expression analyses and biosafety studies. The transgenic cotton plants were screened through PCR amplification of fragments, 1.7 kb for Cry1Ac, 582 bp for Cry2A and 250 bp for cp4EPSPS; which confirmed the presence of all genes transformed in transgenic cotton. The Cry1Ac + Cry2A and cp4EPSPS proteins were quantified through ELISA in transgenic cotton plants. The Glyphosate assay performed by spraying 1900 mL per acre of glyphosate Roundup further confirmed complete survival of transgenic cotton plants as compared to the non-transgenic cotton plants and all weeds. Similarly, insect infestation data determined that almost 99% insect mortality was observed in controlled field grown transgenic cotton plants as compared to the non-transgenic control plants. Evaluation of effect of temperature and soil nutrients availability on transgene expression in cotton plants was done at two different cotton growing regions, Multan and Lahore, Pakistan and results suggested that despite of higher temperature in Multan field, an increased level of Cry and cp4EPSPS proteins was recorded due to higher soil organic matter availability compared to Lahore field. Before commercialization of any transgenic variety its biosafety study is mandatory so, a 90 days biosafety study of the transgenic cotton plants with 40% transgenic cottonseeds in standard diet showed no harmful effect on wister rat model when studied for liver function, renal function and serum electrolyte., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Gossypium arboreum (Desi Cotton) holds a special place in cotton industry because of its inherent ability to withstand drought, salinity, and remarkable resistance to sucking pests and cotton leaf curl virus. However, it suffers yield losses due to weeds and bollworm infestation. Genetic modification of G. arboreum variety FBD-1 was attempted in the current study to combat insect and weedicide resistance by incorporating cry1Ac, cry2A and cp4-EPSPS genes under control of 35S promoter in two different cassettes using kanamycin and GUS as markers through Agrobacterium -mediated shoot apex cut method of cotton transformation. The efficiency of transformation was found to be 1.57%. Amplification of 1700 bp for cry1Ac , 167 bp for cry2A and 111 bp for cp4-EPSPS confirmed the presence of transgenes in cotton plants. The maximum mRNA expression of cry1Ac and cp4-EPSPS was observed in transgenic cotton line L3 while minimum in transgenic cotton line L1. The maximum protein concentrations of Cry1Ac, Cry2A and Cp4-EPSPS of 3.534 µg g -1 , 2.534 µg g -1 and 3.58 µg-g -1 respectively were observed for transgenic cotton line L3 as compared to control cotton line. On leaf-feed-based insect bioassay, almost 99% mortality was observed for Helicoverpa armigera on the transgenic cotton plant (L3). It completely survived the 1900 ml hectare -1 glyphosate spray assay as compared to non-transgenic cotton plants. The necrotic spots appeared on the third day, leading to the complete death of control plants on the fifth day of assay. The successful multiple gene-stacking in G. arboreum FBD-1 variety could be further used for qualitative improvement of cotton fiber through plant breeding techniques.

Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral disease that causes labored breathing, periorbital oedema, and ataxia in the majority of avian species. The available vaccines against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are limited, owing to their low reactivity and multiple dosage requirements. Plant-based machinery provides an attractive and safe system for vaccine production. In the current study, we attempted to express fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins (the protective antigens against NDV) under constitutive 35S and seed-specific Zein promoters, respectively. Almost 2-7.1-fold higher expression of F gene mRNA in transgenic corn leaves and 8-28-fold higher expression of HN gene mRNA in transgenic corn seeds were observed, when the expression was analyzed by real-time PCR on a relative basis as compared to non-transgenic control plant material (Leaves and seeds). Similarly, 1.66 μg/ml of F protein in corn leaves, i.e., 0.5% of total soluble protein, and 2.4 μg/ml of HN protein in corn seed, i.e., 0.8% of total seed protein, were found when calculated through ELISA. Similar levels of immunological response were generated in chicks immunized through injection of E. coli -produced pET F and pET HN protein as in chickens orally fed leaves and seeds of maize with expressed immunogenic protein. Moreover, the detection of anti-NDV antibodies in the sera of chickens that were fed maize with immunogenic protein, and the absence of these antibodies in chickens fed a normal diet, confirmed the specificity of the antibodies generated through feeding, and demonstrated the potential of utilizing plants for producing more vaccine doses, vaccine generation at higher levels and against other infectious diseases., (Copyright © 2020 Shahid, Samiullah, Shakoor, Latif, Yasmeen, Azam, Shahid, Husnain and Rao.)

Whitefly infestation of cotton crop imparts enormous damage to cotton yield by severely affecting plant health, vigour and transmitting Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV). Genetic modification of cotton helps to overcome both the direct whitefly infestation as well as CLCuV based cotton yield losses. We have constitutively overexpressed asparaginase (ZmASN) gene in Gossypium hirsutum to overcome the cotton yield losses imparted by whitefly infestation. We achieved 2.54% transformation efficiency in CIM-482 by Agrobacterium-mediated shoot apex transformation method. The relative qRT-PCR revealed 40-fold higher transcripts of asparaginase in transgenic cotton line vs. non-transgenic cotton lines. Metabolic analysis showed higher contents of aspartic acid and glutamic acid in seeds and phloem sap of the transgenic cotton lines. Phenotypically, the transgenic cotton lines showed vigorous growth and height, greater number of bolls, and yield. Among six representative transgenic cotton lines, line 14 had higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, smooth fiber surface, increased fiber convolutions (SEM analysis) and 95% whitefly mortality as compared to non-transgenic cotton line. The gene integration analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization showed single copy gene integration at chromosome number 1. Collectively, asparaginase gene demonstrated potential to control whitefly infestation, post-infestation damages and improve cotton plant health and yield: a pre-requisite for farmer's community.

The prevalence of insect resistance against Bt toxins has led to the idea of enhancing demethylation from cell wall pectin by pectin methylesterase enzyme for overproduction of methanol which is toxic to insects pests. The AtPME and AnPME fragments ligated into pCAMBIA1301 vector were confirmed through restriction digestion with EcoR1 and BamH1. Excision of 3363 bp fragment from 11,850 bp vector confirmed the ligation of both fragments into pCAMBIA1301 vector. Transformation of pectin methylesterase-producing genes, i.e., AtPME and AnPME from Arabidopsis thaliana and Aspergillus niger cloned in plant expression vector pCAMBIA1301 under 35S promoter into cotton variety CEMB-33 harboring two Bt genes Cry1Ac and Cry2A, respectively, was done by using shoot apex-cut Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. The plantlets were screened on MS medium supplemented with hygromycin on initial basis. Amplification of 412 and 543 bp, respectively, through gene-specific primer has been obtained which confirmed the successful introduction of pCAMBIA AtPME and AnPME genes into cotton variety CEMB 33. Relative expression of AtPME and AnPME genes through real-time PCR determined the expression level of both gene ranges between 3- and 3.5-fold in different transgenic cotton lines along with quantity of methanol ranging from 0.8 to 0.9% of maximum while 0.5% to 0.6% of minimum but no expression was obtained in negative non-transgenic control cotton plant with least quantity of methanol, i.e., 0.1%. Almost 100% mortality was observed in insect bioassay for Helicoverpa armigera on detached leaves bioassay and 63% for Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) on growing transgenic cotton bolls as compared to positive control transgenic cotton with double Bt genes where mortality was found to be 82% for H. armigera and 50% for P. gossypiella while 0% in negative control non-transgenic plants.

Agricultural crops suffer many diseases, including fungal and bacterial infections, causing significant yield losses. The identification and characterisation of pathogenesis-related protein genes, such as chitinases, can lead to reduction in pathogen growth, thereby increasing tolerance against fungal pathogens. In the present study, the chitinase I gene was isolated from the genomic DNA of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar, Haider-93. The isolated DNA was used as template for the amplification of the ∼935bp full-length chitinase I gene. Based on the sequence of the amplified gene fragment, class I barley chitinase shares 93% amino acid sequence homology with class II wheat chitinase. Interestingly, barley class I chitinase and class II chitinase do not share sequence homology. Furthermore, the amplified fragment was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta strain under the control of T7 promoter in pET 30a vector. Recombinant chitinase protein of 35kDa exhibited highest expression at 0.5mM concentration of IPTG. Expressed recombinant protein of 35kDa was purified to homogeneity with affinity chromatography. Following purification, a Western blot assay for recombinant chitinase protein measuring 35kDa was developed with His-tag specific antibodies. The purified recombinant chitinase protein was demonstrated to inhibit significantly the important phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria solani, Fusarium spp, Rhizoctonia solani and Verticillium dahliae compared to the control at concentrations of 80μg and 200μg., (Copyright © 2017 Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a life threatening infectious disease which is prevalent throughout the world. Mycobacterium bovis based Bacille Calmette-Gue´rin (BCG) is the only vaccine available against TB however, this (single) vaccine is not enough to eradicate it. Furthermore, numbers of researches from different parts of the World have shown its efficacy as variable. Hence other (better) vaccines like DNA vaccines are needed in addition to BCG in order to achieve desired goal of TB eradication. The current study was aimed to develop subunit based DNA vaccines against TB and to check their efficacy. Two constructs Bfrb-pND14 and Mpt32-pND14 were made and used as DNA vaccines. Endotoxin free DNA preparations were made and used in immunization studies. Twenty Balb/c female mice of age eight weeks were used in trial. Two experimental groups each comprising eight animals were used to inoculate Mpt32-pND14 and Bfrb-pND14 vaccines respectively. A group of four animals was used as negative control. Animals were bled through tail periodically and finally through cardiac puncture before euthanization. Antibodies were confirmed through dot blot and Agar Gel Immuno Diffusion test (AGID). All the animals immunized with both vaccines were found positive as tested through dot blot and AGID. The results of this study have indicated that both the M. tb genes have produced strong immune response in mice model through pND14 vector and proved themselves as good subunit based DNA vaccines.

The shared diseases between animals and humans are known as zoonotic diseases and spread infectious diseases among humans. Zoonotic diseases are not only a major burden to livestock industry but also threaten humans accounting for >60% cases of human illness. About 75% of emerging infectious diseases in humans have been reported to originate from zoonotic pathogens. Because antibiotics are frequently used to protect livestock from bacterial diseases, the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of epidemic and zoonotic pathogens is now a major concern. Live attenuated and killed vaccines are the only option to control these infectious diseases and this approach has been used since 1890. However, major problems with this approach include high cost and injectable vaccines is impractical for >20 billion poultry animals or fish in aquaculture. Plants offer an attractive and affordable platform for vaccines against animal diseases because of their low cost, and they are free of attenuated pathogens and cold chain requirement. Therefore, several plant-based vaccines against human and animals diseases have been developed recently that undergo clinical and regulatory approval. Plant-based vaccines serve as ideal booster vaccines that could eliminate multiple boosters of attenuated bacteria or viruses, but requirement of injectable priming with adjuvant is a current limitation. So, new approaches like oral vaccines are needed to overcome this challenge. In this review, we discuss the progress made in plant-based vaccines against zoonotic or other animal diseases and future challenges in advancing this field., (© 2016 The Authors. Plant Biotechnology Journal published by Society for Experimental Biology and The Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Cotton yield has been badly affected by different insects and weed competition. In Past Application of multiple chemicals is required to manage insects and weed control was achieved by different conventional means, such as hand weeding, crop rotation and polyculture, because no synthetic chemicals were available. The control methods shifted towards high input and target-oriented methods after the discovery of synthetic herbicide in the 1930s. To utilise the transgenic approach, cotton plants expressing the codon-optimised CEMB GTGene were produced in the present study., Results: Local cotton variety CEMB-02 containing Cry1Ac and Cry2A in single cassette was transformed by synthetic codon-optimised 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene cloned into pCAMBIA 1301 vector under 35S promoter with Agrobacterium tumifaciens. Putative transgenic plants were screened in MS medium containing 120 µmol/L glyphosate. Integration and expression of the gene were evaluated by PCR from genomic DNA and ELISA from protein. A 1.4-kb PCR product for Glyphosate and 167-bp product for Cry2A were obtained by amplification through gene specific primers. Expression level of Glyphosate and Bt proteins in two transgenic lines were recorded to be 0.362, 0.325 µg/g leaf and 0.390, 0.300 µg/g leaf respectively. FISH analysis of transgenic lines demonstrates the presence of one and two copy no. of Cp4 EPSPS transgene respectively. Efficacy of the transgene Cp4 EPSPS was further evaluated by Glyphosate spray (41 %) assay at 1900 ml/acre and insect bioassay which shows 100 %mortality of insect feeding on transgenic lines as compared to control., Conclusion: The present study shows that the transgenic lines produced in this study were resistant not only to insects but also equally good against 1900 ml/acre field spray concentration of glyphosate.