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Objective: A previously published exploratory factor analysis suggested that the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-Child and Parent Versions, is comprised of three subscales: Maintain High Blood Glucose, Helplessness/Worry About Low Blood Glucose, and Worry About Negative Social Consequences. The primary aim of this study was to confirm this three-factor model with a clinical population of adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their caregivers., Methods: Participants included N = 1,035 youth ages 10-17.99 years with T1D, and their female (N = 835) and/or male (N = 326) caregivers who completed the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey independently during a routine medical appointment. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis and examined reliability of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey and its associations with demographics and clinical outcomes (e.g., mean blood glucose, glycemic control)., Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor model in youth and female and male caregivers. The internal consistencies for Maintain High Blood Glucose, Helplessness/Worry About Low Blood Glucose, and Worry About Negative Social Consequences were acceptable. The majority of demographic and clinical outcome variables correlated as hypothesized with the three subscales., Conclusions: Using a large clinical sample of adolescents with T1D and their caretakers, we confirmed the three-factor model for the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey, which is sufficiently reliable to be used in a clinical setting. Important areas of future research include examining moderators for the effect of fear of hypoglycemia on clinical outcomes, and possible inclusion of items related to modern diabetes devices., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Magnetic resonance imaging has proven to be useful in the diagnosis of spinal cord pathology. Little has been written in the literature concerning magnetic resonance imaging of acute transverse myelitis. A case of magnetic resonance imaging of acute transverse myelitis in a young man with known systemic lupus erythematosus is presented along with a review of the radiographic approach to transverse myelitis.

Meningococcemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) have a known association, and they have been identified as a rare cause of osteonecrosis in children. To our knowledge, we report only the second case of an adult with DIC and Neisseria meningitidis infection whose condition was subsequently diagnosed as osteonecrosis. We also review the world medical literature that pertains to osteonecrosis as a sequelae of meningococcal infection associated with DIC.