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Developing low-cost and highly efficient bifunctional catalysts for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a challenging problem in electrochemical overall water splitting. Here, iron, tungsten dual-doped nickel sulfide catalyst (Fe/W-Ni 3 S 2 ) is synthesized on the nickel foam, and it exhibits excellent OER and HER performance. As a result, the water electrolyze based on Fe/W-Ni 3 S 2 bifunctional catalyst illustrates 10 mA cm -2 at 1.69 V (without iR-compensation) and highly durable overall water splitting over 100 h tested under 500 mA cm -2 . Experimental results and DFT calculations indicate that the synergistic interaction between Fe doping and Ni vacancy induced by W leaching during the in situ oxidation process can maximize exposed OER active sites on the reconstructed NiOOH species for accelerating OER kinetics, while the Fe/W dual-doping optimizes the electronic structure of Fe/W-Ni 3 S 2 and the binding strength of intermediates for boosting HER. This study unlocks the different promoting mechanisms of incorporating Fe and W for boosting the OER and HER activity of Ni 3 S 2 for water splitting, which provides significant guidance for designing high-performance bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting., (© 2024 The Author(s). Small published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

This study focused on α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) so as to investigate its role in the cognitive flexibility of Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we investigated the cognitive flexibility by assessing reversal learning abilities in MPTP-induced subacute PD model mice and in C57BL/6J mice with α-syn aggregation in the DMS induced by adenovirus (AAV-SNCA) injection, followed by an analysis of the target protein's expression and distribution. PD mice exhibited impairments in reversal learning, positively correlated with the expression of phosphorylated α-syn in the DMS. Furthermore, the mice in the AAV-SNCA group exhibited reversal learning deficits and a reduction in acetylcholine levels, accompanied by protein alterations within the DMS. Notably, the administration of a muscarinic receptor 1 (M1R) agonist was able to alleviate the aforementioned phenomenon. These findings suggest that the impaired cognitive flexibility in PD may be attributed to the diminished activation of acetylcholine to M1R caused by α-syn aggregation.

Background: Moral sensitivity and academic integrity discernment hold paramount importance for healthcare professionals. Owing to distinct undergraduate educational backgrounds, nurses and physicians may exhibit divergent moral perspectives, academic integrity cognisance, and moral sensitivity within clinical environments. A limited number of studies have investigated the disparities and congruencies pertaining to moral sensitivity and academic ethical awareness among nursing and medical students., Objective: The study compares moral sensitivity and academic ethical awareness of undergraduate nursing and medical students with and without clinical exposure., Research Design: A self-administered cross-sectional survey conducted from January to February 2022 was used to collect data from a medical school in Hong Kong., Participants and Research Context: A total of 545 respondents, including 137 nursing students and 408 medical students, completed the questionnaire., Ethical Consideration: Ethics approval of the study was obtained. Written consent was waived to maintain anonymity because completing the questionnaire was considered implied consent., Findings: Both groups of undergraduates demonstrated a high level of bioethics knowledge. In terms of academic integrity, medical students were found to have a less concerned attitude towards punctuality, attendance, and skipping classes. Regarding moral sensitivity, senior medical students with clinical experience put less emphasis on decision-making involving patient participation, while senior nursing students were more hesitant in withholding treatment for incompetent patients who refused treatment. Both nursing and medical students showed decreased moral sensitivity in the 'conflicts' domain with increased clinical exposure., Conclusion: Study findings contribute to the discussion comparing the ethical attitudes of nursing and medical students. More effort should be made in nursing and medical education to promote practices in line with high academic integrity and to develop the ability to be morally sensitive in professional settings., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

N-doped defective nanocarbon (N-DNC) catalysts have been widely studied due to their exceptional catalytic activity in many applications, but the O 3 activation mechanism in catalytic ozonation of N-DNCs has yet to be established. In this study, we systematically mapped out the detailed reaction pathways of O 3 activation on 10 potential active sites of 8 representative configurations of N-DNCs, including the pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, N on edge, and porphyrinic N, based on the results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The DFT results indicate that O 3 decomposes into an adsorbed atomic oxygen species (O ads ) and an 3 O 2 on the active sites. The atomic charge and spin population on the O ads species indicate that it may not only act as an initiator for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also directly attack the organics on the pyrrolic N. On the N site and C site of the N 4 V 2 system (quadri-pyridinic N with two vacancies) and the pyridinic N site at edge, O 3 could be activated into 1 O 2 in addition to 3 O 2 . The N 4 V 2 system was predicted to have the best activity among the N-DNCs studied. Based on the DFT results, machine learning models were utilized to correlate the O 3 activation activity with the local and global properties of the catalyst surfaces. Among the models, XGBoost performed the best, with the condensed dual descriptor being the most important feature.

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are widely used as efficient technologies to treat highly toxic and harmful substances in wastewater. Taking the most representative aromatic compounds (monosubstituted benzenes, substituted phenols and heterocyclic compounds) as examples, this paper firstly introduces their structures and the structural descriptors studied in AOPs before, and the influence of structural differences in AOPs with different reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the degradation rate was discussed in detail. The structure-activity relationship of pollutants has been previously analyzed through quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model, in which ROS is a very important influencing factor. When electrophilic oxidative species attacks pollutants, aromatic compounds with electron donating groups are more favorable for degradation than aromatic compounds with electron donating groups. While nucleophilic oxidative species comes to the opposite conclusion. The choice of advanced oxidation processes, the synergistic effect of various active oxygen species and the used catalysts will also change the degradation mechanism. This makes the structure-dependent activity relationship uncertain, and different conclusions are obtained under the influence of various experimental factors., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Morphine is usually preferred to treat moderate or severe pain for late-stage cancer patients. However, medically unindicated or excessive morphine use may result in respiratory depression and death. This essay contends that a clear distinction between relieving pain and performing active euthanasia in the use of morphine should be made in practice. By drawing on Confucian virtue resources, we construct a Confucian conception of human dignity, including both intrinsic and acquired dignity, to analyze the circumstances of morphine use in current China. We argue that not only the Confucian view of intrinsic dignity but also that of acquired dignity would not support morphine euthanasia., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)