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Hemolytic anemia is a rare and unique complication of alectinib, not observed with other anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors. Here, we present a case of an ALK fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient who developed liver failure due to diffuse liver metastasis at initial diagnosis. Treatment was initiated with low-dose alectinib, but the patient developed severe hemolytic anemia. Switching to lorlatinib allowed for the continuation of ALK inhibitor therapy and successful tumor reduction. ALK inhibitors are crucial for ALK fusion-positive NSCLC patients. Managing severe side effects by switching medications is essential to maintain effective therapy. In this case, lorlatinib effectively controlled the tumor and improved the patient's liver function and performance status. This case highlights the importance of adapting treatment strategies to manage adverse effects while ensuring the continued use of ALK inhibitors for optimal patient outcomes., (© 2024 The Author(s). Thoracic Cancer published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Single-atom catalysts have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional atom utilization and unique properties. However, the practical application of these catalysts is often impeded by challenges such as sintering-induced instability and poisoning of isolated atoms due to strong gas adsorption. In this study, we employed the mechanochemical method to insert single Cu atoms into the subsurface of Fe 2 O 3 support. By manipulating the location of single atoms at the surface or subsurface, catalysts with distinct adsorption properties and reaction mechanisms can be achieved. It was observed that the subsurface Cu single atoms in Fe 2 O 3 remained isolated under both oxidation and reduction environments, whereas surface Cu single atoms on Fe 2 O 3 experienced sintering under reduction conditions. The unique properties of these subsurface single-atom catalysts call for innovations and new understandings in catalyst design., (© 2024 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Theoretical modeling of the solid-state photocatalysis is one of the important issues as various useful photocatalysts have been developed to date. In this work, we investigated the mechanism of the alcohol photooxidation on niobium oxide (Nb 2 O 5 ) which was experimentally developed, using the density functional theory (DFT)/time-dependent (TD)DFT calculations based on the cluster model. The alcohol adsorption and the first hydrogen transfer from hydroxy group to surface occur in the ground state, while the second hydrogen transfer from CH proceeds in the excited states during the photoirradiation of UV or visible light. The spin crossing was identified and the low-lying triplet states were solved for the reaction pathway. The photoabsorption in the visible light region was characterized as the charge transfer transition from O 2p of alcohol to Nb 4d of the Nb 2 O 5 surface. The spin density and the natural population analysis indicated the generation of spin density in the moiety of carbonyl compound and its dissipation to the interface of the surface, which partly explains the electron paramagnetic resonance measurement. It was confirmed that the rate determining step is the desorption of carbonyl compound and water molecule in agreement with the experimental rate equation analysis. The present findings with the theoretical modeling will provide useful information for the further studies of the solid-state photocatalysis., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Computational Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The selective catalytic oxidation of NH 3 (NH 3 -SCO) to N 2 is an important reaction for the treatment of diesel engine exhaust. Co 3 O 4 has the highest activity among non-noble metals but suffers from N 2 O release. Such N 2 O emissions have recently been regulated due to having a 300× higher greenhouse gas effect than CO 2 . Here, we design CuO-supported Co 3 O 4 as a cascade catalyst for the selective oxidation of NH 3 to N 2 . The NH 3 -SCO reaction on CuO-Co 3 O 4 follows a de-N 2 O pathway. Co 3 O 4 activates gaseous oxygen to form N 2 O. The high redox property of the CuO-Co 3 O 4 interface promotes the breaking of the N-O bond in N 2 O to form N 2 . The addition of CuO-Co 3 O 4 to the Pt-Al 2 O 3 catalyst reduces the full NH 3 conversion temperature by 50 K and improves the N 2 selectivity by 20%. These findings provide a promising strategy for reducing N 2 O emissions and will contribute to the rational design and development of non-noble metal catalysts., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Our previous study showed that a rhodium (Rh) cocatalyst is indispensable for ring hydrogenation of benzoic acid over a titanium(IV) oxide (TiO 2 ) photocatalyst. In this study, we explored ring hydrogenation under an Rh-free condition by using two kinds of cocatalyst that were inactive for this reaction when used solely. Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid as the ring hydrogenation product was successfully obtained when ruthenium (Ru) and palladium (Pd) were simultaneously loaded on TiO 2 , indicating that this bimetallic system can be used in place of an Rh cocatalyst in ring hydrogenation. The state and distribution of Ru and Pd in particles loaded on TiO 2 were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photon spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis. The functions of Ru and Pd as cocatalysts are discussed on the basis of results of characterization and activity tests. The effects of different contents of Ru and Pd in Ru-Pd/TiO 2 prepared by a two-step photodeposition method on catalytic activity and the features of the reaction system were investigated in detail.

Determination of a reaction pathway is an important issue for the optimization of reactions. However, reactions in solid-state compounds have remained poorly understood because of their complexity and technical limitations. Here, using state-of-the-art high-speed time-resolved synchrotron X-ray techniques, the topochemical solid-gas reduction mechanisms in layered perovskite Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7- δ (from δ ∼ 0.4 to δ = 1.0), which is promising for an environmental catalyst material is revealed. Pristine Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7- δ shows a gradual single-phase structural evolution during reduction, indicating that the reaction continuously proceeds through thermodynamically stable phases. In contrast, a nonequilibrium dynamically-disordered phase emerges a few seconds before a first-order transition during the reduction of a Pd-loaded sample. This drastic change in the reaction pathway can be explained by a change in the rate-determining step. The synchrotron X-ray technique can be applied to various solid-gas reactions and provides an opportunity for gaining a better understanding and optimizing reactions in solid-state compounds., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Introduction: Durvalumab maintenance therapy after definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is the standard treatment modality for stage III NSCLC. Although severe treatment-related lymphopenia (TRL) during CRT may impair the efficacy of subsequent durvalumab therapy, data on the effect of TRL recovery on consolidation durvalumab therapy are lacking., Methods: This retrospective study evaluated patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC treated with durvalumab after concurrent CRT. The patients were enrolled across nine institutes throughout Japan between August 2018 and March 2020. The effect of TRL recovery on survival was evaluated. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of their lymphocyte recovery status: the recovery group involved patients who did not experience severe TRL or experienced TRL but exhibited lymphocyte count recovery at durvalumab initiation, and the nonrecovery group involved patients who experienced severe TRL and did not exhibit lymphocyte count recovery on durvalumab initiation., Results: Among the 151 patients evaluated, 41 (27%) and 110 (73%) patients were classified into the recovery and the nonrecovery groups, respectively. The nonrecovery group had significantly worse progression-free survival than the recovery group (21.9 mo versus not reached, p  = 0.018). Recovery from TRL ( p  = 0.027) and high pre-CRT lymphocyte count ( p  = 0.028) independently influenced progression-free survival., Conclusions: Baseline lymphocyte count and recovery from TRL at the start of durvalumab therapy were predictive factors for survival outcomes in patients with NSCLC treated with durvalumab consolidation after concurrent CRT., (© 2023 The Authors.)

An environmental catalyst in which a transition metal (Mn, Fe, or Co) was substituted into the Ti site of the host material, SrTiO 3 , was synthesized, and the reactivity of lattice oxygen was evaluated. For CO oxidation, Mn- and Co-doped SrTiO 3 catalysts, which provided high thermal stabilities, exhibited higher activities than Pt/Al 2 O 3 catalysts despite their low surface areas. Temperature-programmed reduction experiments using X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements showed that the lattice oxygen of Co-doped catalyst was released at the lowest temperature. Isotopic experiments with CO and 18 O 2 revealed that the lattice oxygen was involved in CO oxidation on Fe- and Co-doped catalysts; that is, CO oxidation on these catalysts proceeded via the Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. On the other hand, for Mn-doped catalyst, the contribution of lattice oxygen to CO oxidation was relatively negligible, indicating that the reaction proceeded according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. This paper clearly demonstrates that the catalytic mechanism can be adjusted by substituting transition metals into SrTiO 3 .

Hydrogen spillover is a phenomenon in which hydrogen atoms generated on metal catalysts diffuse onto catalyst supports. This phenomenon offers reaction routes for functional materials. However, due to difficulties in visualizing hydrogen, the fundamental nature of the phenomenon, such as how far hydrogen diffuses, has not been well understood. Here, in this study, we fabricated catalytic model systems based on Pd-loaded SrFeO x ( x ∼ 2.8) epitaxial films and investigated hydrogen spillover. We show that hydrogen spillover on the SrFeO x support extends over long distances (∼600 μm). Furthermore, the hydrogen-spillover-induced reduction of Fe 4+ in the support yields large energies (as large as 200 kJ/mol), leading to the spontaneous hydrogen transfer and driving the surprisingly ultralong hydrogen diffusion. These results show that the valence changes in the supports' surfaces are the primary factor determining the hydrogen spillover distance. Our study leads to a deeper understanding of the long-debated issue of hydrogen spillover and provides insight into designing catalyst systems with enhanced properties.

Surface oxidation chemistry involves the formation and breaking of metal-oxygen (M-O) bonds. Ideally, the M-O bonding strength determines the rate of oxygen absorption and dissociation. Here, we design reactive bridging O 2- species within the atomic Cu-O-Fe site to accelerate such oxidation chemistry. Using in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the O K-edge and density functional theory calculations, it is found that such bridging O 2- has a lower antibonding orbital energy and thus weaker Cu-O/Fe-O strength. In selective NH 3 oxidation, the weak Cu-O/Fe-O bond enables fast Cu redox for NH 3 conversion and direct NO adsorption via Cu-O-NO to promote N-N coupling toward N 2 . As a result, 99% N 2 selectivity at 100% conversion is achieved at 573 K, exceeding most of the reported results. This result suggests the importance to design, determine, and utilize the unique features of bridging O 2- in catalysis., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Relationship between the local structures of middle lanthanoid elements (Ln; Eu, Gd, Tb, and Dy) in their complex oxides and the characteristic features of the L 1 -edge and L 3 -edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) was investigated. There was a significant correlation between the pre-edge peak areas of the Ln L 1 -edge or the full widths at half maximum of the white line of the Ln L 3 -edge XANES spectra and the abstract physical indexes defined by bond angles formed by the middle Ln elements and the two adjacent oxygen atoms, which act as indicators of local configurational disorder of the target element. Theoretical simulation based on multiple scattering theory revealed that the pre-edge peak in the Ln L 1 -edge XANES spectra originates due to the p-d hybridization that occurs above the Fermi energy. This systematic survey demonstrated a universal method to estimate the local structure of the middle Ln elements by means of XANES spectroscopy.

Pt-based catalysts are commonly employed as NO x -trapping catalysts for automobiles, while perovskite oxides have received attention as Pt-free NO x -trapping catalysts. However, the NO x storage performance of perovskite catalysts is significantly inferior at low temperatures and with coexisting gases such as H 2 O, CO 2 , and SO 2 . This study demonstrates that NO x storage reactions proceed over redox site (Mn, Fe, and Co)-doped SrTiO 3 perovskites. Among the examined catalysts, Mn-doped SrTiO 3 exhibited the highest NO x storage capacity (NSC) and showed a high NSC even at a low temperature of 323 K. Moreover, the high NO x storage performance of Mn-doped SrTiO 3 was retained in the presence of poisoning gases (H 2 O, CO 2 , and SO 2 ). NO oxidation experiments revealed that the NSC of Co-doped SrTiO 3 was dependent on the NO oxidation activity from NO to NO 2 via lattice oxygen, which resulted in an inferior NSC at low temperatures. On the other hand, Mn-doped SrTiO 3 successfully adsorbed NO molecules onto its surface at 323 K without the NO oxidation process using lattice oxygens. This unique adsorption behavior of Mn-doped SrTiO 3 was concluded to be responsible for the high NSC in the presence of poisoning gases.

We evaluated the catalytic performance of the Rh-Fe/Al 2 O 3 catalyst during a three-way catalytic reaction and found, by chance, that a part of Fe species was dissolved into the γ-Al 2 O 3 support and worked as an oxygen storage material, which adjusts the oxygen concentration around the catalytically active sites to a suitable level for three-way catalysis. In this study, we demonstrated that the Fe-doped γ-Al 2 O 3 can reversibly store and release oxygen by the redox of Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ at the tetrahedral (T d ) site of the spinel structure without its structure deformation. The finding that a spinel-structured metal oxide, Fe-doped γ-Al 2 O 3 , could work as an oxygen storage material suggested a new opportunity for the development of oxygen storage materials without rare metals.

Loading Ag and Co dual cocatalysts on Al-doped SrTiO 3 (AgCo/Al-SrTiO 3 ) led to a significantly improved CO-formation rate and extremely high selectivity toward CO evolution (99.8%) using H 2 O as an electron donor when irradiated with light at wavelengths above 300 nm. Furthermore, the CO-formation rate over AgCo/Al-SrTiO 3 (52.7 μmol h -1 ) was a dozen times higher than that over Ag/Al-SrTiO 3 (4.7 μmol h -1 ). The apparent quantum efficiency for CO evolution over AgCo/Al-SrTiO 3 was about 0.03% when photoirradiated at a wavelength at 365 nm, with a CO-evolution selectivity of 98.6% (7.4 μmol h -1 ). The Ag and Co cocatalysts were found to function as reduction and oxidation sites for promoting the generation of CO and O 2 , respectively, on the Al-SrTiO 3 surface., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

The Ruddlesden-Popper (RP)-type layered perovskite is a candidate material for a new nitrogen oxide (NO x ) storage catalyst. Here, we investigate the adsorption and oxidation of NO x on the (001) surfaces of RP-type oxide Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7-δ for all of the terminations by comparing to those of simple perovskite SrFeO 3-δ by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The possible (001) cleavages of Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7 generate two FeO 2 - and three SrO-terminated surfaces, and the calculated surface energies indicated that the SrO-terminated surface generated by the cleavage at the rock salt layer is the most stable one. The oxygen of the FeO 2 -terminated surfaces could be removed with significantly low energy because the process involves the favorable reduction of the Fe 4+ site. Consequently, the surface oxygen at the FeO 2 site could easily oxidize adsorbed NO to NO 2 by the Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. The resulting oxygen vacancy in the surface would be filled easily with lattice oxygen in bulk. The oxidation of NO with adsorbed molecular O 2 was unfavorable by both the Langmuir-Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal mechanisms because this process does not involve the reduction of the Fe 4+ site. The oxygen of the SrO-terminated surfaces was tightly bound and acted as the adsorption site of NO and NO 2 . An electron transfer strengthened the NO x binding to the surface by forming nitrite (NO 2 - ) or nitrate (NO 3 - ) species. The DFT calculations revealed that the RP-type structure promoted NO x oxidation and storage properties by forming active oxygen due to the Jahn-Teller distortion and by exposing SrO-terminated surfaces due to the cleavage at the rock salt layer.

The role of catalyst support and regioselectivity of molecular adsorption on a metal oxide surface is investigated for NO reduction on a Cu/γ-alumina heterogeneous catalyst. For the solid surface, computational models of the γ-alumina surface are constructed based on the Step-by-Step Hydrogen Termination (SSHT) approach. Dangling bonds, which appear upon cutting the crystal structure of a model, are terminated stepwise with H atoms until the model has an appropriate energy gap. The obtained SSHT models reflect the realistic infrared (IR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) spectra. Vibronic coupling density (VCD), as a reactivity index, is employed to elucidate the regioselectivity of Cu adsorption on γ-alumina and that of NO adsorption on Cu/γ-alumina in place of the frontier orbital theory that could not provide clear results. We discovered that the highly dispersed Cu atoms are loaded on Lewis-basic O atoms, which is known as the anchoring effect, located in the tetrahedral sites of the γ-alumina surface. The role of the γ-alumina support is to raise the frontier orbital of the Cu catalyst, which in turn gives rise to the electron back-donation from Cu/γ-alumina to NO. In addition, the penetration of the VCD distribution of Cu/γ-alumina into the γ-alumina support indicates that the excessive reaction energy dissipates into the support after NO adsorption and reduction. In other words, the support plays the role of a heat bath. The NO reduction on Cu/γ-alumina proceeds even in an oxidative atmosphere because the Cu-NO bond is strong compared to the Cu-O2 bond.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported to induce persistent symptoms even after an acute phase. However, the pathophysiology and treatment of this condition have been unclear. We report two patients who recovered from COVID-19, but presented persistent respiratory symptoms. Their respiratory conditions deteriorated, and computed tomography showed remaining ground glass opacities and consolidations. The pathological findings of transbronchial lung biopsy corresponded to organizing pneumonia. We diagnosed them with secondary organizing pneumonia after COVID-19. Subsequently, we administered systemic corticosteroids. Their symptoms, oxygenations, radiologic findings, and pulmonary functions rapidly improved after the treatment of corticosteroids. The two cases showed that secondary organizing pneumonia may be a cause of persistent respiratory failure after COVID-19. In this condition, corticosteroids may be effective., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

It is important to understand the reduction processes of mixed metal oxides or metal oxide interfaces in three-way catalytic reactions toward replacing the currently used high-cost Pt group metal catalysts. The redox behavior of simple Ni-Cu alloy catalysts, which exhibit high catalytic activity and durability during a three-way catalytic reaction, was studied by operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The operando XAS analyses revealed that Ni-Cu species changed from the NiO-Cu 2 O to Ni-Cu alloy and vice versa under reductive and oxidative conditions, respectively. The real-time monitoring of the oxidation states of Ni and Cu species indicated that the Cu species assisted the reduction of Ni species, in agreement with the density functional theory-based study of NiO reduction by carbon monoxide in the presence of metallic Cu nanoparticles.

Improvement of the low-temperature activity for NO oxidation catalysts is a crucial issue to improve the NO x storage performance in automotive catalysts. We have recently reported that the lattice oxygen species in SrFeO 3-δ (SFO) are reactive in the oxidation of NO to NO 2 at low temperatures. The oxidation of NO using lattice oxygen species is a powerful means to oxidize NO in such kinetically restricted temperature regions. This paper shows that Fe-site substitution of SFO with Mn or Co improves the properties of lattice oxygen such as the temperature and amount of oxygen release/storage, resulting in the enhancement of the activity for NO oxidation in a low-temperature range. In particular, NO oxidation on SrFe 0.8 Mn 0.2 O 3-δ is found to proceed even at extremely low temperatures <423 K. From oxygen release/storage profiles obtained by temperature-programmed reactions, Co doping into SFO increases the amount of released oxygen owing to the reducibility of the Co species and promotes the phase transformation to the brownmillerite phase. On the other hand, Mn doping does not increase the oxygen release amount and suppresses the phase transformation. However, it significantly decreases the oxygen migration barrier of SFO. Substitution with Mn renders the structure of SFO more robust and maintains the perovskite structure after the release of oxygen. Thus, the oxygen release properties are strongly dependent on the crystal structure change before and after oxygen release from the perovskite structure, which has a significant effect on NO oxidation and the NO x storage performance.

A CO 2 -mediated hydrogen storage energy cycle is a promising way to implement a hydrogen economy, but the exploration of efficient catalysts to achieve this process remains challenging. Herein, sub-nanometer Pd-Mn clusters were encaged within silicalite-1 (S-1) zeolites by a ligand-protected method under direct hydrothermal conditions. The obtained zeolite-encaged metallic nanocatalysts exhibited extraordinary catalytic activity and durability in both CO 2 hydrogenation into formate and formic acid (FA) dehydrogenation back to CO 2 and hydrogen. Thanks to the formation of ultrasmall metal clusters and the synergic effect of bimetallic components, the PdMn 0.6 @S-1 catalyst afforded a formate generation rate of 2151 mol formate  mol Pd -1  h -1 at 353 K, and an initial turnover frequency of 6860 mol H 2  mol Pd -1  h -1 for CO-free FA decomposition at 333 K without any additive. Both values represent the top levels among state-of-the-art heterogeneous catalysts under similar conditions. This work demonstrates that zeolite-encaged metallic catalysts hold great promise to realize CO 2 -mediated hydrogen energy cycles in the future that feature fast charge and release kinetics., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Artificial photosynthesis is a desirable critical technology for the conversion of CO 2 and H 2 O, which are abundant raw materials, into fuels and chemical feedstocks. Similar to plant photosynthesis, artificial photosynthesis can produce CO, CH 3 OH, CH 4 , and preferably higher hydrocarbons from CO 2 using H 2 O as an electron donor and solar light. At present, only insufficient amounts of CO 2 -reduction products such as CO, CH 3 OH, and CH 4 have been obtained using such a photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical conversion process. Here, we demonstrate that photocatalytic CO 2 conversion with a Ag@Cr-decorated mixture of CaGa 4 O 7 -loaded Ga 2 O 3 and the CaO photocatalyst leads to a satisfactory CO formation rate (>835 µmol h -1 ) and excellent selectivity toward CO evolution (95%), with O 2 as the stoichiometric oxidation product of H 2 O. Our photocatalytic system can convert CO 2 gas into CO at >1% CO 2 conversion (>11531 ppm CO) at ambient temperatures and pressures., (© 2020. The Author(s).)

Imparting an enhanced CO 2 reduction selectivity to ZnGa 2 O 4 photocatalysts has been demonstrated by controlled crystallization from interdispersed nanoparticles of zinc and gallium hydroxides. The hydroxide precursor in which Zn(ii) and Ga(iii) are homogeneously interdispersed was prepared through an epoxide-driven sol-gel reaction. ZnGa 2 O 4 obtained by a heat-treatment exhibits a higher surface basicity and an enhanced affinity for CO 2 molecules than previously-reported standard ZnGa 2 O 4 . The enhanced affinity for CO 2 molecules of the resultant ZnGa 2 O 4 leads to highly-selective CO evolution in CO 2 photo-reduction with H 2 O reductants. The present scheme is promising to achieve desirable surface chemistry on metal oxide photocatalysts., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Background: This study aimed to investigate the association of computed tomography (CT)-assessed sarcopenia and visceral adiposity with efficacy and prognosis of immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy for pretreated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)., Methods: We retrospectively collected 74 patients with pretreated NSCLC who had initiated programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor monotherapy between December 2015 and November 2018 at our hospital. As CT-assessed pretreatment markers, we used psoas muscle index (PMI), intramuscular adipose tissue content (IMAC), visceral-to-subcutaneous ratio (VSR) and visceral fat area (VFA) at lumbar vertebra L3 level. We divided 74 patients into high and low groups according to each Japanese sex-specific cut-off value. Using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests, we compared overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Adjusted by serum albumin, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, performance status and driver mutations, multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses evaluated various variables as independent prognostic factors of OS and PFS., Results: We could not find significant difference in response rate (RR) and disease control rate (DCR) between low and high groups according to any factors. The OS of patients with body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 was significantly shorter than that of patients with BMI ≥ 18.5 (median 3.3 vs. 15.8 months, P < 0.01), while there was no significant difference in OS and PFS according to PMI, IMAC, VSR and VFA. Multivariate analyses detected no significant prognostic factor in OS and PFS, except for low IMAC (hazard ratio 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0.18 - 0.998, P = 0.0496) as a favorable prognostic factor of longer OS., Conclusions: Neither PMI nor VSR, VFA might be a significant prognostic factor of PFS and OS of ICI monotherapy for pretreated NSCLC. According to our multivariate analyses, IMAC was a significant prognostic factor of OS, but not of PFS. Thus, neither sarcopenia nor visceral adiposity may be associated with the efficacy of ICI therapy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright 2020, Minami et al.)

Sr 1.6 K 0.37 Na 1.43 Ta 5 O 15 , which belongs to the Na-substituted Sr 2 KTa 5 O 15 series of compounds with a tetragonal tungsten bronze structure, was fabricated using a flux mixture of KCl and NaCl (KCl/NaCl molar ratio = 55:45). It exhibited higher CO formation rate (94.6 μmol h -1 ), better selectivity for CO evolution (85.5%), and better stability of the photocatalytic activity than those of bare Sr 2 KTa 5 O 15 and other Na-substituted Sr 2 KTa 5 O 15 samples synthesized from flux mixtures with different KCl/NaCl ratios. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies revealed that the surface atomic Sr/Ta ratio of Sr 1.6 K 0.37 Na 1.43 Ta 5 O 15 was larger than that of Sr 2 KTa 5 O 15 . To clarify the factor responsible for the improvement in the photocatalytic activity facilitated by Na substitution, as well as to elucidate the reaction mechanism, the surface species were characterized by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was observed that the bicarbonate species (HCO 3 - ) adsorbed on the active Sr sites of Sr 1.6 K 0.37 Na 1.43 Ta 5 O 15 was reduced to CO via the formate species during photoirradiation. The plot of the CO formation rate vs. the surface atomic Sr/Ta ratio for tetragonal tungsten bronze-type Sr-K-Ta-O complex oxides had the summit, indicating that Sr atoms on the surface enhance the photocatalytic activity, while an excessive amount of Sr on the surface leads to the decrease in the photocatalytic activity. Hence, it can be concluded that while the presence of Sr on the surface has a determining effect on the adsorption of CO 2 and eventually on the photocatalytic activity, excess Sr on the surface that exists as SrCO 3 or Sr 2 Ta 2 O 7 suppresses the photocatalytic activity. Thus, Sr 1.6 K 0.37 Na 1.43 Ta 5 O 15 showed higher CO formation rate than Sr 2 KTa 5 O 15 did.

Ni-Cu alloy supported on γ-Al2O3 catalysts prepared by high-temperature hydrogen reduction exhibit high catalytic activity and durability for a three-way catalytic reaction under both oxidative and reductive conditions because of their self-regenerating feature. DFT calculations showed that Ni-oxide was reduced to Ni metal by CO in the presence of Cu metal because of the Ni-Cu alloy effect but was not in the absence of Cu metal.

The development of NO x -trapping catalysts for automobiles is highly desired to meet the current strict exhaust emission regulations. This study demonstrates that NO x oxidation and storage reactions proceed over Pt-free Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7-δ with a Ruddlesden-Popper-type layered perovskite structure. Two types of Sr-Fe perovskite with oxygen storage capacity, namely, SrFeO 3-δ and Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7-δ , are studied as NO x -trapping catalysts. Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7-δ shows higher NO x storage capacity than SrFeO 3-δ ; its activity is comparable to that of Pt/Ba/Al 2 O 3 calcined at 1273 K. NO x temperature-programmed desorption and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform experiments confirm the superior NO x -trapping ability of Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7-δ over SrFeO 3-δ . In addition, NO temperature-programmed reactions and O 2 temperature-programmed desorption experiments reveal that these catalysts operate through a novel NO oxidation mechanism involving the consumption of their lattice oxygens and topotactic structural changes at a temperature of around 350-400 K. The reduction performance of trapped NO x on Pd-modified Sr-Fe perovskites is investigated by lean-rich cycle experiments using H 2 as the reductant. Pd/Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7-δ shows significantly high NO x removal efficiency over the entirety of each lean-rich period. Modifying Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7-δ with Pd is also effective for NO x storage in the presence of H 2 O and CO 2 and the regeneration of the catalyst following SO x sorption. Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7-δ , with both NO x adsorption and NO oxidation capabilities, acts as a Pt-free NO x -trapping catalyst, exhibiting both high NO x storage capacity and high thermal tolerance.

This paper describes a systematic study of the spectra and local structures of lanthanide (Ln) L-edge XANES. We found that Ln L 1 and L 3 -edge XANES spectra exhibit characteristic features correlated to their local symmetry through experimental and theoretical simulations. We also propose a simple local structure index criterion for a combination of XANES study and theoretical simulation. Possible solutions of intrinsic problems such as low resolution of characteristic features in the Ln L-edge XANES and site distributions are also discussed., (© 2019 The Chemical Society of Japan & Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Dr. Katsutoshi Sato and Prof. Dr. Katsutoshi Nagaoka (Kyoto University) and collaborators at Oita and Kyushu Universities. The cover picture shows the proposed mechanism for automotive exhaust purification over a Pt-Co alloy nanoparticle catalyst with an extremely low Pt/Co molar ratio. In the catalyst, the isolated electron-rich Pt atoms are present on the surface of the nanoparticles and play an important role in NO x capture and activation, which are important elementary steps in exhaust purification. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.201800542., (© 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

There is interest in minimizing or eliminating the use of Pt in catalysts by replacing it with more widely abundant and cost-effective elements. The alloying of Pt with non-noble metals is a potential strategy for reducing Pt use because interactions between Pt and non-noble metals can modify the catalyst structure and electronic properties. Here, a γ-Al 2 O 3 -supported bimetallic catalyst [Pt(0.1)Co(1)/Al 2 O 3 ] was prepared which contained 0.1 wt % Pt and 1 wt % Co and thus featured an extremely low Pt : Co ratio (<1 : 30 mol/mol). The Pt and Co in this catalyst formed alloy nanoparticles in which isolated electron-rich Pt atoms were present on the nanoparticle surface. The activity of this Pt(0.1)Co(1)/Al 2 O 3 catalyst for the purification of automotive exhaust was comparable to the activities of 0.3 and 0.5 wt % Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalysts. Electron-rich Pt and metallic Co promoted activation of NO x and oxidization of CO and hydrocarbons, respectively. This strategy of tuning the surrounding structure and electronic state of a noble metal by alloying it with an excess of a non-noble metal will enable reduced noble metal use in catalysts for exhaust purification and other environmentally important reactions., (© 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Single-atom catalysts have recently been applied in many applications such as CO oxidation. Experimental in situ investigations into this reaction, however, are limited. Hereby, we present a suite of operando/in situ spectroscopic experiments for structurally well-defined atomically dispersed Rh on phosphotungstic acid during CO oxidation. The identification of several key intermediates and the steady-state catalyst structure indicate that the reactions follow an unconventional Mars-van Krevelen mechanism and that the activation of O 2 is rate-limiting. In situ XPS confirms the contribution of the heteropoly acid support while in situ DRIFT spectroscopy consolidates the oxidation state and CO adsorption of Rh. As such, direct observation of three key components, i.e., metal center, support and substrate, is achieved, providing a clearer picture on CO oxidation on atomically dispersed Rh sites. The obtained information are used to engineer structurally similar catalysts that exhibit T 20 values up to 130 °C below the previously reported Rh 1 /NPTA.

Uncommon epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations include G719S, T790M and S768I. T790M gatekeeper mutation is the most frequent mechanism of acquired drug resistance to first- and second-generation EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Osimertinib is a specific EGFR-TKI to overcome T790M resistance mutation. However, owing to a new drug and a rare mutation type, it remains unknown whether osimertinib is effective for acquired S768I. Herein, we reported a 76 year-old woman with pulmonary adenocarcinoma, which had acquired EGFR mutations of S768I and T790M in addition to original G719S after long gefitinib treatment. These mutations were detected in biopsy specimen of liver metastases. During two months of osimertinib, multiple liver metastases progressively enlarged. This case suggested that acquired S768I mutation might be resistant to osimeritinib, despite of co-occurrence of T790M., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2019 by The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Nivolumab has become the standard second-line chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. A 73-year-old man with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer received 6 cycles of chemotherapy with nab-paclitaxel/carboplatin/bevacizumab followed by 11 cycles of nab-paclitaxel/bevacizumab; however, treatment was stopped due to pneumothorax. One year after therapy started, a nodule appeared in the left upper lung and increased in size. Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense disease was diagnosed by a sputum analysis. After short antibiotic treatment, nivolumab was administered. Two months after nivolumab treatment, the nodule improved along with a good tumour response. The effectiveness of nivolumab for chronic infectious diseases, such as M. abscessus disease, should be investigated.

Replacing rare and expensive elements, such as Pt, Pd, and Rh, commonly used in catalytic devices with more abundant and less expensive ones is mandatory to realize efficient, sustainable and economically appealing three-way catalysts. In this context, the surface of a Cr-Cu/CeO2 system represents a versatile catalyst for the conversion of toxic NO into harmless N2. Yet, a clear picture of the underlying mechanism is still missing. We provide here a detailed insight into such a reaction mechanism by means of a combined experimental and theoretical study. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is used to detect all the products resulting from catalytic reactions of NO and CO on the surface of a Cr-Cu/CeO2 nanocatalyst. CO pulsing experiments unveil that reactions of CO with O atoms at the Cr-Cu/CeO2 surface are the major factors responsible for the formation of surface vacancies. On these grounds, a comprehensive picture of the NO reduction and the role of both Cu and Cr dopants and vacancies is rationalized by first-principles modeling. Our findings provide a general route for the realization of ceria-based cost-effective catalysts.

The associative interaction between resin-bound polybrominated arenes and small molecules was analyzed by using various spectroscopic techniques as well as a synthetic molecular model to establish the thermodynamics. The binding in acetonitrile was three orders of magnitude stronger than that in methanol, partly owing to the tertiary conformational gating of the resin that controls the entropic terms. By using the entropic superiority, the associative binding of up to 3×10 4  m -1 is achieved with the non-biological system. A modified Hill plot for the quantitative analysis of bindings was also devised, which enabled the interactions at the molecular level to be elucidated., (© 2018 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.)

Correction for 'Necessary and sufficient conditions for the successful three-phase photocatalytic reduction of CO2 by H2O over heterogeneous photocatalysts' by Kentaro Teramura et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2018, 20, 8423-8431.

Environmental catalysts are required to operate highly efficiently under severe conditions in which they are exposed to reductive and oxidative atmospheres at high temperatures. This study demonstrates that SrFe 1- x Ti x O 3-δ -supported Pd catalysts exhibit high catalytic activities for NO reduction with C 3 H 6 and CO in the presence of O 2 , which is a model reaction for the purification of automotive exhaust gases. Catalytic activity is enhanced with increasing Ti content, and the highest activity is observed for Pd/SrFe 0.2 Ti 0.8 O 3-δ among the examined catalysts. The state of the loaded Pd species can be controlled by the Fe/(Fe + Ti) ratio in SrFe 1- x Ti x O 3-δ , and highly active PdO nanoparticles are properly anchored on SrFe 0.2 Ti 0.8 O 3-δ . The Ti-rich Pd/SrFe 0.2 Ti 0.8 O 3-δ shows significantly higher catalytic activity and is more thermally stable than the conventional Pd/Al 2 O 3 , which has a high surface area. Since Fe-rich SrFe 1- x Ti x O 3-δ has the high oxygen storage capacity, its response capabilities to atmospheric fluctuations were evaluated by changing the oxygen concentration during NO reduction. As a result, Fe-rich Pd/SrFe 0.8 Ti 0.2 O 3-δ retains its high NO-reduction activity for longer times even under oxidative conditions, when compared to SrFeO 3-δ or Ti-rich Pd/SrFe 1- x Ti x O 3-δ . The oxygen storage properties of Pd/SrFe 0.8 Ti 0.2 O 3-δ allow it to effectively act as an oxygen buffer for NO reduction. These properties ensure that the SrFe 1- x Ti x O 3-δ support, with both high thermal stability and oxygen storage capacity, is a very useful environmental-catalyst material.

Amino acids are the building blocks for protein biosynthesis and find use in myriad industrial applications including in food for humans, in animal feed, and as precursors for bio-based plastics, among others. However, the development of efficient chemical methods to convert abundant and renewable feedstocks into amino acids has been largely unsuccessful to date. To that end, here we report a heterogeneous catalyst that directly transforms lignocellulosic biomass-derived α-hydroxyl acids into α-amino acids, including alanine, leucine, valine, aspartic acid, and phenylalanine in high yields. The reaction follows a dehydrogenation-reductive amination pathway, with dehydrogenation as the rate-determining step. Ruthenium nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes (Ru/CNT) exhibit exceptional efficiency compared with catalysts based on other metals, due to the unique, reversible enhancement effect of NH 3 on Ru in dehydrogenation. Based on the catalytic system, a two-step chemical process was designed to convert glucose into alanine in 43% yield, comparable with the well-established microbial cultivation process, and therefore, the present strategy enables a route for the production of amino acids from renewable feedstocks. Moreover, a conceptual process design employing membrane distillation to facilitate product purification is proposed and validated. Overall, this study offers a rapid and potentially more efficient chemical method to produce amino acids from woody biomass components., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2018 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.)

Artificial photosynthesis has recently drawn an increasing amount of attention due to the fact that it allows for direct solar-to-chemical energy conversion. However, one of the basic steps of this process, namely the reduction of CO2 by H2O to afford O2 and CO2 reduction products (CO2RPs) such as HCOOH, CO, HCHO, CH3OH, and CH4, is very difficult to achieve. In contrast to the CO2 reduction in plants and homogenous systems, the reduction of CO2 to CO2RPs over heterogeneous photocatalysts was challenged by the competing reduction of H+ to H2. Unfortunately, most of the research performed so far has focused only on the reduction of CO2, rather than the characterization of the H2O oxidation and H2 production. Moreover, the fact that the heterogeneous photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into CO2RPs by H2O should satisfy several selectivity criteria has often been ignored. Herein, we propose three such evaluation criteria, namely (1) the origin of carbon in CO2RPs (determined using isotopically labeled CO2 (13CO2)), (2) the relative amount of H2 and CO2RPs produced, and (3) the amount of O2 produced by the oxidation of H2O. If all these criteria are satisfied, i.e., the carbons of CO2RPs originate from CO2, the amount of H2 produced is negligible, and a stoichiometric amount of O2 is produced by the oxidation of H2O, then CO2 introduced into the gas phase is believed to be reduced by H2O to CO2RPs in the aqueous phase.

A core-shell structure of Ag-Cr dual cocatalyst loaded-Ga 2 O 3 was found to significantly enhance the formation rate of CO and selectivity toward CO evolution for the photocatalytic conversion of CO 2 where H 2 O is used as an electron donor.

The dynamic behavior of Rh species in 1 wt% Rh/Al 2 O 3 catalyst during the three-way catalytic reaction was examined using a micro gas chromatograph, a NO x meter, a quadrupole mass spectrometer, and time-resolved quick X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements at a public beamline for XAS, BL01B1 at SPring-8, operando. The combined data suggest different surface rearrangement behavior, random reduction processes, and autocatalytic oxidation processes of Rh species when the gas is switched from a reductive to an oxidative atmosphere and vice versa. This study demonstrates an implementation of a powerful operando XAS system for heterogeneous catalytic reactions and its importance for understanding the dynamic behavior of active metal species of catalysts.

Modification of the surface of Ga 2 O 3 with rare-earth elements enhanced the evolution of CO as a reduction product in the photocatalytic conversion of CO 2 using H 2 O as an electron donor under UV irradiation in aqueous NaHCO 3 as a pH buffer, with the rare-earth species functioning as a CO 2 capture and storage material. Isotope experiments using 13 CO 2 as a substrate clearly revealed that CO was generated from the introduced gaseous CO 2 . In the presence of the NaHCO 3 additive, the rare-earth (RE) species on the Ga 2 O 3 surface are transformed into carbonate hydrates (RE 2 (CO 3 ) 3 ·nH 2 O) and/or hydroxycarbonates (RE 2 (OH) 2(3-x) (CO 3 ) x ) which are decomposed upon photoirradiation. Consequently, Ag-loaded Yb-modified Ga 2 O 3 exhibits much higher activity (209 μmol h -1 of CO) than the pristine Ag-loaded Ga 2 O 3 . The further modification of the surface of the Yb-modified Ga 2 O 3 with Zn afforded a selectivity toward CO evolution of 80%. Thus, we successfully achieved an efficient Ag-loaded Yb- and Zn-modified Ga 2 O 3 photocatalyst with high activity and controllable selectivity, suitable for use in artificial photosynthesis.

The K and Sr cations (K + and Sr 2+ ) in a Sr 2 KTa 5 O 15 photocatalyst were found to be easily substituted by Na cations (Na + ) to form Sr x K y Na z Ta 5 O 15 by a facile one-pot flux method using a mixture of potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl). Sr x K y Na z Ta 5 O 15 fabricated using a mixture of KCl and NaCl with a Ag cocatalyst showed enhanced photocatalytic activity without apparent change in selectivity toward CO for the photocatalytic conversion of CO 2 using H 2 O. The present study demonstrates that the flux treatment significantly affected the phase, morphology, band gap, and surface Sr composition of the catalyst owing to the substitution of K + and Sr 2+ for Na + . The stability and durability of the catalyst were also enhanced as compared to those of the photocatalyst fabricated using only KCl flux due to more stable Ag on the surface of Sr x K y Na z Ta 5 O 15 ., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Ammonium bicarbonate (NH 4 HCO 3 ) was generated by the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into an aqueous solution of ammonia (NH 3 ). NH 4 HCO 3 was successfully used to achieve highly efficient photocatalytic conversion of CO 2 to carbon monoxide (CO). NH 3 and/or ammonium ions (NH 4 + ) derived from NH 4 HCO 3 in aqueous solution were decomposed into nitrogen (N 2 ) and hydrogen (H 2 ). Stoichiometric amounts of the N 2 oxidation product and the CO and H 2 reduction products were generated when the photocatalytic reaction was carried out in aqueous NH 4 HCO 3 solution. NH 3 and/or NH 4 + functioned as electron donors in the photocatalytic conversion of CO 2 to CO. A CO formation rate of 0.5 mmol h -1 was obtained using 500 mg of catalyst (approximately 7500 ppm) in ambient conditions (303 K, 101.3 kPa). Our results demonstrated that NH 4 HCO 3 is a novel inorganic sacrificial reagent, which can be used to increase the efficiency of photocatalytic CO production to achieve one step CO 2 capture, storage and conversion.

Single-atom metal catalysts offer a promising way to utilize precious noble metal elements more effectively, provided that they are catalytically active and sufficiently stable. Herein, we report a synthetic strategy for Pt single-atom catalysts with outstanding stability in several reactions under demanding conditions. The Pt atoms are firmly anchored in the internal surface of mesoporous Al 2 O 3 , likely stabilized by coordinatively unsaturated pentahedral Al 3+ centres. The catalyst keeps its structural integrity and excellent performance for the selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene after exposure to a reductive atmosphere at 200 °C for 24 h. Compared to commercial Pt nanoparticle catalyst on Al 2 O 3 and control samples, this system exhibits significantly enhanced stability and performance for n-hexane hydro-reforming at 550 °C for 48 h, although agglomeration of Pt single-atoms into clusters is observed after reaction. In CO oxidation, the Pt single-atom identity was fully maintained after 60 cycles between 100 and 400 °C over a one-month period.

Pt/SiO 2 reduced at 1073 K exhibited a high catalytic activity in propane dehydrogenation, primarily attributed to the electronic modification of Pt nanoparticles by a strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) effect. The SMSI was observed in the Pt/SiO 2 system following direct reduction in H 2 (>773 K), and was found to increase with increasing reduction temperature.

This study proves that a small amount of Pd loading (1 wt%) on Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7-δ can dramatically enhance the oxygen-storage properties of Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7-δ . The topotactic oxygen intake and release between Sr 3 Fe 2 O 6.75 and Sr 3 Fe 2 O 6 takes place in response to gas switching between an O 2 flow and H 2 flow, regardless of the presence or absence of Pd loading. The effect of Pd loading is significant for the oxygen-release process under H 2 atmosphere; that is, highly dispersed Pd metal nanoparticles sized less than 1 nm formed on Pd/Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7-δ to promote H 2 dissociation, resulting in the improvement of the oxygen-release temperature and rate. Pd/Sr 3 Fe 2 O 7-δ with a layered perovskite structure has a higher oxygen-release property at lower temperature than Pd/SrFeO 3-δ with a perovskite phase without the layered structure. These facts indicate that the surface reaction as well as the crystal structure are responsible for the oxide ion mobility in perovskite structure, and also provide guidelines for designing novel oxygen-storage materials.

Single-atom catalysts have attracted much interest recently because of their excellent stability, high catalytic activity, and remarkable atom efficiency. Inspired by the recent experimental discovery of a highly efficient single-atom catalyst Pd 1 /γ-Al 2 O 3 , we conducted a comprehensive DFT study on geometries, stabilities and CO oxidation catalytic activities of M 1 /γ-Al 2 O 3 (M=Pd, Fe, Co, and Ni) by using slab-model. One of the most important results here is that Ni 1 /Al 2 O 3 catalyst exhibits higher activity in CO oxidation than Pd 1 /Al 2 O 3 . The CO oxidation occurs through the Mars van Krevelen mechanism, the rate-determining step of which is the generation of CO 2 from CO through abstraction of surface oxygen. The projected density of states (PDOS) of 2 p orbitals of the surface O, the structure of CO-adsorbed surface, charge polarization of CO and charge transfer from CO to surface are important factors for these catalysts. Although the binding energies of Fe and Co with Al 2 O 3 are very large, those of Pd and Ni are small, indicating that the neighboring O atom is not strongly bound to Pd and Ni, which leads to an enhancement of the reactivity of the O atom toward CO. The metal oxidation state is suggested to be one of the crucial factors for the observed catalytic activity.

This account describes the work of our group in the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) with ammonia over heterogeneous photocatalysts (photo-SCR) in the past 16 years. We have found that the photo-SCR proceeds over heterogeneous photocatalysts using a gas flow reactor, elucidated the reaction mechanism under UV- and visible-light irradiation by spectroscopic and kinetic studies, and developed a highly active photo-SCR system by improving the photocatalyst material itself and the reaction system with several approaches based on the reaction mechanism., (© 2016 The Chemical Society of Japan & Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) photocatalysts, including Ni-Al LDH, are active for the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 in water under UV light irradiation. In this study, we found that a series of LDHs exhibited anodic photocurrent which is a characteristic feature corresponding to n-type materials. Also, we estimated the potentials of photogenerated electrons and holes for LDHs, which are responsible for the photocatalytic reactions, using electrochemical techniques. The flat band potential of the Ni-Al LDH photocatalyst was estimated to be -0.40 V vs. NHE (pH = 0), indicating that the potential of the photogenerated electron is sufficient to reduce CO2 to CO. Moreover, we revealed that the flat band potentials of M(2+)-M(3+) LDH are clearly influenced by the type of trivalent metal (M(3+)) components.