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With the development of more sensitive screening tools, malignancies are being diagnosed at an earlier stage, resulting in earlier intervention and longer survival times. As a consequence, the long-term complications of cancer therapy are increasing in incidence, particularly second primary cancers from radiation therapy. Bladder and colorectal cancers are the most commonly reported malignancies secondary to radiation therapy for prostate cancer. We present the case of a 78-year-old patient with a remote history of prostate adenocarcinoma, status post brachytherapy, who subsequently developed both prostate sarcoma and prostate squamous cell carcinoma secondary to the prior treatment. Because his cancer was metastatic, he was not a candidate for surgery and was treated with chemotherapy and palliative radiation., (Copyright © 2021 Baylor University Medical Center.)

Lactate, or lactic acid, is an end-product of anaerobic metabolism. The build-up of lactate in the body is commonly due to type A lactic acidosis, resulting from an inability to meet the body's oxygen delivery demands. When lactic acidosis persists, other causes need to be ruled out. Here, we describe the case of a 63-year-old female who initially presented with hypoglycemia and was found to have significant lactic acidosis. Her blood sugar levels improved with dextrose supplementation; however, lactic acidosis persisted despite fluid hydration and empiric antibiotics. After excluding other causes of lactic acidosis, she was started on intravenous thiamine due to suspicion of thiamine deficiency secondary to poor nutrition. Lactic acid levels improved drastically after starting thiamine supplementation. Thiamine is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an essential role as a cofactor in several biochemical reactions. Thiamine deficiency is a rare, underdiagnosed cause of type B lactic acidosis, with early diagnosis and intervention playing crucial roles in preventing severe cardiac and neurological impairment., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2021, Thota et al.)

A commonly seen phenomenon in the hospital and critical care setting is anaphylaxis. This acute systemic inflammatory reaction can lead to anaphylactic shock in severe cases and potentially be fatal. The role of platelets in anaphylactic reactions is not well established; however, platelets, among other mediators such as platelet-activating factor, have been shown to promote a prothrombotic state shortly after an acute hypersensitivity reaction. In addition, the aggregation of platelets promoted by platelet-activating factor and other mediators can also lead to thrombocytopenia. We present a case of a 57-year-old woman who developed severe anaphylaxis while receiving chemotherapy with paclitaxel suspended in Cremophor, a well-known allergen. She was profoundly thrombocytopenic following the reaction and was treated with therapeutic anticoagulation, with no thrombus formation., (Copyright © 2021 Baylor University Medical Center.)