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This paper delves into an interference analysis, focusing on the forthcoming Starlink Generation 2 satellites, stated to operate within the 1990-1995 MHz frequency band. The aim is to assess the potential interference from this Starlink system to the satellite receivers of mobile satellite systems (MSSs), which are set to function within the 1980-2010 MHz range, and satellite receivers of the NTN systems, which are planned to operate in the n256 bands, defined by the 3GPP specifications. Through simulation-based evaluations, both single-entry and aggregate interference levels from Starlink to MSSs and NTN systems are comprehensively explored. To estimate the interference impact, several protection criteria were used. The study is in line with the Recommendations of International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) and common approaches that are used when performing compatibility studies between satellite systems. The findings of this study demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing the n25 band for NTN direct-to-device services.

Future deployment of 5G NR base stations in the 6425-7125 MHz band raises numerous concerns over the long-term impact on the satellite transponders located in geostationary orbit. To study this impact and understand whether 5G NR may cause adverse effect to the spaceborne receivers, the research which estimated the interference levels to the satellite bent pipe links was done. The study presents the evaluation of aggregate interference from 5G NR base stations located inside the victim satellites' footprints using Monte-Carlo analysis and calculation of signal-to-noise degradation and bit error rates of the fixed-satellite service (FSS) bent-pipe transponders for each scenario. The results of the study showed the feasibility of co-existence between 5G NR and satellite systems in the 6425-7125 MHz bands, and that no negative impact on the performance of the satellite links is expected.

This work presents sharing studies between 5G networks and point-to-point fixed service in the 6425-7125 MHz band. In this research, we provide simulations of interference from 5G downlink and uplink to fixed service in the frequency band 6425-7125 MHz. We evaluated several scenarios of interference, which include cross-border scenarios, as well as scenarios of interference within the borders of one administration. The obtained results of this work are presented as protection distance and frequency offsets that are required in order to achieve compatibility between 5G and FS in the 6425-7125 MHz band. The spectrum engineering techniques presented in this research can help different companies and regulatory administrations in their spectrum management and frequency regulation activities and seriously improve the efficiency of implementation for 5G technologies.