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Ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy was investigated for the rapid determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) which was an indicator to measure the concentration of organic matter in aquaculture water. A total number of 135 collected turtle breeding water samples were scanned for UV/Vis spectrum, uninformative variable elimination (UVE) and successive projections algorithm (SPA) were combined as a mixed variable selection method to perform characteristic wavelength selection from the full wavelength spectrum, 7 characteristic wavelengths were selected from full 201 UV/Vis spectral variables, which were just 3.48% number of the full range spectrum, and the calibration time and complexity of the modeling were greatly reduced. The predicted results which were obtained by using least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) calibration showed that the characteristic wavelengths achieved better results (0.89 for correlation coefficient (r), 15.46 mg x L(-1) for root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP)) than full wavelengths did (0.88 for r and 15.71 mg x L(-1) for RMSEP). The comprehensive results revealed that the UV/Vis characteristic wavelengths which were obtained by UVE-SPA variable selection method, combined with LS-SVM calibration could apply to the rapid and accurate determination of COD in aquaculture water. Moreover, this study laid the foundation for further implementation of online analysis of aquaculture water and rapid determination of other water quality parameters.

According to the phytoplankton fluorescence induction characteristics under different light conditions, chlorophyll fluorescence as a probe for analysis of phytoplankton photosynthesis was studied. The present paper proposed a in-situ measurement method based on the chlorophyll fluorescence values Ft and Fm to get phytoplankton photosynthesis activity, Chlorella vulgaris, microcystis aeruginosa and Cyclotella meneghiniana Kiits were selected as experimental subjects, a comparison test was done between self-developed in-situ measurement system and Water PAM in lab, and the results showed that coefficients between the two methods were 0.9778, 0.8786 and 0.7953. This work provides a rapid and in-situ measurement method for phytoplankton photosynthesis activity.

We quantitatively analyzed the content of the element Ni in the national standard soil samples by the method of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy through using EDXRF metal experimental platform in ambient environment of the laboratory. Studying the characteristics of X-ray fluorescence of element Ni in the experiment, the calibration curve of element Ni was measured by using the adding internal standard method and the method of how to select the internal standard element was analysed according to the experimental results. The experimental results demonstrate that the matrix suitable element can be selected as the internal standard element to analyse the soil samples; using Pb L(alpha) line, Cu, Fe and K(alpha) lines as internal standard lines, the relative deviation of element from the standard value is 6.24%, 5.24% and 5.22%, which indicates that selecting the appropriate characteristic line of the matrix major element as the internal standard line can effectively improve measurement accuracy of the results.

The spectroscopy emission characteristics and the detection limit of trace heavy metal nickel in water was studied based on laser induced breakdown spectroscopy technique, with a 1,064 nm wavelength Nd : YAG laser as excitation source, and the echelle spectrometer and ICCD detector were used for spectral separation and high sensitive detection with high resolution and wide spectral range. A round flat solid state graphite as matrix was used for element enrichment for reducing water splashing, extending the plasma lifetime and improving the detection sensitivity, and the experimental sample was prepared by titrating a fixed volume of nickel nitrate solution of different concentrations on a fixed area of the graphite matrix. The results show that the better detection delay time is about 700 ns, the spectrum intensity raises with the concentration increase, a good linear relationship is presented at low concentration with a correlation coefficient 0.996 1, and the lower limit of detection of nickel in water with 0.28 mg x L(-1) was retrieved. A measurement method for further study of trace heavy metals in water is provided with laser induced breakdown spectroscopy technique.

According to the spectral line broadening mechanism of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, the emission lines from the standard spectral database of NIST were simulated, and they were compared with the spectral data of experiment. In the process of comparison similarity measure was used to measure the similarity between the simulative spectra and the experimental spectra. The automatic recognition method of elemental spectra was studied, and the spectral data of soil between 340 and 345 nm was recognized by computing the proportional coefficients of the spectral lines. Using principle of nonlinear least squares, the recognition process was completed. The feasibility and the advantage of the method were proved by the results of experiment.

According to that the spectral line broadening of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was lorentz nonlinear function model, using Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) agorithm to optimally estimate the undetermined parameter in the function, the continuum background radiation and peak position and peak intensity were corrected, and the method of data points automatic extraction for fitting was analysed. Automatic fitting and feature parameter extraction for spectral data of LIBS based on L-M algorithm that was hybrid programming with matrixVB and VB were accomplished,and the result was compared with the origin 7.5 data analysis software which was manual and commonly used and verified its stability and reliability.

Aim: To investigate the effects of surface modification of lactose carrier on performance of dry powder inhalations (DPIs)., Methods: Modified lactose surface was prepared using a "particle smoothing" process to obtain smooth carrier surface and low surface energy with the presence of magnesium stearate, colloidal silica dioxide and talc. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was used to assess the surface energy of treated lactose, and the in vitro deposition of carrier-based IFNa-2b DPIs was evaluated with twin stage impinger., Results: The flowing property of lactose was greatly improved and the surface energy decreased by the "particle smoothing" process. Decreasing surface energy resulted in greater aspiration fraction of IFNa-2b., Conclusion: IGC is a potentially useful tool for rapid formulation design and screening.